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1、教学内容Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once.A. resulting B. repeatedly C. relatively D. unusual E. difficult F. fluent G. fed H. mastered I. planning J. previously K. convenientHow and why, roughly 2 million years ago, early
2、human ancestors evolved large brains and began making (31) advanced stone tools, is one of the great mysteries of evolution. Some researchers argue these changes were brought about by the invention of cooking. They point out that our bite weakened around the same time as our larger brains evolved, a
3、nd that it takes less energy to absorb nutrients from cooked food. As a result, once they had (32) the art, early chefs could invest less in their digestive systems and thus invest the (33) energy savings in building larger brains capable of complex thought. There is, however, a problem with the coo
4、king theory. Most archaeologists (考古学家）believe the evidence of controlled fire stretches back no more than 790, 000 years. Roger Summons of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology has a solution. Together with his team, he analyzed 1.7-million-year-old sandstones that formed in an ancient river at
5、 Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania. The region is famous for the large number of human fossils that have been discovered there, alongside an impressive assembly of stone tools. The sandstones themselves have (34) yielded some of the worlds earliest complex hand axes-large tear-drop-shaped stone tools that a
6、re associated with Homo erectus (直立人) . Creating an axe by (35) _ knocking thin pieces off a raw stone in order to create two sharp cutting edges requires a significant amount of (36) , Their appearance is therefore thought to mark an important moment in intellectual evolution. Trapped inside the Ol
7、duvai sandstones, the researchers found (37) biological molecules (分子）that are often interpreted as biomarkers for heat-tolerant bacteria. Some of these live in water between 85C and 95C. The molecules presence suggests that an ancient river within the Gorge was once (38) by one or more hot springs.
8、Dr. Summons and his colleagues say the hot springs would have provided a (n)(39) pre-fire means of cooking food. In New Zealand, the Maori have traditionally cooked food in hot springs, either by lowering it into the boiling water or by digging a hole in the hot earth. Similar methods exist in Japan
9、 and Iceland, so it is plausible, if (40) to prove, that early humans might have used hot springs to cook meat and roots. Nonetheless, fire would have offered a distinct advantage to humans, since it is a transportable resource.【答案】 31-35 CHAJB 36-40 IDGKE【解析】21. 考察副词，空格前后分别是动词和形容词，结合句意这里需要副词relativ
10、ely。22. 考察动词，一旦他们掌握了这门艺术，就能花更少的能量在消化上面，选mastered。23. 考察形容词，花更少的能量在消化上面并且这样就能把由此而节省下来的能量用到建造更复杂的大脑思想上面了，这里的结果是主动态的，选resulting。24. 考察副词，沙石他们自己之前也产出了世界最早的复杂手工斧头，have yield中间可以用副词previously。25. 考察副词，通过不断重复地敲打掉一个薄.去创造一个斧头，副词repeatedly。26. 考察名词，创造两片锋利的边需要大量的计划，填名词planning。27. 考察形容词，研究者们发现不同寻常的生物分子，填unusua
