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1、阅读理解（社会热点+科普）一、考情分析政策文件2014年4月8日教育部关于全面深化课程 改革落实立德树人根本任务的意见中指出“要 增强时代性，充分体现先进的教育思想和教育理 念，根据社会发展新变化、科技进步新成果，及 时更新教学内容。”2019年n月22日教育部关于加强和改进 中小学实验教学的意见中指出“拓展创新，不 断将科技前沿知识和最新技术成果融入实验教学, 丰富内容，改进方式；注重实效，强化学生实践 操作、情境体验、探索求知、亲身感悟和创新创 造，着力提升学生的观察能力、动手实践能力、 创造性思维能力和团队合作能力，培育学生的兴 趣爱好、创新精神、科学素养和意志品质。”真题分析实验研究型
2、科普文在高考中考查频次为全国 卷6年8考，新高考3年3考。近6年主要考查 了对动植物的实验研究，对某个社会现象或社会 需求的研究。介绍说明型科普文在高考中考查频次为全国 卷6年7考，新高考3年2考。近6年主要考查 了介绍新发明，新科研项目和旧事物的新应用三 种。【主旨大意】本文是一篇科普类的说明文。文章 主要讲述科学家的一项研究成果：一些鱼类可以 在照片和镜子中识别自己的脸，这一能力通常归 因于人类和其他大脑较大的特别聪明的动物。文 章旨在说明科学研究可以揭开人们过去的一些认 知上的局限和偏见，鼓励研究者从事更多的研究 去揭开人类更多未知的东西。1 .D【考查点】考查考生识别和理解具体信息。【
3、解析】本题问及鱼如何识别自己。根据第二段 最后一句话 This suggests that the fish identify themselves the same way humans are thought to 一 by forming a mental image of ones face.?可矢口， 鱼 的自我识别方式与人类的认知方式相同一一通过 在脑海中形成脸的图像。对比选项知选D。2 .C【考查点】考查考生识别和理解具体信息。【解析】本题问及为什么被标记的鱼会把喉咙撞 到岩石上。根据题干中的关键词“marked fish”以 及 “striking their throats
4、on rocks”把解题线索定位 到第三段最后一句话When the marked fish saw themselves in a mirror, they began striking their throats on rocks or sand in the bottom of the tank, apparently trying to remove the marks. “ 可知，当被 标记的鱼在镜子里看到自己时，它们开始用喉咙 击打水箱底部的岩石或沙子，显然是想去除标记。 对比选项知选C。3 . A【考查点】考查考生根据文中的信息作出判断 和推理。【解析】本题问及Kohda计划在进
5、一步的测试中 发现关于这种清洁的鱼的什么。根据最后一段“Kohdas lab has more experiments planned to continue to figure out whats going on in the brain of the cleaner fish.可知，Kohda的实验室计划进行 更多的实验，以继续弄清楚清洁鱼的大脑中发生 了什么。可以推断出Kohda计划在进一步的测试 中发现清洁鱼的大脑中发生了什么。对比选项知 选Ao4 . B【考查点】考查考生理解文章主旨要义并概况 文章标题。【解析】本题问及哪一个可以作为文章的最好的 标题。文章第一段开门见山报道科学家
6、的研究成 果：一些鱼类可以在照片和镜子中识别自己的脸。 在随后的几段中详细阐述科学家的实验过程，证 实这个研究的结果。由此可以推断鱼类可以在照 片中识别自己是最合适的标题。对比选项知选B。社会现象类论说文在高考中的考查方向主要 有：说明文和议论文。说明文在高考中考查频次 为全国卷6年7考，议论文为全国卷6年1考， 新高考3年1考。2023备考实验研究型科普文虽然长难句多，涉及专业 术语，但通常先引出实验主题，再介绍实验过程、 实验结果、实验结论、实验原理，最后介绍实验 的指导意义及未来的研究方向，而且命题点也有 特定的规律。了解此类语篇的行文逻辑和命题点 后，学生在阅读文章时，可以有重点地进行
7、阅读。 此外，文章标题是此话题的高频考点，且这类题 常可通过文章首尾段进行解题。还会涉及一些专业术语，学生理解起来会比较晦 涩，但一般来说，行文逻辑比较相似，而且命题 点常常是特定的一些信息。因此，解答此类语篇 的关键在于掌握行文逻辑及命题点，有重点地进 行寻读或跳读。社会现象类论说文多以分析某一社会现象的 利弊或某一社会问题标准的演变为主，通常会提 出一个问题/现象，接着摆出论点，进行论证、最 后得出结论。社会现象类论说文常会使用举例子、 列数字等手法，且设题点也有规律可循，写作手 法处经常会被命题。因此，熟悉文章的行文逻辑 和设题点是解题的关键。止匕外，社会现象议论文的结论处常会涉及主旨题
8、，因此，考生阅读文章 时，除了有重点的阅读外，需要注意尾段的内容。 二、腾远原创新题试题呈现AEager for a quick escape from busy city life, more and more people are beginning to grow their own vegetables in the countryside. In recent years, shared vegetable plots have been shooting in some suburban districts of Shanghai as more white-collar work
9、ers turn to farming to unwind and escape the pressures of city life.Among these individuals is Yang Rui, who, on weekends, drives his family from their home in downtown Shanghai to the All-Happy City, a shared ecological farm in Minhang, where he has rented a 20-square-meter vegetable plot for 1,600
10、 yuan per year. The family tends radish, lettuce and other vegetables they have planted. When they arent around during the week, professionals on farm perform whatever chores are needed.Founded by Chen Yougui, this farm has about 200 members, some of whom even raise chickens and ducks in the fields.
