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1、2 A digital computer is generally made up of .unit ,input devices,memory storage devices, output devices.3 The microprocessor is a centralprocessing unit on a single .and the VLSI circuit4 According to the text,modern digital.microcomputers,workstations; microcomputers ,and mainframes5 The first ele
2、ctronic computers,.used vacuum tubes ,which.place to transistors6 A program is a sequence of instructions that.in the form of software.7 The smallest unit of information.of binary digit .A group of eight bits is called a(n) byte8 One of the.is microminiaturization,the .and smaller chip space1 The fu
3、nction of computer.They are input,output and storage2 The software that controls.which stands for Basic Input/output System3 The two most common types of.are flatbed scanners and hand-held scanners4 Video displays .and LCD-based screens.5 In the text .They are dot-matrix printers .and inkjetprinters
4、6 According to the text .are disk drives and memory7 It can be said that having a steady. RAM is volatile memory8 A(n)serial connection transfers.while a(n) parallel connection .1 A programming language is any artificial .a sequence ofinstructions that can .2 We can classify programming .types: low-
5、level; languages and high-level languages3A(n) machine language is a low-level.directly4 High-level languages must first.into a(n) machine . a computer5 High-level languages are commonly classified.functional; orlogic languages6 In an assembly language ,each statement corresponds.7 In procedure-orie
6、nted languages.into a programmodule , or procedure8 The history of programming languages.of the digital computer in the 1940s1 Computer programs fall into.classes:application.and operating systems2There are there types of application .interpreters,and assemblers3 A(n) compiler translates all the sou
7、rce code of a .ofthe program4 In the case of a(n)interpreter , a program is translated into .5 A(n) debugger is a program that is often used to help.6 A(n)loop is a sequence of code in a program executed repeatedly .7 When you install a new device in a computer.the correct devicedriver to the operat
8、ing8 The modern concept of an internally.was first proposed by John von Neuman1. artificial intelligence人工智能2. paper-tape reader纸带阅读器3. optical computer光计算机4. neural network神经网络5. instruction set指令集6. parallel processing并行处理7. difference engine差分机8. versatile logical element通用逻辑元件9. silicon substrat
9、e硅衬底10. vacuum tube真空管11. 数据的存储与处理the storage and handling of data12. 超大规模集成电路very large-scale integrated circuit13. 中央处理器central processing unit14. 个人计算机personal computer15. 模拟计算机analogue computer16. 数字计算机digital computer17. 通用计算机general-purpose computer18. 处理器芯片processor chip19. 操作指令operating inst
10、ructions20. 输入设备input device1. function key功能键，操作键，函数键2. voice recognition module语音识别模块3. touch-sensitive region触敏区4. address bus地址总线5. flatbed scanner平板扫描仪6. dot-matrix printer点阵打印机（针式打印机）7. parallel connection并行连接8. cathode ray tube阴极射线管9. video game电子游戏10. audio signal音频信号11. 操作系统operating system
11、12. 液晶显示（器）LCD (liquid crystal display)13. 喷墨打印机inkjet printer14. 数据总线data bus15. 串行连接serial connection16. 易失性存储器volatile memory17. 激光打印机laser printer18. 磁盘驱动器disk drive19. 基本输入输出系统BIOS (Basic Input/Output System)20. 视频显示器video display1. storage register存储寄存器2. function statement函数语句3. program state
12、ment程序语句4. object-oriented language面向对象语言5. assembly language汇编语言6. intermediate language中间语言，中级语言7. relational language关系（型）语言8. artificial language人工语言9. data declaration数据声明10. Structured Query Language结构化查询语言11. 可执行程序executable program12. 程序模块program module13. 条件语句conditional statement14. 赋值语句as
13、signment statement15. 逻辑语言logic language16. 机器语言machine language17. 函数式语言functional language18. 程序设计语言programming language19. 运行计算机程序run a computer program20. 计算机程序员computer programmer1. inference engine推理机2. system call系统调用3. compiled language编译执行的语言4. parallel computing并行计算5. pattern matching模式匹配6
14、. memory location存储单元7. interpreter program解释程序8. library routine库程序，程序库例行程序9. intermediate program中间程序，过渡程序10. source file源文件11. 解释执行的语言interpreted language12. 设备驱动程序device driver13. 源程序source program14. 调试程序debugging program15. 目标代码object code16. 应用程序application program17. 实用程序utility program18. 逻
15、辑程序logic program19. 墨盒ink cartridge20. 程序的存储与执行program storage and execution1 We can define a computer as a device that accepts input, processes data, stores data, and produces output. According to the mode of processing, computers are either analog or digital. They can also be classified as mainfra
16、mes, minicomputers, workstations, or microcomputers.All else (for example, the age ofthe machine) being equal, this categorization provides some indication of the computers speed, size, cost, and abilities.Ever since the advent of computers, there have been constant changes.First-generation computer
