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1、20102010 山东考研英语一真题及答案山东考研英语一真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and markA,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)In 1924 American National Research Council sent to engineers to supervise a seriesof industrial experiments at a
2、large telephone-parts factory called the HawthornePlant near Chicago.It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lignting_1_workersproductivity.Instead,the studies ended _2_giving their name to the“Hawthorneeffect”,the extremely influential idea that the very_3_to being experimentedupon changed subject
3、s behavior.The idea arose because of the _4_behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant.According to _5_of the experiments,their hourly output rose when lighting wasincreased,but also when it was dimmed.It did not _6_what was done in theexperiment;_7_someting was changed,productivity rose.A(n)_8_th
4、at they werebeing experimented upon seemed to be _9_to alter workers behavior_10_itself.After several decades,the same data were _11_ to econometric the analysis.Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store _12 _the descriptions on record,no systematic _13_ was found that levels of productivity
5、were related to changesin lighting.It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to_14_ interpretation of what happed._ 15_,lighting was always changed on aSunday.When work started again on Monday,output _16_ rose compared with theprevious Saturday and_ 17 _to rise for
6、 the next couple of days._ 18_,acomparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that outputalways went up on Monday,workers_ 19_ to be diligent for the first few days ofthe week in any case,before _20 _a plateau and then slackening off.This suggeststhat the alleged”Hawthorne
7、effect“is hard to pin down.1.A affected B achieved C extracted D restored2.A at Bup C with D off3.Atruth Bsight C act D proof4.A controversial B perplexing Cmischievous D ambiguous5.Arequirements Bexplanations C accounts D assessments6.A conclude B matter C indicate D work7.A as far as B for fear th
8、at C in case that D so long as8.A awareness B expectation C sentiment D illusion9.A suitable B excessive C enough D abundant10.A about B for C on D by11.A compared Bshown C subjected D conveyed12.A contrary to B consistent with C parallel with D pealliar to13.A evidence Bguidance Cimplication Dsourc
9、e14.A disputable Benlightening Creliable Dmisleading15.A In contrast B For example C In consequence D As usual16.A duly Baccidentally C unpredictably D suddenly17.Afailed Bceased Cstarted Dcontinued20.Abreaking Bclimbing Csurpassing DhitingSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the fo
10、llowing four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during thepast quarter-century,perhaps the m ost far-reaching has been the inexorable declinein
11、the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the ageof forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in mostbig-city newspapers.Yet a considerable number of the most significant c ollectionsof cr
12、iticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of new spaperreviews.To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contentswere once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther rem oved from the unfocused newspaper review sp
13、ublished inEngland between the turn of t he 2 0th century and the eve of World War,at atime when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts crit icism was consi dered anornament to the publications in which it appe ared.In those far-off days,it wastaken for granted tha t the cri tics of major papers
14、woul dwri te in detail and atlength about the events they covered.Theirs was a serious business,and even thosereviewers who wore their learning lightly,like George Bern ard Shaw and ErnestNewman,could be trus ted to know what they were a bout.These men believed injournalism as a calling,and were pro
15、ud to be published in the daily press.“Sofew authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up injournalism,”Newman wrote,“that I am tempted to definejournalism as a termof cont empt appl ied by writers who are not read to writers who are.”Unfortunately,these critics are vi
16、rtually forgotten.Neville Cardus,who wrote forthe Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975,is nowknown solely as a writer of essays ont he game of cricket.During his l ifetime,though,he was also one of Englands foremost classical-music critics,and a stylistso widely admir
17、ed that his Autobiography（1947）became a best-seller.He was knightedin 1967,the first music critic to be so ho nored.Yet on ly one of his books isnow in print,and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Carduss criticism will enjoy a revi val?The pro
18、spectseems remote.Jour nalistic tastes had changed long before his death,and postmodernreader shave little use for the ric hly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which hespecialized.Moreover,the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlongretreat.21.It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 th
19、atA arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.B English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.C high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.D young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.22.Newspaper reviews in England before world warwere charac
20、terized byA free themes.B casual style.C elaborate layout.D radical viewpoints.23.which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on？A It is writers duty to fulfill journalistic goals.B It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.C Writers are likely to be tempted into journali
21、sm.D Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24.What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?A His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.B His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.CHis style caters largely to modern specialists.DHis wri
22、tings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25.What would be the best title for the text?A Newspapers of the Good Old Days.B The lost Horizon in Newspapers.C Mournful Decline of Journalism.D Prominent Critics in Memory.Text 2Over the past decade,thousands of patents have been granted for what are cal
23、ledbusiness methods.A received one for its“one-click”online payment system.Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy.One inventorpatented a technique for lifting a box.Now the nations top patent court appears completely ready to scale back onbusiness-method patents,which ha
24、ve been controversial ever since they were firstauthorized 10 years ago.In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz theU.S.court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular caseto conduct a broad review of business-method patents.In re Bilski,as the caseis known,is“a
25、 very big deal”,says DennisD.Crouch of the University of MissouriSchool of law.It“has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.”Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face,because it was thefederal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in t
