《高中英语2024届高考语法复习句子成分知识讲解（主语+谓语+表语+宾语+ 定语+状语+补语）.doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《高中英语2024届高考语法复习句子成分知识讲解（主语+谓语+表语+宾语+ 定语+状语+补语）.doc（8页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、高考英语语法知识讲解一、简单句的基本句型（一）主谓结构【句式结构】主语十谓语（动词）这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词：appear,apologize,arrive,come,die,disappear,fall,happen,rise等。【例】Li Ming works very hard.李明工作很努力。The sun rises in the east.太阳从东方升起。（二）主谓宾结构【句式结构】主语+谓语（动词）+宾语【例】He found a bird in the tree.他发现树上有一只鸟。I like this book.我喜欢这本书。（三）主系表结构【句式结构】主语+系动词
2、+表语常见的系动词有：be(是）,get（变得）,become（成为）,turn(变得）,look（看起来）,feel(感到）,smell(闻起来）,taste(尝起来）,sound(听起来）,seem(似乎) 表示状态的连系动词有be,look,seem,appear,smell,taste,sound,keep,remain等。【例】We should keep quiet any time.我们在任何时候都应该保持安静。 表示转变或结果的系动词有：become,get,grow,turn,go,come,prove等。【例】Spring comes.It is warmer and wa
3、rmer. 春天到了，天与恋得越来越暖和。（四）【句式结构】主语十谓语（动词）十间接宾语“人”十直接宾语“物”结构，但若要先说出直接宾语（事物），后说间接宾语（人），则要借助于介词to或for。 用to侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着某人；间接宾语前需要加to的常用动词有：bring,give,hand,lend,offer,pass,pay,read,sell,send,show,teach,tell wish,write等。【例】Can you send a letter to her?你可以寄一封信给她吗? 用for侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人；间接宾语前需要加for的
4、常用动词有：buy,choose,make,order,paint,play(演奏），sing，等。【例】He bought a piano for his sister.（五）主谓宾补结构【句式结构】主语+谓语+宾语+宾补此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语。call（叫）,choose（选）,find(发现）,make,name（命名）【例】She kept us waiting for over three hours.她让我们等了3个多小时。We tried to make her happy.我们尽量使她高
5、兴。二、主谓一致（一）并列结构作主语时的主谓一致 由and 连接主语时and 连接的两个或多个单数可数名词、不可数名词或代词作主语时根据意义或概念确定谓语用单数或复数 并列主语表示不同的人、物或概念时谓语动词用复数【例】Like many others,the little tramp and the naughty boy have rushed there in search of gold.小流浪汉和调皮的小男孩也赶到那里寻找金子。 并列主语表示同一个人、物或概念时，谓语动词用单数形式【例】The professor and writer is speaking at the meeti
6、ng.那位教授兼作家正在会上发言。His lawyer and former college friend was with him on his trip to Europe.他的律师兼大学时代的朋友陪他去欧洲旅行。注意：指同一个人或物时，并列主语前只用一个冠词；指不同的需要分别加冠词；但两个名词具有分别的对立的意思时只需要一个冠词即可【例】the writer and the educator have visited our school.the writer and educator has visited our school.A boy and girl are playing t
7、ennis. 并列主语前有each,every,many a，no等修饰时谓语动词用单数【例】Each doctor and (each)nurse working in the hospital was asked to help patients.Every man,woman and child is entitled to take part in the activity.Every boy and (every)girl admires him for his fine sense of humour.Many a boy and (many a)girl has made the
8、 same mistake.No boy and no girl is there now.没有任何男孩和女孩在那里注意：many a跟单数可数名词但是表示复数意义翻译为很多【例】Many a student was disappointed after seeing the movie. 并列主语为不可分的整体时，谓语动词用单数【例】A law and rule about protecting environment has been drawn up.The knife and fork has been washed.War and peace is a constant theme
9、in history.注意；常被视为主体的结构A cup and saucer一副杯碟A horse and car马车Aknife and fork一副刀叉A law and rule法规A needle and thread一套针线Fish and chips炸鱼加炸薯条The stars and stripes星条旗 由（either)or或neithernor等连接的主语时由eitheror；neithernor；or；not onlybut(also)连接主语时，谓语动词陈述句中就近原则【例】Either you or Jane is to be sent to New York.N
10、either you nor he has finished the experiment.Not only the old farmer but also his family were friendly to me.Not only his friends but also he himself is looking forward to taking part in the party. 主语由肯定否定两部分构成谓语跟肯定部分走【例】Not you but I am to answer the question.I,not you,am to answer the question.（二
11、）单一主语的主谓一致 名词本身自带s作主语时，谓语动词用单数 学科名词：physics物理；mathematics/maths 数学；economics 经济学；politics政治学；新闻news；体操Gymnastics【例】As we know,Physics is a fundamental subject in science.醒是自然科学中的一门基础学科。Mathematics is a required course for middle school student.数学是中学生的一门必修课。Einstein once said,Politics is much more di
12、fficult than physics.注意：当mathematics 表示运算时谓语动词用单数复数皆可【例】If my mathematics is/are right,the answer is 56.如果我的运算正确，答案就是56。The television news is at 7clock in the evening every day.Gymnastics is my sistes fav ourite sport. 有些名词单复数同行根据是单数概念还是复数概念判断谓语【例】means 方式方法aircraft飞机works 工厂crossroads 十字路口 deer鹿sh
