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1、-.-可修编-1.Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human munication.2.Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of munication.3.Arbitrariness refers that there is no logical connection between a linguistic symbol and
2、what the symbol stands for(meaning and sounds).4.Duality means the property of having two levels of structures,such that units of the primary level are posed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.5.Creativity(productivity)means language
3、is resourceful because of its duality and recursiveness.6.Displacement means language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.7.Cultural transmission:language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation.The details of the linguistic sys
4、tem must be learned by each speaker.8.Interchangeability:means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages.9.Linguistics is the scientific study of language 10.Descriptive means the linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use.Prescriptive
5、 means the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for correct and standard behavior in using language to tell people what they should say and not say.11.Synchronic 共时 in which languages are treated as self-contained systems of-.-可修编-munication at any particular time 在那一刻、时、块的情况（当代、古代）Diachronic 历时
6、in which the changes to which languages are subject in the course of time and treated historically.(在过程中都有什么变化、区别、有大时间变化)2 个共时即为历时 12.Langue and parole 找笔记重点。petence and performance 找笔记重点。13.Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced,transmitted,and perceived;it is concerned with all the sound
7、s that occur in the world s languages.14.Consonants：are sounds produced by obstructing the flow of air in the oral cavity。Vowels：are produced when the air stream meets with no obstruction。15.diacritics：are additional symbols or marks used together with the consonant and vowel symbols to indicate nua
8、nces of change in their pronunciation.16.Phonology is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages.It aims to discover the principles that governs the way sounds are organized in languages,and to explain the variations that occur.17.Articulatory phonetics 发音语音学 studies of the produ
9、ction of speech sounds.Acoustic phonetics 声学语音学 studies of the physical properties of speech sounds Perceptual phonetics 感知听觉 is concerned with the perception of speech sounds 18.Coarticulation协同发音 means when a speech sound changes and bees more like another sound which follows it on precedes it Ant
10、icipatory coarticulation:a sound bees more like the following sound.Eg:lamb 点找笔记重点发音语音学声学语音学感知听觉协同发音可修编同化现象可修编音位变化规则语素词汇的形态学可修编向心性功能相同一个词或一组词是整个结构的核心或中心离心性可修编指代成分分析法可修编原子的语义特征蕴涵事语句可修编四个准侧数量准则质量准则修辞可修编-.-可修编-Perseverative coarticulation:the sound shows the influence of the preceding sound.Eg:map 19.B
11、road transcription:the transcription with letters,symbols only.Narrow transcription:the transcription with letters,symbols together with the diacritics.20.Phone is a phonetic unit or segment.The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic munication are all phones.But a phone does not distin
12、guish meaning.21.Phoneme is a phonological unit which is the smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two words.22.Allophone means the different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme.The choice of an allopho
13、ne is not random,it is rule-governed in different contexts 23.Minimal pair:A minimal pair contains two words in a language which differ from each other by only one distinctive sound and which also differ in meaning.24.Allophones of a phoneme always occur in different phonetic environment,so they are
14、 said to be in plementary distribution.25.If the phonetically similar sounds are 2 distinctive phonemes,they are said to form a phonemic contrast.26.Free variation:When two or more linguistic items occur in the same position without any apparent change of meaning they are in free variation.27.Assimi
15、lation同化现象 is a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound。点找笔记重点发音语音学声学语音学感知听觉协同发音可修编同化现象可修编音位变化规则语素词汇的形态学可修编向心性功能相同一个词或一组词是整个结构的核心或中心离心性可修编指代成分分析法可修编原子的语义特征蕴涵事语句可修编四个准侧数量准则质量准则修辞可修编-.-可修编-Regressive assimilation:a following sound influencing a preced
16、ing sound Progressive assimilation:a preceding sound influences a following sound.音位变化规则：three aspects：a set of sounds to undergo the process;a set of sounds produced by the process;a set of situations in which the process applies.28.Word is a minimum free form of a language that has a given sound a
17、nd meaning and syntactic function.29.Morpheme 语素 is the smallest meaningful unit of language in terms of the relationship between expression and content,a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning,whether it is lexical词汇的 or grammat
18、ical.30Morphology 形态学 studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.31.Endocentric pound:is one in which one constituent is the center and the other is the modifier.Exocentric pound:is one in which there is on focal element and the whole refers to sth else rather th
