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1、1.Introduction 1.Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human _ A.contact B.communication C.relation D.community 2.Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A.tree B.typewriter C.crash D.bang 3.Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome
2、the barriers caused by time and place,due to this feature of language,speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation?A.Transferability B.Duality C.Displacement D.Arbitrariness 4._ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language users knowledge of the rules of his lang
3、uage in utterances.A.Performance B.Competence C.Langue D.Parole 5._ deals with language application to other fields,particularly education.A.Linguistic theory B.Practical linguistics C.Comparative linguistics D.Applied linguistics II.Decide whether the following statements are true or false.6.Langua
4、ge is written because writing is the primary medium for all languages.7.We were all born with the ability to acquire language,which means the details of any language system can be genetically transmitted.8.Only human beings are able to communicate.9.F.de Saussure,who made the distinction between lan
5、gue and parole in the early 20th century,was a French linguist.10.The conventional nature of language is illustrated by a famous quotation from Shakespear s play Romeo and Juliet:“A rose by any other name would smell as sweet”.11.Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human hist
6、ory.III.Fill in the blanks.12.Linguistics is the _ study of language.13.Modern linguistics is _ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.14.One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of _ over writing.15.
7、The description of a language as it changes through time is a _ study.16.Saussure put forward two important concepts._ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.17.Linguistic potentia l is similar to Saussures langue and Chomskys _.Explain the following ter
8、ms:syntax anthropological linguistics Explain Hallidays theory of metafunctions of language.欢迎下载 2 2.Speech Sounds 1.Pitch variation is known as _ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A.intonation B.tone C.pronunciation D.voice 2.Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech soun
9、ds?A.Acoustic phonetics B.Articulatory phonetics C.Auditory phonetics D.None of the above 3.Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A.n B.m C.b D.p 4.Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A.i:B.u C.e D.i 5.What kind of
10、sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A.Voiceless B.Voiced C.Glottal stop D.Consonant II.Decide whether the following statements are true or false.6.Suprasegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme,such as syllable,word
11、and sentence.7.p is a voiced bilabial stop.8.Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.9.According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation,vowels can be divided into long vs.short or tense vs.lax.10.In English,all the back vowels are rounded.11.In English,all the f
12、ront vowels and the central vowels are unrounded.III.Fill in the blanks.12.According to the feature of voicing,consonant sounds can be either _ or _,while all vowel sounds are _.13.Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without _.14.In phonological analysis the words fail/veil
13、 are distinguishable simply because of the two phonemes/f/-/v/.This is an example for illustrating _.15.In English there are a number of _,which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.16.Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce pat
14、terns of sound.These movements have an effect on the _ coming from the lungs.17.Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions;then give an English word that contains this sound.Example:voiced alveolar stop d dog.(1)voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop (2)low front v
15、owel (3)lateral liquid (4)velar nasal (5)voiced interdental fricative 欢迎下载 3 3.Morphology 1.Nouns,verbs and adjectives can be classified as _.A.content words B.grammatical words C.function words D.form words 2.Morphemes that represent tense,number,gender and case are called _ morpheme.A.inflectional
16、 B.free C.bound D.derivational 3.There are _ morphemes in the word denationalization.A.three B.four C.five D.six 4.In English ise and tion are called _.A.prefixes B.suffixes C.infixes D.stems 5.The three subtypes of affixes are:prefix,suffix and _.A.derivational affix B.inflectional affix C.infix D.
17、back-formation 6._ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.A.affixation B.back-formation C.insertion D.addition 7.The word DINK is formed in the way of _.A.acronymy B.clipping C.compounding D.blending 8
18、.The words like smog and motel are formed by _.A.blending B.clipping C.back-formation D.acronymy II.Fill in the blanks.9.A small set of conjunctions,prepositions and pronouns belong to _ class,while the largest part of nouns,verbs,adjectives and adverbs belongs to _ class.10._ is a reverse process o
19、f derivation,and therefore is a process of shortening.11._ is extremely productive,because English had lost most of its inflectional endings by the end of Middle English period,which facilitated the use of words interchangeably as verbs or nouns,verbs or adjectives,and vice versa.12.A word formed by
20、 derivation is called a _,and a word formed by compounding is called a _.13.Bound morphemes are classified into two types:_ and _.Explain the following term,using examples.Allomorph Inflection Bound root 欢迎下载 4 4.Syntax 1.The sentence structure is _.A.only linear B.only hierarchical C.complex D.both
21、 linear and hierarchical 2.The syntactic rules of any language are _ in number.A.large B.small C.finite D.infinite 3.A sentence is considered _ when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers.A.right B.wrong C.grammatical D.ungrammatical 4.A _ in the embedded cla
22、use refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A.coordinator B.particle C.preposition D.subordinator 5.Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _.A.how words and phrases form sentences.B.what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of words C.how people produce
23、 and recognize possible sentences D.all of the above.6.The phrase“on the shelf”belongs to _ construction.A.endocentric B.exocentric C.subordinate D.coordinate II.Decide whether the following statements are true or false.(10%)12.The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number,but there is no
24、 limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.13.In a complex sentence,the two clauses hold unequal status,one subordinating the other.14.Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syn
25、tactic category.16.In English syntactic analysis,four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed,namely,noun phrase,verb phrase,infinitive phrase,and auxiliary phrase.17.In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.III.Fill in the blan