17、s of historic significance, such as UNIVAC( 通 用自动计算机), introduced in the early 1950s, were based on vacuum tubes. Second-generation computers, appearing in the early 1960s, were those in which transistors replaced vacuum tubes. In third-generation computers, dating from the 1960s, integrated circuit
18、s replaced transistors. In fourth-generation computers such as microcomputers, which first appeared in the mid-1970s, large-scale integration enabled thousands of circuits to be incorporated on one chip. Fifth-generation computers are expected tocombinevery-large-scale integration with sophisticated
19、 approaches to computing, including artificial intelligence and true distributed processing.2CD-ROM stands for compact disc read-only memory. Unlike floppy and hard disks, which use magnetic charges to represent 1s and 0s, opticadliscs use reflected light. On a CD-ROM disc, 1s and 0s are represented
20、 by flat areas anbdumpy (高低不平的) areas (called “pits”) on its bottom surface. The CD-ROM disc is read by a laser that projects a tiny beam of light on these areas. The amount of reflected light determines whether the area represents a 1 or a 0.Like a commercial CD found in music stores, a CD-ROM is a
21、 “read-only” disc. Read-only means it cannot be written on or erased by the user. Thus, you as a user have access only to the data imprinted(压印) by the publisher.A single CD-ROM disc can store 650megabytes (兆字节) of data. That isequivalent to 451 floppy disks. With that much information on a single d
22、isc, the time to retrieve or access the information is very important. An important characteristic of CD-ROM drives is their access rate.A programming language is a language used to write instructions for the computer. It lets the programmer express data processing in a symbolic manner without regar
23、d to machine-specific details.3 The difficulty of writing programs in the machine language of 0s and 1s led first to the development of assembly language, which allows programmers to use mnemonics (助记符) for instructions and symbols for variables. Such programs are then translated by a program known
24、as an assembler(汇编程序，汇编器) into the binary encoding used by the computer. Other pieces of system software known as linking loaders(连接装入程序) combine pieces of assembled code and load them into the machines main memory unit, where they are then ready for execution. The concept of linking separate pieces
25、 of code was important, since it allowed “libraries” of programs to be built up to carry out common tasksa first step toward the increasingly emphasized notion of software reuse. Assembly language was found to be sufficiently inconvenient that higher-level languages (closer to natural languages) wer
26、e invented in the 1950s for easier, faster programming; along with them came the need for compilers, programs that translate high-level language programs into machine code. As programming languages became more powerful and abstract, building efficient compilers that create high-quality code in terms
27、 of execution speed and storageconsumption became an interesting computer science problem in itself.4 A compiler, in computer science, is a computer program that translates source code into object code. Software engineers write source code using high-level programming languages that people can under
28、stand. Computers cannot directly execute source code, but need a compiler to translate these instructions into a low-level language called machine code.Compilers collect and reorganize (compile) all the instructions in a given set of source code to produce object code. Object code is often the same
29、as or similar toa computers machine code. If the object code is the same as the machine language, the computer can run the program immediately after the compiler produces its translation. If the object code is not in machine language, other programssuch as assemblers, binders (联编程序), linkers, and lo
30、aders (加载程序)finish the translation.Most computer languages use different versions of compilers for different types of computers or operating systems, so one language may have different compilers for personal computers (PC) and Apple Macintosh computers. Many different manufacturers often produce ver
31、sions of the same programming language, so compilers for a language may vary between manufacturers.翻译：1 Computers will become more advanced and.become easier to use 计算机将变得更加先进，也将变得更加容易使用2 Improved speech recognition.of a computer easier. 语音识别的改进将使计算机的操作更加容易。3 Virtual reality,the technology .and comp
32、uter interface.虚拟现实，即使用所有人类官能与计算机进行交互的技术，也将有助于创建更好的人机接口。4 Other ,exotic models of computation are being.to store data and carry out operations.人们正在开发其他的奇异计算模型，包括使用生物机体的生物计算、使用具有特定属性的分子的分子计算，以及使用遗传基本单位DNA（脱氧核糖核酸）存储数据和执行运算的计算。5 These are examples of possible future.are strictly theoretical.这些都是可能的未来计算
33、平台的例子，而它们迄今还能力有限或完全属于理论范畴。6 Scientists investigate them because.circuits embedded in silicon. 科学家们研究它们，是因为嵌入硅中的电路的微小型化受到物理限制。7 There are also limitations related to heat generated by even .transistors. 还有一些限制与即使最微小的晶体管也会产生的热量有关。8 A modem is a device that converts between analog and digital signals.