11、l。28. 考察过去分词，空格前后有was 和by，结合句意这里是fed。29. 考察形容词，温泉将可能提供了一个便利的烹饪食物的“前火”时代方法，选convenient。30. 考察形容词，所以它是有道理的，尽管很难证明，选difficult。二、近三年十一选十题型词性考查规律：1. 主要考查名词，动词，形容词和副词。2. 动词是考査重点，尤其是动词的分词变形为主;动词时语态与非谓语是高中语法学习的重点。3. 名词与形容词为次重点，每年都有考査；对于名词与形容词在句中所起作用与相互修饰，需要学生熟练掌握。需要留意doing作动名词，doing/done作形容词等词类活用以及名词作定语修饰名词
12、的现象。4.副词用于调整题目的难易度与词汇的考査。它在句中的位置灵活，功能强大可以修饰动词，形容词，副词以及整个句子。一般是二选一。5. 近几年来越来越加大派生词和合成词的考核，要求学生根据单词构成的规律，正确判断词性和词义。一、选词填空考察要求概述从2008年起，词汇的考查放在了语篇中，着重强 调语法和词汇知识在特定情景中的应用。试卷10 道词汇题以10选9的方式分别考察了名词，动词， 形容词，副词还包括现在分词和过去分词的形式。作为2008年刚进入上海高考英语考卷中的一个新题型十选九，在2014高考中讲改为十一选十，这个题将词汇的考查放到了语篇当中，着重强调语法和词汇知识在特定情境中的应用
13、，不是单纯的考查词汇，文章题干均清晰明了，并提供了足够的上下文支撑供考生答题。同时，词汇题的难度分布也较为合理，确保了各个层次的考生都能得分。因此，情景理解和语言运用的味道比较浓厚，注重考查理解能力和逻辑推理能力的试题多。二. 题型特点1、选词填空的特点 1) 文章不会太长(300词左右);一般来说第 一句是文章主题句并且不设空；一般每隔 15-30个词会有一个空；空与空之间有完 整意群。文章中会挖出十个空，但是给出 了十一个单词，让学生选择填空使文章完整， 这就是新题型轮廓。 2) 方框中词汇难度不高，文章难度要略低 于阅读理解难度。实际上是将词汇的使用 和完形阅读紧密结合的一道题目。2、选
14、词填空的考点 1) 词汇方面以实词为主也就是指名词、动 词、形容词、副词。 2) 语法方面考察词性之间关系和句子结构 分析能力。3) 逻辑方面考察上下文联系三. 解题步骤第一步：详读选项，词分类 选项中的11个词是考查的关键，考生应该 详细的理解这11个单词。熟悉的单词标明 词性和词义，不熟悉的单词或者不认识的 单词只需标明词性，然后根据名词、动词、 形容词、副词四大类按规律排列在试卷上。 这样做考生就可以不再是11选1了，只要根 据上下文的逻辑关系或者语法结构，有时 候可以是3选1甚至2选1,缩小了选择的范 围，降低了试题的难度。1.了解备选词的基本含义，注意一词多义情况。2.同一单词可能有
15、多个词性，3. 以-ing/ -ed 结尾的词 第二步：略读全文，定中心抓住文章首句，迅速找到文章的主题词或主题，快速掌握文章大意 第三步：瞻前顾后，灵活选填词入空。 确认空处可填词性。同性词语筛选按逻辑关系代入确认答案第四步：复核检查，定结果注意： 1. 动词分为谓语动词和非谓语动词。非谓语动词 包括：动词不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分 词。过去分词有两种可能性(形容词和动词的过去 分词), 无法确定时标问号。 2. 不认识的词要看后缀。构词法中, 前缀区分意 思, 后缀区分词性。所以看词尾往往能大致分出词 性。词性无法确定的, 暂时搁置。 3. 做出相应的标记。在英文中有的单词不只有一
16、个词性，比如大家常见的visit、access、 approach、challenge、 change等就即有名 词词性又有动词词性。 这时两个都要标出来。4.以-ing或-ed 结尾的词既可能是动词，也 可能是由现在分词或过去分词转变而成的 形容词。四. 解题技巧 (一)判断词性的技巧 前面提到的“瞻前顾后”就是需要考生根据空格的前后来决定所填词的词性以及应填的正确选项， 我们可以根据一些简单的语法知识确定答案。应 该说语法知识是解词汇理解题的基础。 1. 确定空格为名词(1) a /an/the n. , adj. n. , vt. n. , 即空格处前面 为冠词、形容词或者及物动词的，空
17、格处应填入 名词； (2) n. v., 即空格处后面是动词的，空格处应填入 该动词的主语(名词);(3) prep. n., 即空格处前面是介词的，空格处充当 介词宾语，用填入一个名词或动名词。2. 确定空格为动词 (1) n./pron. vt. n./pron., 即空格前面已有名 词/代词作主语，后面又有名词/代词作为动词的宾 语，空格处应为及物动词；(2) n./pron. vi. , 即空格处前面是名词/代词， 后面没有宾语，空格处应填不及物动词； (3) n./pron. vi. adv./prep., 即空格处前面是名 词/代词，空格处后面是副词/介词，空格处应填入 不及物动词
18、，与副词/介词构成固定搭配；(4) n./pron. link v./be. adj., 即空格处前面是名词/ 代词，后面是形容词，空格处应填入系动词或be 动词； (5) to v. , 即空格处前有不定式标志to,空格处应 填入动词原形；另一种情况to是介词，后面应填 入动名词。3. 确定空格为形容词 (1) adj. n. 或n. adj. , 即空格处前面或者后面 为名词的，空格处应填入形容词； (2)adv. adj. , 即空格处前面是副词的，空格处 应填入形容词； (3) link/be v. adj.,即空格处前面是系动词或be 动词的，空格处应填入形容词作表语。4. 确定空格
19、为副词 (1) adv. v. 或v. adv. , 即空格处前面或者 后面为动词的，空格处应填入副词； (2) adv. adj., 即空格处后面是形容词的， 空格处应填入副词。(二)利用逻辑关系词确定答案 在篇章词汇理解题目中，文章的逻辑关系对于考 生把握整篇文章是很重要的，文章的逻辑关系通 过一些逻辑关系词体现的，考生可以通过逻辑关 系词来确定出一些答案。 常见的逻辑关系词如下：1) 并列关系：and , or, as well as 等 (2) 对比关系：but , however , on the contrary , rather than 等 (3) 比较关系：asas , li
20、ke , similar 等(4) 因果关系：because , for , since , as a result of , therefore , thus 等 (5) 举例关系：for example , for instance , such as , and so on 等 (6) 递进关系：and , whats more , moreover , in addition 等【例题精讲】【词类专项复习】副词A. evidently B. routinely It certainly isnt hard to look for situations where people migh
21、t call English a curse. An example is Australia, which is _7_ regarded as a straightforward English-speaking country. The first Europeans who went there often used Latin to describe and discuss the place. The word Australia itself is Latin; _8_ no one at the time thought of simply calling it Southla
