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1、写作的几项基本原则l 一、长短句原则l 写一个短小精辟的句子，可以起到画龙点睛的作用；l 或者把短句放在段首或段末，可以揭示主题：Asacreature,Ieat;asaman,Iread.Althoughoneactionistomeettheprimaryneedofmybodyandtheotheristosatisfytheintellectualneedofmind,theyareinawayquitesimilar.在文章主体部分，要先用一个短句解释主要意思。7/22/2023 GUCASEnglishDepartmentHuJiangbol 二、主题句原则 一定要写一个主题句，放
2、在文章每一段的开头或者结尾，让读者一目了然。Tobeginwith,youmustworkhardatyourlessonsandbefullypreparedbeforetheexam（主题句）.Withoutsufficientpreparation,youcanhardlyexpecttoanswerallthequestionscorrectly.7/22/2023 GUCASEnglishDepartmentHuJiangbo三、句式多变原则l 1）加法l 可以在句子之间加and，notonlybutalso 等短语,besides,furthermore,moreover2）转折
3、despitethat,still,however,nevertheless,inspiteof,l 3）因果then,therefore,consequently,hence,asaresult,forthisreason,sothat4）排比 Nowadays,energycanbeobtainedthroughvarioussourcessuchasoil,coal,naturalgas,solarheat,thewindandoceantides.Wehavegottostudyhard,toenlargeourscopeofknowledge,torealizeourpotentia
4、lsandtopayforourlife.7/22/2023 GUCASEnglishDepartmentHuJiangbo英文作文必杀技-句式多样化7/22/2023 GUCASEnglishDepartmentHuJiangbo句式多样化:普通句与复杂句结合,长句与短句结合l 对于绝大多数考生而言,短期内迅速提高实力是很难的,所以一个秘籍就是平时储备几种非陈述句的句式.根据我们的经验,比较立竿见影的方法有强调句,倒装句和插入语.平时练习的时候可以有意识地运用这些技巧,增加句子的复杂性和多样性.考试中,对于基础一般的学生,此招数可以提高26 分左右.l 凡是普通句都可以进行句式变换,设想一篇
5、文章有20 个句子,如果第一句用强调,第二到四句用普通句型,第五句用倒装句,第六到八句用普通句,第九句用插入语,这样错落有致地把三种加分句型安插到文章中,就会达到抑扬顿挫的效果.7/22/2023 GUCASEnglishDepartmentHuJiangbo倒装l 倒装l 1.否定副词位于句首，主谓倒装l 比如,对于“住在大城市好还是小城市好”这样的文章,很多人可能会写:l Asmallcitydoesnothaveasmuchexcitementasabigcityingeneral.l Seldom/hardly/scarcelydoesasmalltownhaveasmuchexcit
6、ementasabigcity.l 类似的关于程度,频率和比较的句子都可以如法炮制.如:7/22/2023 GUCASEnglishDepartmentHuJiangbol Anewfactorywouldcontaminatethelivingspaceofmostofourcitysinhabitantstosomedegree.l 可以改成:l Seldomcanafactorybeestablishedwithoutcontaminatingthelivingspaceofourcitysinhabitantstosomedegree.l 2.+从句(倒装)l 比如关于工厂污染,Onl
7、yunderspecialcircumstanceswhenthefactorypollutes,doweneedtoregulateit.7/22/2023 GUCASEnglishDepartmentHuJiangbol 比如关于喝酒,l Onlyunderspecialcircumstances,suchasweddingorcelebrations,dowedrinkwine.l 3.递进的notonly,butalsol 当notonly,butalso 放在句子中时,不需要倒装.l Inotonlylikeapples,butalsoenjoyoranges.l 但是当他们在句首时
8、候,就会主谓倒装.l NotonlydoIlikeapples,butalsoenjoyoranges.l(特别注意:此时只有notonly 从句需要倒装,butalso 从句仍然用正常的语序。考生容易犯此错误。)7/22/2023 GUCASEnglishDepartmentHuJiangbol 倒装在语法意义上分为两种:完全倒装和部分倒装.l 1.完全倒装就是把整个谓语放到主语之前.l Incametheteacherandtheclassbegan.l 由there 引出的完全倒装句,一般都译成”有”的含义:l therebe/appear/exist/lie/remain/seemto