11、 According to Chen, the monitoring system covering the entire farmland allows members to view their vegetables and fieldsremotely through their phones. The farm also uses technology to ensure that the chickens and ducks dont go missing or end up in someone elses plot. To strengthen interactions betw
12、een customers, Chen has made sure that the farming plots are located near one another. This way, farming enthusiasts can share not just their experience with like-mindedpeers but their crops, toosays Chen.Confident that the farming trend will only pick up, Chen is now planning to open four more farm
13、s in Shanghai this year. The farms, he adds, will be located only about 30 minutes from the city center.“When I was working at State-owned enterprises, my colleagues, friends and relatives would always discuss food quality and talk about how much they like organic produce. More people are paying att
14、ention to their health/5 says Chen. This has in part made farming popular because people can see for themselves where their vegetables come from and be assured of the quality/51. Why are more white-collar workers going to the countryside to work on farming?A. To relieve stress.B. To keep healthy die
15、t.C. To save some money.D. To enjoy a good holiday.2. What do we know about Yang Rui?A. He pays the farm 1,600 yuan per month.B. He cares for his vegetables on weekends.C. He raises some chickens and ducks in the fields.D. His family help him do farm work on weekdays.3. Which word best describes the
16、 management methods of Chen Youguis farm?A. Particular.B. Amusing.C. Modernized.D. Economical.4. What can be inferred from Chens future plan?A. Urban farming is a growing trend.B. Organic farming is increasingly popular.C. The quality of food draw peoples attention.D. People are aware of the importa
17、nce of health.BSome fish can recognize their own faces in photos and mirrors, an ability usually attributed to humans and other animals with larger brains, considered particularly brainy, such as chimpanzees, scientists report.In a new study by Kohda, an animal sociologist of Osaka Metropolitan Univ
18、ersity in Japan, cleaner fish that passed the mirror test were then able to distinguish their own faces from those of other cleaner fish in still photographs. This suggests that the fish identify themselves the same way humans are thought to - by forming a mental image of ones face.In their first mi
19、rror test studies, Kohdas team exposed wild-caught cleaner fish in separate tanks to mirrors for a week. The researchers then injected brown dye just beneath the scales on the fishs throats, making a mark that resembles the parasites （寄生虫）these fish eat off the skin of larger fish in the wild. When
