《考研英语核心词汇详解版_外语学习-英语词汇.pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《考研英语核心词汇详解版_外语学习-英语词汇.pdf（47页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、.-.word.zl-考研英语核心 400 词 前言 本教材是经过多年考研英语教学与研究而总结出的核心词汇。核心词汇是那些出现频率高以及对解题具有关键作用的词汇。这些词汇反映了考研英语的特点，在英美报刊和杂志上出现的频率也相当之高，多出现在“准学术型的文章中，而这些文章也是命题人一直偏爱的题源文章，因其具备较高思辨性，符合考研英语的难度及特点。本教材在编排顺序上将一些近义词、形近词放在了一起，以便于学员辨析分清。本教材中的每个英文单词只列出了在考研英语中最常用的汉语释义，以方便学员记忆。尽早记住考研英语核心 400 词有助于学员尽早解决词汇障碍而更快地进入学习状态，能够更清晰更快速地阅读考研英
2、语各类文章。一、名词 1.authority 权威，当局 Mexican authorities noticed a large number of hospitalizations and deaths among healthy adults.墨西哥当局注意到，在成年人中有大量人住院。One authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control.一位权威人士说道，这些极其强大的精神事件不
3、但可以约束，还可以有意识地进展控制。2.equivalent 等价物 The digital credential would be a“voluntary trusted identity system that would be the high-tech equivalent of a physical key,a fingerprint and a photo ID card.该数字证书可以成为一个“自愿受信身份系统，从而成为物理密钥、指纹以及的高科技等价物。3.alternative 替代物 They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purs
4、e and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.他们更愿意握紧自己的钱包，把在家吃饭作为一种现实的替代。4.substitute 代替物 Devoted concertgoers reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance.忠诚的音乐会爱好者答复道，唱片并不能 1 代替现场表演。5.munity 具有共性的人社区，届 The approach would create a“walled garden in cyberspace,with safe“neigh
5、borhoods and bright“streetlights to establish a sense of a trusted munity.该方法能够在网络空间建一个“有墙的花园，具有平安的“邻里关系以及明亮的“街灯，从而创造出一种平安社区的意识。6.transaction 交易.-.word.zl-The individuals and organizations can plete online transactions with confidence.个人和组织能够充满信任地完全在线交易。7.mentality 心态 It seems clear that such a sche
6、me is an initiative push toward what would eventually be a pulsory of Internet“drivers license mentality.该方案看来明显是一个最初的推断，最终将形成一种英特网强制性“驾驶执照的心态。8.skepticism 疑心 The plan has also been greeted with skepticism by some puter security experts.该方案也遭到了电脑平安专家的疑心。History and news bee confused,and ones impress
7、ions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and optimism.历史和新闻变得令人困惑，人们开场产生一种疑心与乐观相混合的印象。9.executive 高级管理者 But Edward Dolman,the chief executive,says:“Im pretty confident were at the bottom.但是首席执行官爱德华多尔曼说道：“我完全相信现在已经是在底部了。10.irony 挖苦 This episode crystallizes the irony that,although American men tend to
8、 talk more than women in public situations,they rarely talk at home.该情节表达出一种挖苦，那就是，籍贯美国男性在公共场合比女性说话多，但在家里，他们很少说话。11.preference 偏爱 The first and more important is the consumers growing preference for eating out.首先并且最重要的是消费者不断增长的对外出就餐的偏爱。12.predominance 优势 Just as inevitably,the retreat from predomina
9、nce proved painful.不可防止的事，这种从优势地位退下来的感觉是痛苦的。13.pattern 图案，模式 The pattern was observed by political scientist Andrew Hacker in the late 1970s.政治科学家安德鲁哈克在上世纪七十年代观察到这一模式。14.infrastructure 根底设施 Big retailers could profitably apply their scale,existing infrastructure and proven skills in the management o
10、f product ranges,logistics,and marketing intelligence.大型零售商在管理产品类别、物流、以及营销智能化方面，可以应用其规模、已有根底设施和历经考验的技能，这是有利可图的。.-.word.zl-15.inequity 不公正 In my own research,plaints from women about their husbands most often focused not on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career to acpany
11、 a husband.在我自己的研究中，女性们对于丈夫的抱怨通常并非针对那些明显的不公正，例如放弃职业来陪伴丈夫。16.humanity 人类，人性 He is publishing a paper which not only suggests that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others,but explains the process that has brought this about.他的正在发表的一篇论文不仅暗示出某个人类群体会比其他群体更聪明，还解释了这种现象产生的过程。His concern is
12、 mainly with the humanities:Literature,languages,philosophy and so on.他主要关注的是人文学科：文学，语言，哲学等等。17.revival 复活，复兴 Is there any chance that Carduss criticism will enjoy a revival?The prospect seems remote.卡杜斯的批判性评论有时机复活吗？这看来很遥远。18.amateur 业余爱好者 Moreover,the amateur tradition in music criticism has been i