19、an what either of the constituents denotes 32.Allomorph:any of the different shapes or phonetic forms of a morpheme 33.suppletion:a type of irregularity in which there is a plete change in the shape of a word in its various forms 34.Syntax is the study of the rules governing the ways different const
20、ituents are bined to form sentences in a language,or the study of the interrelationships between 点找笔记重点发音语音学声学语音学感知听觉协同发音可修编同化现象可修编音位变化规则语素词汇的形态学可修编向心性功能相同一个词或一组词是整个结构的核心或中心离心性可修编指代成分分析法可修编原子的语义特征蕴涵事语句可修编四个准侧数量准则质量准则修辞可修编-.-可修编-elements in sentence structures.35.Grammatical constructioncan be used t
21、o mean any syntactic construct which is assigned one or more conventional functions in a language,together with whatever is linguistically conventionalized about its contribution to the meaning or use the construct contains.36.Immediate constituents are constituents immediately,or directly,below the
22、 level of a construction,even a word which can be further analyzed into morphemes(Bloomfield)37.IC analysis:the analysis of the a sentence in terms of its immediate constituent-word groups which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituent of their own,and the process goes on until the ultima
23、te constituent are reached.38.The importance of IC analysis:is that it stressed the function of the intermediate level-the word group-in the analysis of a sentence,seeing a hierarchical structure of the sentence.39.The advantages of IC analysis：the internal structure of a sentence is demonstrated an
24、d ambiguity can be revealed.40.Endocentric向心性 construction is one whose distribution is functionally 功能相同 equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents,a word or a group of words,which serves as a definable center or head 一个词或一组词是整个结构的核心或中心 41.Exocentric离心性 refers to a group of syntactically
25、 related words where none of the words is functionally equivalent to the group as a whole,that is,there is no 点找笔记重点发音语音学声学语音学感知听觉协同发音可修编同化现象可修编音位变化规则语素词汇的形态学可修编向心性功能相同一个词或一组词是整个结构的核心或中心离心性可修编指代成分分析法可修编原子的语义特征蕴涵事语句可修编四个准侧数量准则质量准则修辞可修编-.-可修编-definable centre or head inside the group.42.Recursion:the
26、repeated use of the same rule to create infinite sentences.43.Deep structure:the abstract representation of the syntactic properties of a construction.Surface structure:the final stage in the syntactic derivation of a construction,which closely correspond to the structural organization of a construc
27、tion people actually produce and receive.44.Text linguistics:a branch of linguistics which studies spoken or written texts.45.Anaphora:the use of a word or phrase which refers back to another word or phrase which was used earlier in a text or conversation.46.Semanticsis the study of linguistic meani
28、ng,the meaning of words,phrases,and sentences.47.Reference 指代 means the theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to,or stands for.48.Semantic triangle(Ogden and Richards)means the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct.(concept)49.Contextua
29、lism:one can derive meaning from observable contexts which include situational context and the linguistic context.50.Behaviorism:meaning is the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls for the in the hearer.51.ponential analysis 成分分析法 is the approach that analyze word meani
30、ng by 点找笔记重点发音语音学声学语音学感知听觉协同发音可修编同化现象可修编音位变化规则语素词汇的形态学可修编向心性功能相同一个词或一组词是整个结构的核心或中心离心性可修编指代成分分析法可修编原子的语义特征蕴涵事语句可修编四个准侧数量准则质量准则修辞可修编-.-可修编-deposing is into its atomic 原子的 features.It shows the semantic features 语义特征of a word.52.Entailment蕴涵 X John killed Bill Y Bill died If X entails Y,the meaning of
31、X is included in Y.(if x is true,y is true;y is false,x is false)41.Presupposition 预设 X Johns bike needs repairing Y John has a bike Y is a prerequisite of x.(if x is true,y is true;if x is false,y is true)53.Pragmatics 语用学 is the study of those relations between language and context that are gramma
32、ticalized or encoded in the structure of a language.54.Speech act theory 言语行为理论由 Austin 提出 55.Locutionary act 发话行为（以言指事字面意思）when we speak we move our vocal organs and produce a number of sounds,organized in a certain way and with a certain meaning.The act performed in the sense is called 56.Illocuti
33、onary act 行事行为（以言行事 言外之意）when we speak,we not only produce some units of language with certain meaning(locution),but also make our purpose in producing them,the way we intend them to be understood,this is the,which indicates the speakers intention.The utterances have some illocutionary forces 行事语力 5
34、7.Perlocutionary act 取效行为（以言成事）It refers to the consequential effects of a locution 语句 upon the hearer.点找笔记重点发音语音学声学语音学感知听觉协同发音可修编同化现象可修编音位变化规则语素词汇的形态学可修编向心性功能相同一个词或一组词是整个结构的核心或中心离心性可修编指代成分分析法可修编原子的语义特征蕴涵事语句可修编四个准侧数量准则质量准则修辞可修编-.-可修编-58.Cooperative principle means that make your contribution such as
35、 is required,at the stage at which it occurs,by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.四个准侧：maxim Of quantity 数量准则；maxim of quality 质量准则（修辞）；relation；manner 点找笔记重点发音语音学声学语音学感知听觉协同发音可修编同化现象可修编音位变化规则语素词汇的形态学可修编向心性功能相同一个词或一组词是整个结构的核心或中心离心性可修编指代成分分析法可修编原子的语义特征蕴涵事语句可修编四个准侧数量准则质量准则修辞可修编