34、调制解调器是在模拟与数字信号之间进行转换的设备。9 Digital signals ,which are used by computers,.by a series of 1 s and 0 s.计算机使用的是数字信号，这种信号由离散单元组成，通常用一系列1 和 0 表示。10 Analog signal vary continuously.is a sound wave. 模拟信号是连续变化的；声波就是模拟信号的一个例子11 Modems are often used to enable computers to.across telephone lines. 调制解调器经常用于实现计算机
35、之间通过电话线的互相通信。12 A modem converts the digital signals of the .be transmitted through telephone lines.调制解调器将发送端计算机的数字信号转换成可通过电话线传输的模拟信号。13 When the signal reaches its destination .which is processed by the receiving computer.信号到达目的地后，另外一个调制解调器重构原来的数字信号，供接收端计算机处理。14 If both modems can transmit data to
36、each other simultaneously . in half duplex mode .如果两个调制解调器可同时互相发送数据，那么它们采用的就是全双工工作方式；如果一次只有一个调制解调器可以发送数据，那么它们采用的则是半双工工作方式。15 Object-oriented programming languages,such as C+ and java.of lists of commands.面向对象程序设计语言，如C+和 Java，基于传统的高级语言，但它们使程序设计员能够从合作对象集而非命令列表的角度进行思考。16 Object, such as a circle,have p
37、roperties such as the .on the computer screen.诸如圆之类的对象具有像圆的半径一类的属性，以及在计算机屏幕上绘制该对象的命令。17 Classes of object can inherit features from other classes of objects.For example ,a class defining squares can inherit .from a class defining rectangles.一个对象类可以从其他的对象类继承特征。例如，定义正方形的类可以从定义长方形的类那里继承直角等特征。18 This se
38、t of programming classes simplifies the .”reusable”computer code. 这一套程序设计类简化了程序设计员的工作，带来了更多“可复用的”计算机代码。19 Reusable code allows a programmer to use code that has.written,and tested. 可复用代码使程序设计员可以使用已经设计、编写和测试的代码。20 This makes the programmers task easier,.and efficient programs. 这使得程序设计员的工作变得比较容易，并带来更加
39、可靠和高效的程序。21 In software, a bug is an error in coding.to produce incorrect results. 在软件中，错误是指导致程序发生故障或产生不正确结果的编码或逻辑错误。22 Minor bugs-for example,a cursor that does not.but not damaging to information.较轻微的错误，如光标表现异常，会造成不便或带来挫折，但不会对信息产生破坏性影响。23 More severe bugs can cause a program to “hang”and .that has
40、 not been saved. 较严重的错误会导致程序“中止”（对命令停止反应），可能使用户别无选择，只能重新启动程序，结果致使任何前面已经做好但尚未保存的工作丢失。24 In either case ,the programmer must find and by the process known as debugging. 两种情况无论是哪一种，程序员都必须凭借称为调试的过程，发现并改正错误。25 Because of the potential risk to important data,.as possible before release. 由于错误对重要数据的潜在危险，商用应用程序在发行前要经过尽可能全面的测试与调试。26 Minor bugs found after the program becomes availableare corrected in the next update;.that circumvent the problem or otherwise alleviates its effects. 程序发行后发现的较轻微错误在下一次更新时改正；较严重的错误有时可用称为补丁的特殊软件加以修补，以规避问题或减轻其影响