26、heso-called state Street Bank case,approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fundassets.That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings,initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive pinhts tospecific types of online transactions.Later,move established
27、 companies raced toadd such patents to their files,if only as a defensive move against rivals thatmight beat them to the punch.In 2005,IBM noted in a court filing that it had beenissued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questionedthe legal basis for granting them.Similar
28、ly,some Wall Street investment films armedthemselves with patents for financial products,even as they took positions in courtcases opposing the practice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energymarket.The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that
29、 the case would beheard by all 12 of the courts judges,rather than a typical panel of three,andthat one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should”reconsider”its statestreet Bank ruling.The Federal Circuits action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions bythe supreme Count that has na
30、rrowed the scope of protections for patent holders.Last April,for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheldfor“inventions”that are obvious.The judges on the Federal circuit are“reactingto the anti_ patent trend at the supreme court”,says Harole C.wegner,a partendattorney
31、and professor at aeorge Washington University Law School.26.Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because ofA their limited value to businessB their connection with asset allocationC the possible restriction on their grantingD the controversy over authorization27.Which of the followi
32、ng is true of the Bilski case?A Its ruling complies with the court decisionsB It involves a very big business transactionC It has been dismissed by the Federal CircuitD It may change the legal practices in the U.S.28.The word“about-face”(Line 1,Paro 3)most probably meansA loss of good willB increase
33、 of hostilityC change of attitudeD enhancement of dignity29.We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patentsA are immune to legal challengesB are often unnecessarily issuedC lower the esteem for patent holdersD increase the incidence of risks30.Which of the following would be the s
34、ubject of the text?A A looming threat to business-method patentsB Protection for business-method patent holdersC A legal case regarding business-method patentsD A prevailing trend against business-method patentsText 3In his book The Tipping Point,Malcolm Aladuell argues that social epidemics aredriv
35、en in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals,oftencalled influentials,who are unusually informed,persuasive,or well-connected.Theidea is intuitively compelling,but it doesnt explain how ideas actually spread.The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible
36、 sounding butlargely untested theory called the“two step flow of communication”:Informationflows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else.Marketershave embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find andinfluence the influentials,those selected peop
37、le will do most of the work for them.The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certainlooks,brands,or neighborhoods.In many such cases,a cursory search for causesfinds that some small group of people was wearing,promoting,or developing whateverit is before anyone else
38、paid attention.Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicelywith the idea that only certain special people can drive trendsIn their recent work,however,some researchers have come up with the finding thatinfluentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed.In fact,they dont
39、seem to be required of all.The researchers argument stems from a simple observing about social influence,with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey-whose outsize presenceis primarily a function of media,not interpersonal,influence-even the mostinfluential members of a population simp
40、ly dont interact with that many others.Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who,according to thetwo-step-flow theory,are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing theirfriends and colleagues directly.For a social epidemic to occur,however,each personso affected,must then infl
41、uence his or her own acquaintances,who must in turninfluence theirs,and so on;and just how many others pay attention to each of thesepeople has little to do with the initial influential.If people in the network justtwo degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant,for example fromthe
42、initial influential prove resistant,for example the cascade of change wont propagate very far or affect many people.Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence,the researchers studiedthe dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating ofpopulations,manipulating a nu
43、mber of variables relating to peoples ability toinfluence others and their tendency to be influenced.Our work shows that theprincipal requirement for what we call“global cascades”-the widespreadpropagation of influence through networks-is the presence not of a few influentialsbut,rather,of a critica
44、l mass of easily influenced people,each of whom adopts,say,a look or a brand after being exposed to a single adopting neighbor.Regardlessof how influential an individual is locally,he or she can exert global influenceonly if this critical mass is available to propagate a chain reaction.31.By citing
45、the book The Tipping Point,the author intends toAanalyze the consequences of social epidemicsBdiscuss influentials function in spreading ideasCexemplify peoples intuitive response to social epidemicsDdescribe the essential characteristics of influentials.32.The author suggests that the“two-step-flow
46、 theory”Aserves as a solution to marketing problemsBhas helped explain certain prevalent trendsChas won support from influentialsDrequires solid evidence for its validity33.what the researchers have observed recently shows thatA the power of influence goes with social interactionsB interpersonal lin
47、ks can be enhanced through the mediaC influentials have more channels to reach the publicD most celebrities enjoy wide media attention34.The underlined phrase“these people”in paragraph 4 refers to the ones whoA stay outside the network of social influenceB have little contact with the source of infl
48、uenceC are influenced and then influence othersD are influenced by the initial influential35.what is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?AThe eagerness to be acceptedBThe impulse to influence othersCThe readiness to be influencedDThe inclination to rely on othersText 4Bankers h
49、ave been blaming themselves for their troubles in public.Behind the scenes,they have been taking aim at someone else:the accounting standard-setters.Theirrules,moan the banks,have forced them to report enormous losses,and its justnot fair.These rules say they must value some assets at the price a th
50、ird partywould pay,not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.Unfortunately,banks lobbying now seems to be working.The details may beunknowable,but the independence of standard-setters,essential to the properfunctioning of capital markets,is being compromised.And,unless banks car