22、nd (which is what Australia means). When the Europeans arrived, Australia was thinly populatedbut populated nonethelessfrom coast to coast in every direction. There were hundreds of communities and languages. 副词：A. evidently明显地 B. routinely一贯地，习以为常地7，B)：很容易可以判断出这两空需要填副词，但两个副词的选取容易出错。 routinely意思是”一贯
23、地，习以为常地”，所以后面一半不跟at the time这类表示过去的时间状语,而第7空表示澳大利亚一贯被认为是一个说英语的国家。所以第八个空是A，明显地A. necessarily B. mysteriously Your life can be enhanced, and your happiness enriched, when you choose to change your perspective. Dont leave your future to chance, or wait for things to get better _45_ on their own. You mu
24、st go in the direction of your hopes and aspirations.副词：A. necessarily 必要地 B. mysteriously神秘地45，B :mysteriously 这里首先判断需要填一个副词。或者是等待事情神秘地变好，不是必要地变好。A. effectively B. mostlyTeachers in some secondary schools in Britain are worried that their jobs may become impossible shortly unless something can be d
25、one to restore discipline in the classrooms. In the problem schools, 37 in large cities, a small minority of pupils deliberately disrupt lessons. Teachers complain that they cannot teach their classes 38 . 副词：effectively 有效地 B. mostly大多数地37，B)是大多数在大城市里，因为后面是a small minority 少数38，A)老师抱怨不能很有效的教授他们的班级。
26、动词A. fears B. mirrorsLocked indoors, unable to get on their bicycles and hang out with their friends, teens have turned to social media and their mobile phones to socialize with their friends. What they do online often 3 what they might otherwise do if their mobility wasnt so heavily limited in the
27、age of helicopter parenting. Social media and smartphones apps have become so popular in recent years. Teens want the freedom to explore their identity and the world around them, so they jump online. 动词：fears 恐惧，担心 mirrors 反映3，A）根据空格处知道是填动词，mirrors这里注意是动词的形式，解释为反映，符合句意要求。A. valued B. employedThe nor
28、thwestern U.S. state of Washington made headlines in the early 2002 when it passed a law prohibiting the use of the word Oriental in official contexts. Instead, the word Asian must be _3_. The new law only bans the use of the word Oriental when the reference is to human beings.（上海北郊高三试卷）动词的过去分词形式 va
29、lued 价值 employed 动用3，B)employed需要注意一词多义，除了解释为雇佣外， employ还能表示动用。名词A. market B. issue D. perspective There is no evidence that the foods would be unsafe, but for some people, its an ethical (伦理的) 37 . Some people have promised not to sell the salmon, and its still unclear whether the public will devel
30、op an appetite for the fish if it is approved.(选自2017年崇明区二模式卷)答案 B解析：A. market 市场 B. issue 问题 D. Perspective 立场，观点此处根据空格前的形容词和不定冠词可以知道此处填写名词，且根据句意，人们认为这是一件关乎伦理的.（指吃转基因三文鱼这件事），所以很多人选择不去贩卖转基因三文鱼。所以比较下来，此处填写 issue 最恰当。A. uncertainty B. issue D. notesIn times of 38 , employees long for clarity. As a lea
31、der, you wont always have all of the answers-no one expects you to-so you must be open to listening and learning from others. Once you understand a particular challenge and outline the options, you have to be confident in making bold and optimistic decisions. 答案 A解析：A. uncertainty 不确定 B. issue 问题 D.