20、the marked fish saw themselves in a mirror, they began striking their throats on rocks or sand in the bottom of the tank, apparently trying to remove the marks.In the new study, 10 fish that passed the mirror test were then shown a photo of their own face and a photo of an unfamiliar cleaner fish fa
21、ce. All the fish acted aggressively toward the unfamiliar photo, as if it were a stranger, but were not aggressive toward the photo of their own face. When another eight fish that had spent a week with a mirror but had not previously been marked were shown a photo of their own face with a brown mark
22、 on the throat, six of them began scraping their throats just like the fish that passed the mirror test. But they did not scrape when shown a photo of another fish with a mark.Kohdas lab has more experiments planned to continue to figure out whats going on in the brain ofthe cleaner fish.1. How can
23、identify themselves?A. By getting the instructions by humans.B. By being trained over and over again.C. By comparing themselves with others.D. By developing a mental image of their face.2. Why did the marked fish strike their throats on rocks?A. To reduce the pain.B. To kill the parasites.C. To get
24、rid of the marks.D. To draw researchers5 attention.3. What does Kohda plan to find out about the cleaner fish in the further tests?A. What is going on in their brains.B. Why they act aggressively to a stranger.C. How they pick out the familiar photos.D. Whether they are as intelligent as larger anim
25、als.4. Which can be a suitable title for the text?A. People Have to Rethink a Usual AssumptionB. Fish can Recognize Themselves in PhotosC. New Studies Prove the Intelligence of FishD. Researchers Make a New Discovery答案解析A【主旨大意】本文是一篇新闻报道类的说明文。文章主要讲述近年来，随着越来越多的白领转向 务农，以缓解城市生活的压力，上海一些郊区开 始出现共享菜地。文章旨在说明
26、越来越多的人们 回归自然健康的生活方式，从农业生产劳动中体 验生活的快乐。1.A【考查点】考查考生识别和理解具体信息。【解析】本题问及为什么越来越多的白领去农村 务农。根据题干中的关键词“ white-collar workers ”, 可将解题线索定位到第一段第二句话.more white-collar workers turn to farming to unwind and escape the pressures of city life.越来越多的白领转 向务农，以缓解城市生活的压力。对比选项知选 Ao2.B【考查点】考查考生识别和理解具体信息。【解析】本题问及关于Yang Rui我
27、们能了解到什 么。根据题干中的关键词“Yang Rui”，可将解题 线索定位到第二段。第二段讲述了 Yang Rui在周 末开车带着家人从上海市中心的家来到闵行的共 享生态农场All Happy City,在那里他以每年1600 元的价格租下了一块20平方米的菜地，一家人照 料他们种植的萝卜、生菜和其他蔬菜，当他们一 周不在的时候，农场里的专业人员会做任何需要 的杂活。对比选项知选B。3. C【考查点】考查学生根据文中的信息进行归纳 概括和推理。【解析】本题问及哪个词最能描述Chen Yougui 农场的管理方法。根据题干中的关键词“Chen Yougui，s farm”,可将解题线索定位到第
28、三段第二、 三句话“According to Chen, the monitoring system covering the entire farmland allows members to view their vegetables and fields remotely through their phones. The farm also uses technology to ensure that the chickens and ducks dont go missing or end up in someone elses plot”可知在 Chen 的农 场覆盖整个农田的监控
29、系统允许成员通过手机远 程查看他们的蔬菜和田地，农场还使用技术来确 保鸡和鸭不会失踪或落入他人的田地。可以判断 出Chen采用现在化的农场管理模式。对比选项知 选C。4. A【考查点】考查考生根据文中的信息作出判断 和推理。【解析】本题问及从Chen的未来计划可以推断出 什么。根据题干中的关键词“Chen”以及“plan” 可将解题线索定位到最后一段第一句话“Confident that the farming trend will only pick up, Chen is now planning to open four more farms in Shanghai this year. Chen相信农业趋势只会好转, 他计划今年在上海再开四家农场。可以推断出城 市农业是一种日益增长的趋势。对比选项知选A。