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1、-word.zl-名词解释 1.Epic(史诗)appeared in the the Anglo-Saxon Period It is a narrative of heroic action,often with a principal hero,usually mythical in its content,grand in its style,offering inspiration and ennoblement within a particular culture or national tradition.A long narrative poem telling about
2、the deeds of great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.Epic is an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language,like Homers Iliad&Odyssey.It usually celebrates the feats of one or more legendary or traditional heroes.The action is simple,but full of mag
3、nificence.Today,some long narrative works,like novels that reveal an age&its people,are also called epic.E.g.Beowulf the pagan 异教徒，secular(非宗教的)poetry Iliad?伊利亚特?，Odyssey?奥德赛?Paradise Lost?失乐园?，The Divine Comedy?神曲?2.Romance 传奇(Anglo-Norman feudal England)Romance is any imaginative literature that i
4、s set in an idealized world and that deals with heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters.Originally,the term referred to a medieval(中世纪)tale dealing with the love and adventures of kings,queens,knights,and ladies,and including supernatural happenings.Form:long c
5、omposition,in verse,in prose Content:description of life and adventures of a noble hero Character:a knight,a man of noble birth,skilled in the use of weapons;often described as riding forth to seek adventures,taking part in tournaments(骑士比武),or fighting for his lord in battles;devoted to the church
6、and the king Romance lacks general resemblance to truth or reality.It exaggerates the vices of human nature and idealizes the virtues.It contains perilous(dangerous)adventures more or less remote from ordinary life.It lays emphasis on supreme devotion to a fair lady.The Romance Cycles/Groups/Divisio
7、ns Three Groups matters of Britain Adventures of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table 亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士 matters of FranceEmperor Charlemagne and his peers matters of RomeAlexander the Great and the attacks of Troy Le Morte DArthur 亚瑟王之死 Class Nature(阶级性)of the Romance Loyalty to king and lord was
8、 the theme of the romances,as loyalty was the corner-stone the most important part 基石-word.zl-of feudal morality.The romances were composed not for the common but for the noble,of the noble,and by the poets patronized supported 庇护,保护 by the noble.3.Alliteration 押头韵:a repeated initial(开头的)consonant(协
9、调,一致)to successive(连续的)words.e.g.1.To his kin the kindest,keenest for praise.2.Sing a song of southern singer 4.Understatement低调陈述 for ironical humor not troublesome:very welcome need not praise:a right to condemn 5.Chronicle?编年史?a monument of Old English prose 6.Ballads 民谣 The most important depart
10、ment of English folk literature Definition:A ballad is a narrative poem that tells a story,and is usually meant to be sung or recited in musical form.An important stream of the Medieval folk literature Features of English Ballads 1.The ballads are in various English and Scottish dialects.2.They were
11、 created collectively and revised when handed down from mouth to mouth.3.They are mainly the literature of the peasants,and give an outlook of the English common people in feudal society.Stylistic 风格上 Features of the Ballads 1.Composed in couplets 相连并押韵的两行诗,对句 or in quatrains 四行诗 known as the ballad
12、 stanza 民谣诗节,rhyming abab or abcb,with the first and third lines carrying 4 accented syllables 重读音节 and the second and fourth carrying 3.2.Simple,plain language or dialect 方言，土语 of thecommon people with colloquial 口语的，会话的,vivid and,sometimes,idiomatic 符合当地语言习惯的 expressions 3.Telling a good story wit