13、n headlong retreat.另外，音乐评论中的业余爱好者传统在急剧衰退。19.corporation 公司 Corporations could use such approaches to introduce new routines.公司应当采用这些方法来塑造新的惯例。Its a self-examination that has involved issues of responsibility,creative freedom and the corporate bottom line.这是一种自我检查，其中包含责任、创造性自由和公司底线等问题。20.economy 经济，经
14、济体 Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were,and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price.富裕国家不像过去那么依赖石油，因此对油价波动就不那么敏感。21.adolescent 青少年 Chewing gum,once bought primarily by adolescent boys,is now featured in mercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a me
15、al.口香糖曾经主要是青少年购置，现在那么经常出现在商业广告中，用来使口气清新，以及用来在餐后清洁牙齿。22.juvenile青少年 Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency focus either on the individual or on.-.word.zl-society as the major contributing influence.很多关于青少年原因的理论都把主要影响原因归于个人或社会。23.jury 陪审团 Many Americans regard the jury system as a
16、 concrete expression of crucial democratic values.很多美国人把陪审团制度看作关键价值的具体表现。24.qualification 资格 There is a principle that all citizens should meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy.有一个原那么，那就是所有公民应当符合年龄和识字能力方面的最低资格要求。25.specialization 专门化 Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem
17、of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge.专门化可以看作是对科学知识不断积累的一种响应。26.prerequisite 先决条件 Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career.专业化使得博士学位成为成功学术生涯的先决条件。27.connotation 涵 The word“amateur does carry a connotation tha
18、t the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific munity and,in particular,may not fully share its values.“业余爱好者一词确实带有这样一种涵，那就是，没有完全整合进科学界的人不会分享其价值观。28.prospect 前景 Losing a job is hurting:you dont skip down to the job center with a song in your heart,delighted at the prospect of dou
19、bling your ine from the generous state.失去工作是痛苦的：你不可能唱着歌蹦蹦跳跳地来到就业中心，心里快乐地想着这个大方的国家会让你的收入翻番。29.prosperity 繁荣“The Heart of the Matter,the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences(AAAS),deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the pro
20、sperity and security of liberal democracy in America.物质的核心是美国艺术与科学研究院刚发表的一篇报告，这篇报告肯定了人文学科和社会科学对于美国自由的繁荣与平安的重要性，因此是值得表扬的。30.intelligence 智力，智能 Jury duty was once limited to persons of supposedly superior intelligence,education,and moral character.陪审团的职责曾经仅限于那些具有卓越智力、教育背景和道德素养的人。.-.word.zl-Indeed the
21、quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results.事实上，对于人工智能的探索所获得的结果是非常复杂的。31.fitness 安康 But despite some claims to the contrary,laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness.尽管存在一些反面的主，事实上，笑对于身体安康几乎没有什么影响。32.seminar 讨论会 He spent many of his weekly seminars giving
22、detailed instructions in techniques of observation.他用了很多的周讨论会来详细说明观察技术。33.duty 职责 Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract,as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.一些哲学家提出，权力作为职责与利益的交换的一局部，仅存在于契约中。34.advocate 倡导(vt.)，倡导者(n.)Rosenberg argues convincingly that p
23、ublic-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers,so skilled at applying peer pressure.罗森博格令人信服地提出，广告商很善于应用同伴压力，公共安康倡导者应当向他们学习。He advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.他提倡思想自由和个人表达的自由。35.benefactor 捐助者 These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields and they want
24、 to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.这些捐助者在他们自己的领域很成功，他们想用自己的财富吸引那些在科学领域取得成功的人。36.entrepreneur 企业家 These upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels.这些突然崛起的企业家不可能通过金钱使自己的奖项具有诺贝尔奖那样的威望。37.chaos 混乱 Beethovens music tends to move fro
25、m chaos to order as if order were an imperative of human existence.贝多芬的音乐总是从混乱过渡到秩序，仿佛秩序是至高无上的人类存在。38.tension 力 The tension between the universal and the particular has been immensely productive in anthropology.在人类学中，普遍性与特殊性之间的力能够产生大量研究结果。.-.word.zl-39.obesity 肥胖 Of even greater concern is the fact