9、be/stand.l Thereappearedtobeamaninblackinthedistance.l 由地点和时间副词引出的完全倒装句:l 以here,there,now,then 开头+动词be/come/exist/fall/go/lie/seem7/22/2023 GUCASEnglishDepartmentHuJiangbol E.g.,Underthetreesitsabeautifulgirl.l 2.部分倒装：只把助动词，情态动词提前。l Wereshetoleaverightnow,shewouldgetthereonSunday.l 以否定词开头的句子要求部分倒装。（
10、注意下列句子中补充否定词的用法）l NotuntilyesterdaydidlittleJohnchangehismind.7/22/2023 GUCASEnglishDepartmentHuJiangbol 以否定副词开头并加状语的句子要求部分倒装。这些否定副词有：barely,hardly,little,seldom,scarcelywhen,never,nosoonerthan,rarely,nomore,notonly,only.l Onlyunderspecialcircumstancesarefreshmenpermittedtotakemake-uptests.l 由nomatt
11、erhow,however 和how 引导的状语从句要求部分倒装。l Iknownothingaboutthisriver,neitherhowlong,howwidenorhowdeepitis.7/22/2023 GUCASEnglishDepartmentHuJiangbo插入语l 插入语以举例式的插入语最容易掌握。如：Suchas,especially.l E.g.,Weaponsofmassdestructionsaretechnologiesofbignegativeeffect.l Sometechnologies,suchasweaponsofmassdestructions,
12、areofbignegativeeffect.l 又比如：Movies,especiallypornones,shouldberegulated.l 插入语可以是一个词，一个短语或一个句子。7/22/2023 GUCASEnglishDepartmentHuJiangbol 1。常用作插入语的副词：indeed,surely,however,obviously,frankly,naturally,luckilyforsb.,fortunately,strangelyl Fortunately,IfoundthebookthatIdlost.l 2.常用的形容词或短语：true,funny,st
13、rangetosay,needlesstosay,mostimportantofall,worsestill（更糟糕的是）l Strangetosay,heshouldhavedonesuchathing.l Mostimportantofall,youeachover-fulfilledyourowntask.7/22/2023 GUCASEnglishDepartmentHuJiangbol 3.常用作插入语的介词短语：l Inafewwords,inotherwords,inasense,ingeneral,l inmayview,inhisopinion,inconclusion,in
14、fact,inthefirstplace,inaddition,toourknowledge,tomyjoy,totheirsurprise,forinstance,asamatteroffactl Ofcourse,hedidnotsucceedforthelackofexperience.l 4.常用的分词短语：strictlyspeaking,generallyspeaking,judgingfroml Judgingfromhisletter,acampaignagainst“whitepollution”hasbeenundertakeninhishometown.7/22/2023
15、 GUCASEnglishDepartmentHuJiangbol 5。常用的不定式短语:tobesure,tosumup,totellthetruthl Tobesure,communityservicecanaidre-employment.l 6。插入句:Iamsure,Ibelieve,Iwonder,youknow,yousee,thatis,itseems,asIseeit,whatisimportant,itissaid,l Itwillresultinsuccess,Isuppose.l Whatismoreimportant,informationsuperhighwaysc
16、ancarrygreatamountsofinformationaroundthecountryquicklyandcheaply.7/22/2023 GUCASEnglishDepartmentHuJiangbo强调句l 主要句型：l Itis/was+被强调的部分+that/who+原句其他部分，它可以用于几乎任何情况下，是理想的必杀技。l AllthishappenedonMondaynight.l ItwasonMondaynightthatallthishappened.l 1.用 助动词+动词原形 表示强调。l Heknowstheplacewell.l Hedoesknowthe