13、h a vivid presentation around the central plot.4.Using a high proportion of dialogue with a romantic or tragic dimension 方面 to achieve dramatic effect.Subjects of English Ballads 1.struggle of young lovers 2.conflict between love and wealth 3.cruelty of jealousy 4.criticism of the civil war 5.matter
14、s of class struggle 7.Heroic couplet 英雄双韵体 introduced byGeoffrey Chaucer Definition:the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter;a verse form in epic poetry,with lines of ten syllables and five stresses,in rhyming pairs.阶级性基石庇护保护押头韵开头的协调一致连续的低调陈述编年史民谣风格上相连并押韵的两行诗对句四行诗民谣诗节重读音节方言土语口语的会话的符合当地语言习惯的方面英雄双韵体英雄诗
15、体英雄双韵体用于史诗或叙事诗每行 扬格抑抑扬格强弱格长短格扬抑抑格节奏韵律属于韵文学诗体学某语言的韵律学反复重现重读抑扬格扬抑格抑抑扬格强弱格长短格扬抑抑格单音部二步三步四步五步相连并押韵的两行诗对句三行押韵诗句三拍子四行诗八行诗斯宾塞 情节人物对白舞台设计主题脚本舞台指导独白独白旁白幕场喜剧莎士比亚皆大欢喜威尼斯商人莎士比亚四大悲剧悲喜剧莎士比亚波里克利斯辛柏林冬天的故事暴风雨长篇独白偷听无意中听到自我反省演说演讲内心独白阐述讲解说明-word.zl-英雄诗体/英雄双韵体：用于史诗或叙事诗，每行十个音节，五个音部，每两行押韵。8.couplet 两行诗，对句:Two consecutive
16、lines of poetry that rhyme.A heroic couplet is an iambic pentameter couplet.During the Restoration period and the 18th C.it was a popular verse form.9.iambic pentameter:A poetic line consisting of five Verse feet(penta-is fr om a Greek word meaning“five),with each foot an iamb-that is,an unstressed
17、syllable followed by a stressed syllable.10.Rhyme 韵，押韵:the repetition(反复)of sounds in two or more words or phrases that appear close to each other in a poem.E.g.river/shiver,song/long 11.meter(格律)属于 Prosodypr s d 韵文学;诗体学；(某语言的)韵律(学):A generally regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables 音节
18、 in poetry.The meters with two-syllable feet are:Iambic(x/)抑扬格:That time of year thou mayst in me behold Trochaic(/x)扬抑格:Tell me not in mournful numbers Spondaic(/)扬扬格:Break,break,break/On thy cold gray stones,O Sea!The meters with three-syllable feet are:anapestic(x x/)抑抑扬格:And the sound of a voice
19、 that is still dactylic(/x x)强弱格，长短格，扬抑抑格:This is the forest primeval,the murmuring pines and the hemlock(a trochee replaces the final dactyl)12.Rhythm节奏，韵律 属于 Prosodypr s d 韵文学;诗体学；(某语言的)韵律(学)：refers to the regular recurrence反复，重现 of the accent重读 or stress in poem or song.e.g.the rhythm of day and
20、night,the seasonal rhythm of the year,the beat of our hearts,and the rise and fall of sea tides,etc.basic patterns of rhythms a)Iambic foot(iambaimb)抑扬格:an unstressed syllable followed by an stressed one as in the word“prevent or“about Its time the children went to bed.Well learn a poem by Keats.b)T
21、rochaictr ukeiik foot(trocheetr uki:)扬抑格:a stressed syllable followed by an unstressed one as in“football,“never,“happy or“English William Morris taught him English.Double,double,toil and trouble.Fire burns and cauldron bubble.c)Anapestic foot(anapest n pi:st)抑抑扬格:two unstressed syllables followed b
22、y a stressed oneas in“comprehend or“intervene Ive been working in China for forty years.阶级性基石庇护保护押头韵开头的协调一致连续的低调陈述编年史民谣风格上相连并押韵的两行诗对句四行诗民谣诗节重读音节方言土语口语的会话的符合当地语言习惯的方面英雄双韵体英雄诗体英雄双韵体用于史诗或叙事诗每行 扬格抑抑扬格强弱格长短格扬抑抑格节奏韵律属于韵文学诗体学某语言的韵律学反复重现重读抑扬格扬抑格抑抑扬格强弱格长短格扬抑抑格单音部二步三步四步五步相连并押韵的两行诗对句三行押韵诗句三拍子四行诗八行诗斯宾塞 情节人物对白舞台
23、设计主题脚本舞台指导独白独白旁白幕场喜剧莎士比亚皆大欢喜威尼斯商人莎士比亚四大悲剧悲喜剧莎士比亚波里克利斯辛柏林冬天的故事暴风雨长篇独白偷听无意中听到自我反省演说演讲内心独白阐述讲解说明-word.zl-d)Dactylic foot(dactyl)强弱格，长短格，扬抑抑格:a stressed syllable followed by two unstressed ones as in“dangerous,“cheerfully,“yesterday or“merrily 13 Common line lengths:number of feet per line one foot mono
24、meter m n mit(rare)单音部 two feet dimeterdimit(二步)three feettrimestertrimit(三步)four feet tetrametertetrmit(四步)five feet pentameterpentmit(五步)six feet hexameterheksmit seven feet heptameter heptmit(rare)eight feet octameter ktmit(rare)14 Line patterns:Couplet 相连并押韵的两行诗,对句:2 lines rhyming with each othe
25、r A heroic couplet is an iambic pentameter couplet.Tercett:sit 三行押韵诗句,三拍子:3 lines,terza rima(aba,bcb,cdc,ded)Quatrainkw trein四行诗:4 lines,ballad stanza(abcb)Octave kt v,-,te v八行诗:8 lines,ottava rima(abababcc)Spenserian stanza 斯宾塞诗节:9 lines(ababbcbcc)The Faerie Queene 仙后 Sonnet 十四行诗:14 lines(Shakespea