26、that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define.很难对肥胖进展定义，这一事实受到的关注更多。40.significance 重要性，意义 Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we dont always think about the emotional significance of the days events 由于日常生活占据了我们有意识的思想，因此我们并不总是会思考日常事件的情感意义。41.institute 研究机构，专门型学院 According
27、to the Canadian Institute for Health Information,prescription drug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending.根据加拿大安康信息研究院的统计，自 1997 年以来，医疗保险总体开销中处方药本钱在大幅上升。42.institution 制度，机构，机制 He is that rare bird,a scientist who works independently of any institution.他是那种与众不同
28、者，作为一个独立于任何机构的科学家在工作。There is the so-called big deal,where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements.存在一种大批量交易，就是机构用户付钱通过特许协议来解除大量的在线期刊。The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countri
29、es can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and,as a result,radically higher standards of living.研究机构的发现一致地说明，所有国家的劳动者都可以通过工作培训来获得生产率的根本提高，从而大幅提高生活水平。The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the peculiar institution.如果不保护南方各州的制度，他们当时就
30、不会签署宪法。It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience;but this effect is not a part of its original motive.人们可以说，对任何社会机价值的衡量在于其扩大并提示经历方面的效果，但这一效果并不属于这些机制的最初动机。Malinowski regarded all institutions of a society as intrinsicall
31、y linked to each other,and stressed that every social or cultural phenomenon ought to be studied in its full context.马林诺夫斯基把所有社会机制看成是相互联系的，并强调应当将所有社会或文化现象放在其完整的社会情境中进展研究。43.intellectual 知识分子，知识的.-.word.zl-It is intellectuals,not America,who have bee anti-intellectual.反对知识的正是知识分子本身，而不是美国。44.manuscrip
32、t 手稿 When I set out to revise and update this book,the original manuscript was five years old.当我在对这本书进展修改和更新时，最初的手稿已经存在五年之久了。44.justice 大法官 The court cannot maintain its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law when justices behave like politicians.假设大法官像政客那样行事，法庭就不能维持其作为法治监护人的合法性。45.trait 特征 The t
33、rait we monly call talent is highly overrated.我们过高评估了关于才干的特征。46.reference参考 In effect,you try to reconstruct the likely meaning or effects that any given sentence,image or reference might have had.事实上，你可以尝试对任何给定句子、图像或参考可以具有的意义或效果进展重建。47.inference 推理 You make further inferences,for instance,about how
34、 the text may be significant to you.你可以进展进一步推理，比方该文本对你具有何种重要性。48.legacy 遗产 Morgans legacy would also be acknowledged by many Marxist anthropologists.摩根的遗产也会得到马克思主义人类学家的认可。49.label 标签 Advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara,H&M,and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly an
35、d anticipate demand more precisely.技术的开展使得诸如飒拉、HM 以及优衣库这样的群众市场品牌能够对市场趋势快速反响，并更加准确地对需求进展预测。50.vogue 流行 I shall then proceed to characterize the system now in vogue in Western civilization.我将继续讲述西方文明中现在流行的体系特征。51.premise 前提 Although cultural relativism had been introduced more than a century before,it
36、 was Boas who made it a central premise for anthropological research.尽管一个世纪之前就有了文化相对主义，却是鲍亚士使之成为人类学研究的核心前提。.-.word.zl-52.emotion 情感 According to one classical theory of emotion,our feelings are partially rooted in physical reactions.根据一个古典情感理论，我们的感觉局部上来自于身体反响。53.sentiment 感情 These theories are quite
37、 indispensable to any understanding of the plex sentiment in primitive societies.这些理论对于理解原始社会中复杂感情来说是不可或缺的。54.mood 心情 The physical act of laughter could improve mood.笑这一身体行动能够改善心情。55.discipline 纪律，学科 His work shows,probably better than that of any other anthropologist,the potential of cultural criti
38、cism inherent in the discipline.他的工作展示了该学科中固有的文化批判的潜力，这一工作可能优于任何其他人类学家。56.impulse 脉冲，冲动 In physics,one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme.在物理学中，有一种方法将这一寻求一致性的冲动发挥到极致。57.survey 社会调查 A new study suggests that contrary to most surveys,people are actually more stressed at home th