13、eep羊fish鱼This works was build in 1982.By far,three steelworks have been closed down in this city.This means of transport has been tried.All possible means have been tried. 由两部分组成的物体名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数【例】chopsticks筷子compasses圆规glasses眼镜gloves手套Jeans牛仔裤shoes鞋子scissors剪子shorts 短裤socks短袜trousers 裤子My trouser
14、s are white and his clothes are black.我的裤子是白色的，他的衣服是黑色的。Why are your shoes so dirty?注意：如果这些词由单位词（a pair of，a suit of，a piece of,a kind of等）靠饰时，单位词的单复数决定谓语动词的单复数【例】A pair of scissors is lying in that drawer.These kinds of glasses are popular this summer. 表示国家、人名、书名、组织机构等的专有名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数【例】The united
15、 States is a developed countryThe New York Times is widely read in the world. 以-s结尾的群岛、山脉、海峡、瀑布等专有名词谓语动词用复数【例】The Himalayas have a magnificent variety of plants.植物种类繁多The Niagara Falls are splendid waterfalls. 以-s结尾的名词作主语时谓语动词用复数【例】belongings财产clothes衣服plastics塑料制品eamings收入goods货物leavings剩余savings储存
16、All the goods are very expensive. 集体名词作主语时 mankind,humanity,man 作主语时，谓语一般用单数【例】Only man knows how to cook.有人懂得烹饪注意：mankind表示“人（类）”有时表示复数意义，其表语是复数。【例】Mankind are intelligent animals人是理智的动物. people,police,cattle,youte作主语时，只有单数形式，但却表示复数意义谓语动词用复数【例】The police are investigating the riot.The cattle are gr
17、azing the the filed.Many cattle were killed for this.注意：people作民族讲时有复数形式。【例】There are 56 peoples in China. family,crowd 等作主语时，根据概念确定谓语动词这类集体名词有：Army；assembly；audience；band；class；club；committee；company；congress；youth crew；crowd enemy；family gang；govermment group herd；jury population；public team 强调整体，
18、用单数谓语；强调个体，用复数谓语。【例】The family is going to move to New York.The farmily have different opinions about their going abroad.The football club committee arranges all the matches.The football club committee have decided to dismiss him.比较：A family，a group,a class作主语时用单数谓语Families,groups,classes作主语时用复数谓语【例
19、】A group is coming to the zoo.人正朝着动物园走来。 baggage/luggage(行李），clothing（衣服），furniture（家具），machinery（机器），poetry(诗），scenery（风景），jewery（珠宝），equipment（设备）等，是不可数名词，只用单数形式，不用不定冠词（当然更不能用数词）【例】Our clothing protects us from (against) the cold.我们的衣服可以御寒。Have you checked all your baggage?你所有行李都托运了吗?注意：machinery,
20、poetry,jewelry,scenery 等相应的个体可数名词是machine,poem，jewel，scene等。【例】a poem/a piece of poetry（一首诗），many machines/much machinery /many pieces of machinery（许多机器）。 hair的用法hair（头发，毛发）指全部头发或毛发时，为集合名词（可数）；指几根头发或毛发时，为个体名词（可数）。【例】My hair has grown very long.我的头发已长得很长了.The police found two hairs there.警察在那儿找到了两根头发
21、. fruit的用法fruit（水果）作为集合名词它通常是不可数的。【例】He doesnt eat much fruit.他不大吃水果.He is growing fruit in the country.他在乡下种水果.但是，当要表示种类时，它可视为可数名词，即a fruit 指一种水果，fruits指多种水果。比较：Some fruits have thick skins.有些水果皮很厚。 非谓语动词或从句作主语时 非谓语动词或从句作主语时谓语动词用单数【例】To improve agricultural land needs a lot of money.To see is to be
22、lieve.Swimming is a good way to keep health.How they will solve the problem remains to be seen.Whether she will come is not known. 多个非谓语动词作主语，表达一个概念谓语用单数，表达不同概念谓语用复数【例】Going to be early and getting up early is good for your health.（早睡早起一个概念）Reading books and playing table tennis are my great pleasur
23、e.（读书和打乒乓球是两个概念）Listening,speaking,reading and writing are all important.To be strict with oneself and to be kind to others are good qualities of a person.（三）其他情况的主谓一致 表示距离、时间、长度、金额、质量等的复数名词作主语时常被看作是整体谓语动词用单数。这类复数名词有：miles,dollars，pounds,kilograms公斤/千克，kilometres公里，centimetres厘米，millimetres 毫米，secon
24、ds,hours,years等【例】Five dollars seems a fair price.是一个公道的价格Two kilometres is not very far for the young manFive hours is a short time for such a difficult job 如果强调数目谓语动词用复数【例】One hundred cents make a dollar.More than twenty years have passed since they got married. 算数中的谓语动词一般用单数形式，有时也用复数【例】Five times
25、 eight is/are fortyFour and eight makes/make twelveSixty minus seven leaves fifty-threeForty-eight divided by six is eight 复合不定代词作主语时谓语动词用单数【例】Everyone something anybody nowhere.Everyone in the class was surprised at the news.Listen!Someone is knocking at the door.Is anyone going to tell him the new