26、rean:ababcdcdefefgg)Example:She walks in beauty,like the night of cloudless climes and starry skies;And all thats best of dark and bright Meet in her aspect and her eyes:Thus mellowd to that tender light Which heaven to gaudy day denies 阶级性基石庇护保护押头韵开头的协调一致连续的低调陈述编年史民谣风格上相连并押韵的两行诗对句四行诗民谣诗节重读音节方言土语口语的
27、会话的符合当地语言习惯的方面英雄双韵体英雄诗体英雄双韵体用于史诗或叙事诗每行 扬格抑抑扬格强弱格长短格扬抑抑格节奏韵律属于韵文学诗体学某语言的韵律学反复重现重读抑扬格扬抑格抑抑扬格强弱格长短格扬抑抑格单音部二步三步四步五步相连并押韵的两行诗对句三行押韵诗句三拍子四行诗八行诗斯宾塞 情节人物对白舞台设计主题脚本舞台指导独白独白旁白幕场喜剧莎士比亚皆大欢喜威尼斯商人莎士比亚四大悲剧悲喜剧莎士比亚波里克利斯辛柏林冬天的故事暴风雨长篇独白偷听无意中听到自我反省演说演讲内心独白阐述讲解说明-word.zl-1.Foot and length:Iambic tetrameter 2.Rhyme(schem
28、e):ababab 15 Humanism 1)Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.According to humanists,human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection and the world can be questioned,explored and enjoyed.2)By emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the im
29、portance of the present life,in contrast to the medieval emphasis on God and contempt for the things of this world,they voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to pursue happiness of this life,but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wanders.16.Drama 1.Definition Drama
30、 is“a composition in prose or verse,adapted to be acted upon a stage,in which a story is related by means of dialogue and action,and is represented with accompanying gesture,costume,and scenery,as in real life.2.The Development of Drama 1.Religious Period 1)Mystery plays presented stories from the O
31、ld and New Testament of the Bible.Creation of the World,the Fall,the Great Flood,Redemption,Final Judgment,etc.The birth of the Christ child symbolized hope in the darkness of winter;Christs resurrection复活 accorded with the earths renewal in spring,and the promise of harvest at midsummer.2)Miracle p
32、lays 奇迹剧 Dramatizing将-改编成剧本 the lives and miracles of saints,or divine intervention(神的干预，介入)in human affairs,that is,stories from the lives of saints.Often focused on blessed virgin Mary 3)Morality plays道德剧 Presenting stories containing abstract 抽象的 virtues and vices 美德和恶习 as characters.They were pl
33、ays which had a moral message:Good and Evil fight for domination 统治 of the human soul.Everyman,the best example,is the story of a characterrepresenting mankind.2.Artistic Period The first Comedy,Ralph Roister Doister?拉尔夫罗伊斯特多伊斯特?written by the schoolmaster,Nicholas Udall between 1550 and 1553 The fi
34、rst English tragedy,Gorboduc written in 1561 by Thomas Sackville and Thomas Norton 3.Elements of drama 1.Plot(情节)The structure of a plays action,the order of the incidents,their ar rangement and form.2.Character(人物):the vital center of a play How they look,what they say and in what mannersthey say;w
35、hat they do and how their actionsreveal who they are and what they represent The human qualities are the most engaging feature.阶级性基石庇护保护押头韵开头的协调一致连续的低调陈述编年史民谣风格上相连并押韵的两行诗对句四行诗民谣诗节重读音节方言土语口语的会话的符合当地语言习惯的方面英雄双韵体英雄诗体英雄双韵体用于史诗或叙事诗每行 扬格抑抑扬格强弱格长短格扬抑抑格节奏韵律属于韵文学诗体学某语言的韵律学反复重现重读抑扬格扬抑格抑抑扬格强弱格长短格扬抑抑格单音部二步三步四步五
36、步相连并押韵的两行诗对句三行押韵诗句三拍子四行诗八行诗斯宾塞 情节人物对白舞台设计主题脚本舞台指导独白独白旁白幕场喜剧莎士比亚皆大欢喜威尼斯商人莎士比亚四大悲剧悲喜剧莎士比亚波里克利斯辛柏林冬天的故事暴风雨长篇独白偷听无意中听到自我反省演说演讲内心独白阐述讲解说明-word.zl-3.Dialogue(对白)Drama is described as“persons moving about on stage using words.Major functions of Dialogue:to advance the plot,to establish setting,and to revea
37、l character.4.Staging(舞台设计)Things like positions of actors,nonverbal gestures and movements,scenic background,props and costumes,lighting and sound effects 5.Theme(主题):the central idea of the play.4.Dramatic Terms 1.Script(脚本):the written work from which a drama isproduced.It contains stage directio
38、ns and Dialogue 2.Stage Directions(舞台指导):notes provided by theplaywright to describe how something shouldbe presented or performed on stage 3.Monologue(独白):a long speech given by an actor 4.Soliloquy(独白):a speech given by a character who is alone(or thinks he is alone)on stage 5.Aside(旁白):a statemen