32、 notes 便条，信件，笔记此段叙述的是关于领导人的魄力品质，根据句意，在.时候，员工渴望清晰简洁。将三个名词带进去翻译，只有不确定才恰当，只有当充满不确定的时候，员工才需要领导人清晰的指导和当机立断。A. machinery B. characteristic D. competitiveness“If these real economy - related factors are underdeveloped, its key _37_wont be strong , said Wang . The pen tip issue was first brought into the sp
33、otlight by Premier Li Keqiang in January last year , exposing a major issue facing Chinese manufacturers - weak competitiveness in key technology . 答案 C解析：A. machinery 机械 B. characteristic 特点，特色 D. competitiveness 竞争力根据空格前的物主代词和形容词可以判断此处填写名词，且根据句意，如果这些实体经济的相关的要素得不到发展的话，那么它的核心.就不会强大，将选项依次带进去，发现 核心竞争力
34、最为恰当，故选C形容词A. bottled B. negative Admit you are angry about the past, and discuss it with someone you trust, or write it down because this will ease some of the anger and hatred youve kept _39_ up for years. 答案 A解析：A. bottled 瓶装的，被储存起来的 B. negative 消极的此处kept为系动词，接形容词做表语，根据句子意思，承认自己关于过去的愤怒，和你信任的人谈论这些
35、事或者把它写下来，这会减轻你这么多年. 的愤怒和仇恨。此处选择被储存的恰当，且 keep bottled up为词组表示藏在心里的。A. academic B. relevant Today, psychologists prefer to use more objective scientific methods to understand, explain, and predict human behavior. The discipline has two major areas of focus: 49 psychology and applied psychology. 答案 A 解
36、析：A. academic 学术的 B. relevant 相关的此处根据冒号后的一对词组对比可以判断，和应用心理学相对的应该是学术性心理学。故选择A。A. alarming B. fertile C. tricky The virus has been linked in Brazil to a(n) _45_ increase in the birth of babies with abnormally small heads, a condition known as microcephaly. Brazils Health Ministry said on Tuesday that t
37、he number of confirmed and _46_ cases of microcephaly has risen to 4,690 from 4,443 a week earlier.答案 A C解析：A. alarming 惊人的 B. fertile 肥沃的 C. tricky 棘手的，狡猾的根据 空格45 前面的不定冠词和空格46前面并列的形容词可以判断，这两个空格都填形容词，根据句子意思，巴西的病毒和反常小头婴儿的出生率的.的增长有关，相比较之下，alarming最为恰当。而周围这些确认的和的畸形小头案例已经增长至4690一周，故填写形容词棘手的来修饰case最为恰【巩固
38、练习1】Section BDirections: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. signal B. exists C. accept D. natural E. involves F. pretend G. stuck H. particular I. control J. happen K. experienceAlmost everyon
39、e has experienced anxiety at some time in their lives，and to do so is not only (37)_, but probably quite sensible，too. In some sense，the feeling of anxiety is like a (38)_ to us that we need to take action. If we have an exam coming up，we are likely to start feeling anxious. We might think，“I cant (
40、39)_ its not happening. Ive got to revise or Ill totally mess up.” Once again，anxiety can guide us to behave in a way that is in our best interests.Anxiety can be abnormal when it starts to take over our thinking processes and our lives，and makes it difficult for us to function. It is likely that pe
41、ople who (40)_ extreme and upsetting levels of continual anxiety are suffering from a disorder called Generalized Anxiety Disorder(GAD)The most important feature of GAD is that people experience quite severe anxiety and worry about a wide range of things over long periods of time. Other symptoms inc
42、lude finding it difficult to (41)_ the worry，getting easily tired，difficulty concentrating and sleep disturbance.People with GAD tend to worry about the same kinds of things as people without GADonly they fall into worrying more easily and tend to spend more time worrying. Research suggests that our
43、 worry tends to go to (42)_ themes including our health，finances，relationships，family，work and finally，worry about worrying.Some worries are realistic(“real event” worries)For example，if I worry about the size of my credit card bill，then this problem (43)_ and my worry arises from a real problem. So
44、me worries are about things that may never (44)_ (“hypothetical event” worries)Sometimes，real event worries spiral(螺旋形上升) into hypothetical event worries. For example，“My neighbors are noisy” could spiral into “Ill never be able to sell the house. Ill be (45)_ here forever.”Even though you may alway
45、s have tended to worry，you can still learn to understand it and get on the top of it. Extreme worry is not a part of your personality，and its not something that you should (46)_ as unavoidable.【答案】37-41 DAFKI 42-46 HBJGC【解析】37.本题考察形容词根据原文，根据句意指每个人都经历过焦虑，这是自然的。故选D.38.本题考查名词。根据原文，指焦虑是对我们的一种暗号。故选A.39.本题考查动词，根据句意指假设，所以选F。40.本题考查动词，根据句意指经历过焦虑的人，经历故用experience。41.本题考查动词，根据句意指控制焦虑，故选I.42.本题考查形容词。根据原文指特别的主题，故选H.43.本题考查动词，根据原文指问题的存在，故选B.44.本题考察动词