39、an at work.一项新的研究说明，人们事实上在家要比在工作中更有压力，这一结果与大局部社会调查相反。58.hostility 敌意 All around the world,lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession.在世界围，律师们所产生的敌对心理要比其它任何职业来得都要多。59.gratitude 感谢 It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace.将这些礼物满怀感谢地并优雅地收下，这是明智的。60.inquiry 询问
40、，探究 Academic inquiry,at least in some fields,may need to bee less exclusionary and more holistic.学术探究需要更少的排他性和更多的全面性，至少在某些研究领域是这样的。61.hypothesis 假设 The linguist Edward Sapir formulated,with his student,a hypothesis,which claims that language determines cognition,and that the worlds languages differ
41、enormously.语言学家爱德华 沙皮尔和他的学生设想出一个假说，声称语言决定认知，且世界上的语言.-.word.zl-存在巨大差异。62.superiority 优越性 We naturally employ a number of self-enhancing strategies to boost our“illusory superiority.我们很自然地利用一些自我提升的策略来增加我们的“虚幻优越感。63.modification 修改 Credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will al
42、ways be open to challenge and potential modification.那些显得重要并并可信的发现总是需要面对挑战和潜在的修改。64.proportion 比例 The poets also have taught many people to value love in proportion to its intensity.诗人教导了很多人以爱德强度来衡量其价值。65.indifference 漠不关心 Someone wrote a controversial and influential book that denounced Hollywood f
43、or celebrating a culture of violence and indifference to suffering.某人写了一本有影响力且存在争议的书，书中谴责好莱坞颂扬暴力文化，而对痛苦却漠不关心。66.motivation 动机 This movement has been driven by powerful and diverse motivations.这次运动受到各种强大动机的驱使。67.motive 动机 As the family system changes,economic motives also change.当家庭体系改变时，经济的动机也随之改变。6
44、8.sustainability可持续性 She exhibits the idealism mon to many advocates of sustainability.她展现出一种可持续性倡导者们共同具有的理想。69.peer 同伴，同行 All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process,at least for the publication of papers.所有这些可以改变传统的同行审阅形式，至少在论文出版方面是这样。70.virtue 美德 The primary motive of ma
45、rriage ethics in this society has been to secure high degree of female virtue,without which a family will bee impossible.这个社会婚姻伦理的主要动机是保证高度的女性美德，否那么家庭将是不可能的。We are not sure if experts can successfully select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous.-.word.zl-directions.我们不能肯定专家是否能够成功地去
46、选择同伴群体，并将他们的行为引导至有美德的方向上去。71.elite 精英 The practice of selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way antidiscrimination laws.选择所谓精英或蓝带陪审团的实践为绕开反歧视法提供了一个权宜之计。72.consent 同意 Daughters throughout civilization could not marry wi thout their fathers consent.在所有的人类文明中，女孩都不可在未获得父亲
47、允许的情况下出嫁。73.fatigue 疲劳 For some people,art is something like a good armchair in which to rest from physical fatigue.对于某些人而言，艺术就像一个良好的扶手椅，可以躺在里面恢复身体疲劳。74.ancestor 祖先 Ancestor worship,or something analogous,prevailed very widely down to the present day of China.在中国，祖先崇拜等形式一直广泛流传至今。75.antiquity 古物，古代 T
48、he civilization of antiquity,in contrast to our own,suffered from living in relatively small population.与我们当今社会不同，古代文明承受着一种痛苦，那就是人口相对稀少。76.immortality 不朽 The individualism of Christian munities gradually affected the policy of Christian countries,while the promise of personal immortality diminished
49、the interest in the hearts of men.基督教社团的个人主义逐渐影响着基督教国家的政策，而在男人们心中那么减少了对于个人不朽性承诺的兴趣。77.nihilism 虚无主义 The belief that everything is as good as everything else may ultimately lead to relativism or nihilism.如果相信任何一切均与其它一切同样好，那么会导致相对主义或虚无主义。78.urge 鼓励 There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible
50、 urge to create,express,fashion,and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge.那些花园无疑证明了一种不可能的创造、表达、改变和美化的冲动，并证明自我表达是一种根本的人类冲动。79.conviction 信念，定罪 Art has the power to celebrate our cherished convictions and to pacify us.-.word.zl-艺术有能力颂扬我们珍视的信念，并使我们平静。80.species 物种 They stem from the m