26、s? each one of，every one of，anyone of，one of等作主语时谓语用单数【例】Each of the girl in our class has a balioon.我们班每个女孩都有一个气球Each of the students was asked to speak for three minutes.Every one of them is familiar to me.截对他们都很熟悉 each,every作形容词修饰主语时谓语动词用单数，但是each作复数主语的同位语时谓语用复数【例】Each/Every boy in our class has
27、a skateboard.副滑板They each have a stateboard.Each/Every student has an English-Chinese dictionary.The students each have an English-Chinese dictionary. none of +不可数名词，谓语用单数；none of,neither of+可数名词复数/复数代词，谓语动词单复数皆可。either of/None of that money in the desk is his.（不数名词）None of his classmates knows the
28、truth.=None of his classmates know the truth.Neither of the statements is true =Neither of the statements are ture.两种说法没有一个真实。【例】Either of the qualifications is acceptable=Either of the qualifications are acceptable. neither 与either 做形容词修饰单数名词时谓语动词用单数【例】Either qualification is acceptable.两种资格中的任何一种都
29、可以接受Neither qualification is acceptable. 分数百分数+of+名词，some of,plenty of,a lot of,lots of,most of,the rest of,all（of）,half（of）谓语常与of 后面的名词一致；分数百分数+of+复数名词/复数代词，谓语动词用复数；分数/百分数+of+单数名词/单数代词，谓语动词用单数【例】Two thirds of the students support the plan.（复数名词）One tenth of them are suffering from this kind of illn
30、ess.（复数代词）Three fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.（单数名词）Eighty percent of the employees in the company are from Bejing.（百分数数复数名词）Thirty percent of its area is flooded each year.（百分数单数名词）The rest of the money belongs to you.The rest of the students speak for it.Half of the apple is rotten.Ha
31、lf of the apples are rotten. “more than one单数名词”结构作主语，尽管从意义上看是复数，但它的谓语动词用单数形式;“more+复数名词+than one”结构作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。【例】More than one person has known the news.不止一个人知道了这个消息。More students than one are for your proposal.很多学生同意你的计划。 a number of +复数名词谓语用复数（许多的）；The number of 名词谓语动词用单数（的数量）【例】A number of t
32、rees are green in April.Agreat number of tourists have been to the Great Wall.A large number of worker were out of work because the factory was destroyed in flood.The number of students in the computer class is limited to ten.The nunber of workers who were out of work was 1,000. there/here.引导句子时就近原则
33、【例】There are some chairs and a table in the room。There is a table and some chairs in the room。Here are some gifts for you。Here is a book,a pen and some paper for you. 当主语后接修饰语时With,along with,together with,but,besides,except,like,including,in addition to,as well as,rather than,谓语动词与前面的主语保持一致【例】A lib
34、rary with five thousand books is offered to the nation as a gift.被作为礼物送给了这个国家。The teacher,along with her students,is going to attend the lecture.Apeasant,together with some soldiers,is about to help us.All but one have arrived here.除了一个人外所有人都到了。No one except two students was late for class.没有其他人上课迟到
35、The garage,in addition to the house,was burned.She as well as the other girls is going to another supermarked.You as well as I are wrong.The father,rather than the brother,is responsible.父亲而不是兄弟们应当负责。 The+形容词做主语时，表示一类人用复数谓语，表示抽象概念用单数谓语【例】The injured were carried away on stretchers.跟担架抬走了The old are
36、more likely to catch cold than the young.The rich are for the decision but the poor are against it.The young are always full of vitality.The unknown is always something to be feared.The beautiful is not always the good,and the good is not always the true.美未必是善善未必是真The true is to be distinguished fro
37、m the false.真应与假相区别The good is what people like.人们总是喜欢美好的东西In many stories,the good are well rewarded and the bad are punished.好人有好报坏人有坏报。 all 做主语时指一切表示单数概念用单数谓语，指具体人或物用复数谓语【例】All has been tried.一切都试过了All were silent.大家都一言不发All was silent.万籁俱寂All are here now.大家都在 由 a kind of,this kind of,many kinds of,名词+of this kind,a type of a sort of谓语动词根据of 后面的名词来定【例】A new type of machine is on show now.Machines of this kind are made in Wuhan.8