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1、管理会计专业术语词汇AAbsorption costing A product-costing method that assigns all manufacturing costs to a product: direct materials, direct labor, variable overhead, and fixed overhead.Absorption-costing (full-costing) income Income computed using a functionally-based statement. Cost of goods sold includes a
2、ll variable manufacturing costs and a portion of fixed factory overhead.Accounting rate of return The rate of return obtained by dividing the average accounting net income by the original investment (or by average investment). Activity A basic unit of work performed within an organization. It also c
3、an be defined as an aggregation of actions within an organization useful to managers for purposes of planning, controlling, and decision making.Activity analysis The process of identifying, describing, and evaluating the activities an organization performs.Activity attributes Nonfinancial and financ
4、ial information items that describe individual activities.Activity budgeting The process of estimating the demand for each activitys output and assessing the cost of resources required to produce this output.Activity capacity The number of times an activity can be performed. Activity dictionary A li
5、st of activities described by specific attributes such as name, definition, classification as primary or secondary, and activity driver.Activity drivers Factors that measure the consumption of activities by productsDiscount factor The factor used to convert a future cash flow to its present value.Di
6、scount rate The rate of return used to compute the present value of future cash flows.Discounted cash flows Future cash flows expressed in present-value terms. Discounting The act of finding the present value of future cash flows.Discounting models Capital investment models that explicitly consider
7、the time value of money in identifying criteria for accepting or rejecting proposed projects.Discretionary fixed expenses Expenses incurred for the acquisition of shortterm capacity or services, usually as the result of yearly planning.Double-loop feedback Information about both the effectiveness of
8、 strategy implementation and the validity of assumptions underlying the strategy.Driver analysis The effort expended to identify those factors that are the root causes of activity costs, economic, and translation exposure due to exchange rate fluctuations.Currently attainable standards Standards tha
9、t reflect an efficient operating state; they are rigorous but achievable.Customer perspective A balanced scorecard viewpoint that defines the customer and market segments in which the business will compete. Customer value Realization less sacrifice, where realization is what the customer receives an
10、d sacrifice is what is given up.Cycle time The length of time required to produce one unit of a product.DDecentralization The granting of decision-making freedom to lower operating levels.Decentralized decision making A system in which decisions are made and implemented by lower-level managers. Deci
11、sion making The process of choosing among competing alternatives.Decision model A specific set of procedures that, when followed, produces a decision.Decision package A description of service levels, with associated costs, that a decision unit can or would like to offer.Defective product A product o
12、r service that does not conform to specifications.Degree of operating leverage (DOL)A measure of the sensitivity of profit changes to changes in sales volume. It measures the percentage change in profits resulting from a percentage change in sales.Dependent variable A variable whose value depends on
13、 the value of another variable. For example, Y in the cost formula Y _ F_ VX depends on the value of X.Direct costs Costs that can be easily and accurately traced to a cost object. Direct fixed expenses Fixed costs that are directly traceable to a given seg- 85168183_glossary_849-8 60.qxd 1/22/04 2:
14、27 PM Page 851Driver tracing The use of drivers to assign costs to cost objects. Drivers Factors that cause changes in resource usage, activity usage, costs, and revenues.Drum-Buffer-Rope (DBR) System TheTOC inventory management system that relies on the drum beat of the major constrained resources,
15、 timebuffers, and ropes to determine inventory levels.Dumping Predatory pricing in the international market.Durability The length of time a product functions.Dysfunctional behavior Individual behavior that conflicts with the goals of the organization.EEcoefficiency A view of environmental management
16、 maintaining that organizations can produce more useful goods and services while simultaneously reducing negative environmental impacts, resource consumption, and costs.Economic order quantity (EOQ) The amount that should be ordered (or produced) to minimize the total ordering (or setup) and carryin
17、g costs.Economic risk The possibility that a firms present value of future cash flows can be affected by exchange fluctuations.Economic value added (EVA) A performance measure that is calculated by taking the after-tax operating profit minus the total annual cost of capital.Electronic business Any b
18、usiness transaction or information exchange that is executed using information and communication technology.Electronic commerce (e-commerce)Buying and selling products using information and communication technology.Electronic data interchange (EDI) An inventory management method that allows supplier
19、s access to a buyers on-line database.External failure costs Costs incurred because products fail to conform torequirements after being sold to outside parties.External linkages The relationship of a firms activities within its segment of the value chain with those activities of its suppliers and cu
20、stomers.External measures Measures that relate to customer and shareholder objectives.FFacility-level activities Activities that sustain a facilitys general manufacturing process.Failure activities Activities performed by an organization or its customers in response to poor quality (poor quality doe
21、s exist).Failure costs The costs incurred by an organization because failure activities are performed.Favorable (F) variances Variances produced whenever the actual amounts are less than the budgeted or standard allowances.Feasible set of solutions The collection of all feasible solutions.Feasible s
22、olution A product mix that satisfies all constraints.Features (quality of design) Characteristics of a product that differentiate functionally similar products.Feedback Information that can be used to evaluate or correct the steps being taken to implement a plan.FIFO costing method A process costing
23、 method that separates units in beginning inventory from those produced during the current period. Unit costs include only current period costs and production.Financial accounting information systemAn accounting information subsystem that is primarily concerned with producing outputs for external us
24、ers and uses well-specified economic events as inputs and processes that meet certain rules and conventions.Financial budgets The portions of the master budget that include the cash Employee empowerment The authorization of operational personnel to plan, control, and make decisions without explicit