39、t intended to be heard by the audience or by a single other character but not by all the other characters on stage 6.Act(幕):a major division of a drama 7.Scene(场):a division of an act.A scene typically begins with the entrance of one or more characters and ends with the exit of one or more character
40、s.17.Comedy(喜剧)Drama form A play written chiefly to amuse its audience by appealing to a sense of superiority over the characters depicted.A comedy will normally be closer to everyday life than a tragedy,and will explore common human failings rather than tragedys disastrous crimes.Its ending will us
41、ually be happy for the leading characters.E.g.莎士比亚 Romantic Comedies the overcoming the obstacle of love:As You LikeIt(皆大欢喜),A Midsummer Nights Dream,The Twelfth Night,&The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人 18.Tragedy Drama form A serious play or novel representing the disastrous downfall of a central charact
42、er,the protagonist.According to Aristotle,the purpose is to achieve a catharsis through incidents arousing pity and terror.The tragic effect usually depends on our awareness of admirable qualities in he protagonist,which are wasted terribly in the fated disaster.E.g.莎士比亚 Great Tragedies 四大悲剧 explore
43、s the faults/weaknesses of humans:Hamlet,Othello,King Lear&Macbeth 19.dramatic Romance(tragi-comedy)悲喜剧莎士比亚 Drama form:Romances focus on the separation and reunion of families rather than love and marriage.Endings were characterized by homecoming,recognition,reconciliation,and forgiveness.The romanc
44、es are set in mythical worlds where supernatural and magic and unlikely coincidences are commonplace.E.g.Pericles?波里克利斯?,Cymbeline?辛柏林?,The Winters Tale?冬天的故事?,The Tempest?暴风雨?20.Monologue 长篇独白 An extended speech uttered by one speaker,either to others or alone.Significant varieties include the dram
45、atic monologue(a kind of poem in which the speaker is imagined to be addressing a silent audience),and the soliloquy(in which the speaker is supposed to be“overheard偷听，无意中听到 while alone).阶级性基石庇护保护押头韵开头的协调一致连续的低调陈述编年史民谣风格上相连并押韵的两行诗对句四行诗民谣诗节重读音节方言土语口语的会话的符合当地语言习惯的方面英雄双韵体英雄诗体英雄双韵体用于史诗或叙事诗每行 扬格抑抑扬格强弱格长短
46、格扬抑抑格节奏韵律属于韵文学诗体学某语言的韵律学反复重现重读抑扬格扬抑格抑抑扬格强弱格长短格扬抑抑格单音部二步三步四步五步相连并押韵的两行诗对句三行押韵诗句三拍子四行诗八行诗斯宾塞 情节人物对白舞台设计主题脚本舞台指导独白独白旁白幕场喜剧莎士比亚皆大欢喜威尼斯商人莎士比亚四大悲剧悲喜剧莎士比亚波里克利斯辛柏林冬天的故事暴风雨长篇独白偷听无意中听到自我反省演说演讲内心独白阐述讲解说明-word.zl-21.Soliloquy A dramatic speech delivered by one character speaking aloud while under the impression
47、 of being alone.The soliloquist thus reveals his or her inner thoughts and feelings to the audience,either in supposed self-communion自我反省 or in a consciously direct address 演说，演讲.It is also known as interior monologue.内心独白 22.The basic plot of the play(Freytagspyramid)1.Exposition(阐述，讲解，说明):provides
48、 the background information needed to properly understand the story,such as the protagonist,the antagonist,the basic conflict,and the setting.2.Rising action 开展:during rising action,the basic internal 内部 conflict is complicated 复杂 by the introduction of related secondary conflicts,including various
49、obstacles that frustrate the protagonists attempt to reach his goal.3.Climax 高潮:the turning point,which marks a change,for the better or the worse,in the protagonists affairs.If the story is a comedy,things will have gone badly for the protagonist up to this point;now,the tide,so to speak,will turn,
50、and things will begin to go well for him or her.If the story is a tragedy,the opposite state of affairs will ensue,with things going from good to bad for the protagonist.4.Falling action:during the falling action,or resolution,which is the moment of reversal反向，倒转，转变，颠倒 after the climax,the conflict