26、ks.(20%)21.A _ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.23.A _ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.24.The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which
27、 says something about the subject is grammatically called _.25.A _ sentence contains two,or more,clauses,one of which is incorporated into the other.欢迎下载 5 Explain the term IC analysis.Explain the three types of syntactic relations Distinguish the two possible meanings of“more beautiful flowers”37.D
28、raw a tree diagram of the sentence:The student wrote a letter yesterday.5.Semantics 1.According to the“semantic triangle”presented by Ogden and Richards,the symbol or _ refers to the linguistic elements(words,sentences,etc.),the _ refers to the object in the world of experience and the thought or re
29、ference refers to concept.2._ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.3.The semantic component of the word _ are+Human,+Adult,+male,-Married.4._ opposites may be seen in terms of degrees of the quality involved.5.We call the relation betwee
30、n“animal”and“cow”as_.A.polysemy B.antonymy C.homophony D.hyponymy 欢迎下载 6 6.The pair of words“wide/narrow”are called_.A.gradable opposites B.complementary antonyms C.co-hyponyms D.relational opposites 7.What is the meaning relationship between the two words“rose/tulip”?A.polysemy B.hyponymy C.homopho
31、ny D.co-hyponyms 8.A word with several meaning is called_.A.an abnormal word B.a polysemic word C.a synonymous word D.None of the above 9.“Words are names or labels for things.”This view is called _ in semantic theory.A.mentalism B.conceptualism C.naming theory D.contexualism 10.The pair of words“bo
32、rrow/lend”are called _.A.relational opposites B.synonyms C.complementaries D.gradable opposites 11.Which description of componential analysis for the word“woman”is right?A.+human,-adult,-male B.+human,+adult,-male C.+human,+adult,+male D.+human,-adult,+male 12.What is the meaning relationship betwee
33、n the two words“flower/tulip”?A.Polysemy B.Homonymy C.Hyponymy D.Antonymy 13.The semantic components of the word“man”can be expressed as_.A.+human,+male,-adult B.+human,-male,-adult C.+human,+male,+adult D.+human,-male,+adult Explain the following term,using examples.1)Componential analysis 2)Semant
34、ic triangle Explain the three kinds of antonymy.6.Pragmatics 1.What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _ is considered.A.reference B.speech act C.practical usage D.context 2.A sentence is a _ concept,and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in
35、 isolation.A.pragmatic B.grammatical C.mental D.conceptual 欢迎下载 7 3.If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication,it becomes a(n)_.A.constative B.directive C.utterance D.expressive 4._ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something;it is the conse
36、quence of,or the change brought about by the utterance.A.A locutionary act B.An illocutionary act C.A perlocutionary act D.A performative act 5.According to Searle,the illocutionary point of the representative is _.A.to get the hearer to do something B.to commit the speaker to somethings being the c
37、ase C.to commit the speaker to some future course of action D.to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs 6.All the acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose,but they differ _.A.in their illocutionary acts B.in their intentions expressed C.in their str
38、ength or force D.in their effect brought about 7.When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted,_ might arise.A.impoliteness B.contradictions C.mutual understanding D.conversational implicatures II.Decide whether the following statements are true or false.8.Pragmatics treats the m
39、eaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent.9.It would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the context of language use was left unconsidered.10.What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is consider
40、ed.11.The meaning of a sentence is abstract,but context-dependent.12.The meaning of an utterance is decontexualized,therefore stable.13.Utterances always take the form of complete sentences 14.Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle.15._ were statements that either
41、state or describe,and were thus verifiable.16._ were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state,and were not verifiable.17.A(n)_ act is the act of uttering words,phrases,clauses.It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax,lexicon and phonology.18.A(n)_ act is the act o
42、f expressing the speaker s intention;it is the act performed in saying something.19.A(n)_ is commit the speaker himself to some future course of action.20.A(n)_ is to express feelings or attitude towards an existing state.21.There are four maxims under the cooperative principle:the maxim of _,the ma
43、xim of quality,the maxim of relation and the maxim of manner.欢迎下载 8 IV Analyze the implicatures in the dialogues 1)A:Can you answer the phone?B:Im in the bath.2)A:I have to leave now.B:Its raining hard outside.V.What type of illocutionary act do the following utterances involve?1)I suggest that you
44、see a dentist as soon as possible.2)I will pay you the money I owe you next time.3)Passengers are reminded that flight No.2284 leaves here at 7:00 sharp.4)Shut up!Leave me alone!5)Im very sorry to hear that youve just lost your pet dog.1.The study of _ is Syntax.A textual organization B sentence str
45、uctures C word formation D language functions 2.Which of the following is NOT a distinctive feature of human language?A arbitrariness B productivity C cultural transmission D finiteness 3.The speech act theory was first put forward by_.A John Scarl B Johan Austin C Noam Chomsky D M.A.K Halliday 4.Th
46、e study of how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in condition is_.A morphology B general linguistics C phonology D semantics 5.Which of the following is NOT a compound word?A Landlady B Greenhouse C Uplift D Unacceptable 6.The word holiday originally meant holy day;but now the word
47、signifies any which we dont have to work.This is an example of A meaning shift B widening of meaning C narrowing of meaning D loss of meaning 7.What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is the notion of_ 欢迎下载 9 A.reference B.meaning C.antonymy D.context 8.The words kid,child,offspring”
48、are examples of_ A.dialectal synonyms B.stylistic synonyms C.emotive synonyms D.collocational synonyms 9.The distinction between parole and langue was made by_ A.Halliday B.Chomsky C.Bloomfield D.Saussure 10._ refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules of word formation.A.P
49、honology B.Morphology C.Semantics D.Sociolinguistics 11.The distinctive features of a speech variety may be all the following EXCEPT A.lexical B.syntactic C.phonological D.psycholinguistic 12.The word tail once referred to“the tail of a horse”,but now it is used to mean“the tail of any animal.”This
50、is an example of A.widening of meaning B.narrowing of meaning C.meaning shift D.loss of meaning 13.Which of the following is NOT a design feature of human language?A.Arbitrariness B.Displacement.C.Duality.D.Diachronicity.14.What type of sentence is Mark likes fiction,but Tim is interested in poetry?