25、authorization from middle and higher-level management.Ending finished goods inventory budgetA budget that describes planned ending inventory of finished goods in units and dollars.Environmental costs Costs that are incurred because poor environmental quality exists or may exist.Environmental detecti
26、on costs Costs incurred to detect poor environmental performance.Environmental external failure costsCosts incurred after contaminants are introduced into the environment.Environmental internal failure costsCosts incurred after contaminants are produced but before they are introduced into the enviro
27、nment.Environmental prevention costs Costs incurred to prevent damage to the environment. Equivalent units of output Complete units that could have been produced given the total amount of manufacturing effort expended during the period.Ethical behavior Choosing actions that are right,“ proper J and
28、“just. Our behavior can be right or wrong, it can be proper or improper, and the decisions we make can be fair or unfair.Exchange gain A gain on the exchange of one currency for another due to appreciation in the home currency. Exchange loss A loss on the exchange of one currency for another due to
29、depreciation in the home currency. Exchange rates The rates at which foreign currency can be exchanged for the domestic currency.Expected activity capacity Expected activity output for the coming year. Expenses Expired costs.External constraints Limiting factors imposed on the firm from external sou
30、rces (such as market demand). 852 68183_glossary_849-860.qxd 1/22/04 2:27 PM Page 852 budget, the budgeted balance sheet, the budgeted statement of cash flows, and the capital budget.Financial measures Measures expressed in dollar terms.Financial perspective A balanced scorecard viewpoint that descr
31、ibes the financial consequences of actions taken in the other three perspectives.Financial productivity measure A productivity measure in which inputs and outputs are expressed in dollars.Fitness of use The suitability of a product for carrying out its advertised functions.Fixed activity rate Fixed
32、activity cost divided by the total capacity of the activity driver.Fixed cost Costs that, in total, are constant within the relevant range as the activity output varies.Fixed overhead spending varianceThe difference between actual fixed overhead and applied fixed overhead. Fixed overhead volume vari
33、ance The difference between budgeted fixed overhead and applied fixed overhead; it is a measure of capacity utilization. Flexible budget A budget that can specify costs for a range of activity.Flexible budget variance The sum ofprice variances and efficiency variances in a performance report compari
34、ng actual costs to expected costs predicted by a flexible budget.Flexible resource Resources that are purchased as used and needed. There is no unused or excess capacity for these resources.Foreign trade zones Areas that are physically on U.S. soil but considered to be outside U.S. commerce. Goods i
35、mported into a foreign trade zone are duty free until they leave the zone. Forward contract An agreement that requires the buyer to exchange a specified amount of a currency at a specified rate (the forward rate) on a specified future date.Full environmental costing The assignment of all environment
36、al costs, both private and societal, to products. Heterogeneity When there is a greater chance of variation in the performance of services than in the production of products.Hidden quality costs Opportunity costs resulting from poor quality. High-low method A method for fitting a line to a set of da
37、ta points using the high and low points in the data set. For a cost formula, the high and low points represent the high and low activity levels. It is used to break out the fixed and variable components of a mixed cost.Homogeneous cost pool A collection of overhead costs associated with activities t
38、hat have the same process and the same level and can use the same activity driver to assign costs to products.Ideal standards Standards that reflect perfect operating conditions.Impact analysis A life-cycle assessment step where the environmental impacts of different product (or process) designs are
39、 compared and evaluated.Improvement analysis A life-cycle assessment step where efforts are made to reduce the environmental impacts revealed by the inventory and impact steps.Incentives The positive or negative measures taken by an organization to induce a manager to exert effort toward achieving t
40、he organizations goals.Incremental (or baseline) budgetingThe practice of taking the prior years budget and adjusting it upward or downward to determine next years budget.Independent projects Projects that, if accepted or rejected, will not affect the cash flows of another project.Independent variab
41、le A variable whose value does not depend on the value of another variable. For example, in the cost formula Y _ F_ VX, the variable X is an independent variable.Full private costing The assignment of only private costs to individual products.Functional-based costing (FBC) An approach for assigning
42、costs of shared resources to products and other cost objects using only production or unit-level drivers.Functional-based management (FBM) A managerial approach that attempts to control costs by focusing on the efficiency of organizational subunits.Functional-based management (FBM) accounting system
43、 An accounting information system that emphasizes the use of functional organizational units to assign and manage costs.Functional-based responsibility accounting system A control system defined by centering responsibility on organizational units and individuals with traditional budgets and standard
44、 costing used to evaluate and monitor performance.Future value The value that will accumulate by the end of an investments life if the investment earns a specified compounded return.GGainsharing Providing cash incentives for a companys entire workforce that are keyed to quality and productivity gain
45、s.Goal congruence The alignment of a managers personal goals with those of the organization.Goodness of fit The degree of association between Y and X (cost and activity). It is measured by how much of the total variability in Y is explained by X.HHalf-year convention The assumption that a newly acqu
46、ired asset is in service for one-half year of its first taxable year regardless of the date the service actually began.Hedging A way of insuring against gains and losses on foreign currency exchange.85368183_glossary_849-860.qxd 1/22/04 2:27 PM Page 853 Indirect costs Costs that cannot be traced to
47、a cost object.Industrial value chain The linked set of value-creating activities from basic raw materials to end-use customers.Innovation process A process that anticipates the emerging and potential needs of customers and creates new products and services to satisfy those needs.Input trade-off effi
48、ciency The leastcost, technically efficient mix of inputs.Inseparability The fact that producers of services and buyers of services must usually be in direct contact for an exchange to take place.Intangibility When buyers of services cannot see, feel, hear, or taste a service before it is bought.Int
49、ercept parameter The fixed cost, representing the point where the cost formula intercepts the vertical axis. In the cost formula Y_ F_ VX, F is the intercept parameter.Internal business process perspectiveA balanced scorecard viewpoint that describes the internal processes needed to provide value for customers and owners.Internal con