17、placewell.l Writetomewhenyougetthere.l Do7/22/2023 GUCASEnglishDepartmentHuJiangbol 2。用形容词very,only,single,such 等来加强语气。l Weusedthistextbooklastterm.l Thatstheverytextbookweusedlastterm.l 3.用ever,never,very,just 等副词和badly,highly,really 等带有-ly 的副词来强调。l Whydidyoudoso?l Whyeverdidyoudoso?l Hedidnotsayaw
18、ordthewholeday.l Heneversaidawordthewholeday.7/22/2023 GUCASEnglishDepartmentHuJiangbol 4.用intheworld,onearth,atall 等介词短语来表达更强的语气。l Whatisit?l Whatonearthisit?l Doyouknow?l Doyouknowatall?l 5.用感叹句来表示强烈的感情。l Itisaninterestingstory!l Howinterestingastoryitis!l Itisalie!l Oh,whatalie!7/22/2023 GUCASEng
19、lishDepartmentHuJiangbol 6.用重复来表示强调。l Theywalkedformanymiles.l Theywalkedformilesandmiles.l 7.用If 来表示强调。l 首先，If 从句+Idontknowwho/what,etc.（这里的If 往往是正话反说，反话正说）l Onlyhecandoit.l Ifhecantdoit,Idontknowwhocan.7/22/2023 GUCASEnglishDepartmentHuJiangbol 另外，用If 从句+itbe 从句l Tommustknowthetruth.l Ifanyoneknew
20、thetruth,itwasTom.l 8。用破折号、黑体字来表示强调。l Itsbecauseoftenyearsofhardwork.l Itsbecauseofhardworktenyearsofhardwork.7/22/2023 GUCASEnglishDepartmentHuJiangbo词汇多样性l 词汇贫乏之中国学生英语作文的通病。有的整篇作文一个词用到底，从不作任何变化：一遇到“改变/变化”就是change，“影响”就是effect，“流行”就是popular，“认为”就是think；每逢“因为”就是because，“意识到”就是realize，“想到”就是thinkof，等
21、等。其实英语词汇很丰富的，同一个意思可以由很多不同的方式表达，如：l 改变：change，modify，alter，shift，fashion，l transform，convertl 变化：change，vary，convert，fluctuate，oscillatel 保护：protect，conserve，safeguardl 保存：save，preserve，conserve，keep，storel 影响：effect，influence，impact，infectionl 不同：different，difference，differ，varyfromto，conflicting，di
22、verse，diversified，various，avarietyof7/22/2023 GUCASEnglishDepartmentHuJiangbol 流行：popular，prevalent，prevailing，current，common，universall 认为：think，believe，hold，argue，maintain，deem，l reckon，figurel 意识到：realize，beawareof/that，beawaketo，understand，it/sth.dawnsonsb.l 想到：thinkof，comeupwith，occurto/strikes
23、b.，cometo，remind，suggestl 看作：regardas，lookon/consider/view/see/takeasl 应该：should，oughtto，itis/wouldbebetter，itisadvisableto7/22/2023 GUCASEnglishDepartmentHuJiangbol 因为：because，since，as，for，becauseof，owingto，thanksto，dueto，asaresultof，invirtueof，onaccountof，with，from，at，ofl 关于：about，on，withregardto，
24、asregards，concerning，relatingtol 因此：so，therefore，thus，accordingly，consequently，hence，therebyl 然而：however，nevertheless，nonetheless，whereas，though，still，yetl 另外：moreover，inaddition，besides，furthermore，onemorethingl 吸引人的：attractive，appealing，taking，inviting，tempting，fascinating，charming，alluring，glamor
25、ous，absorbing，enticing7/22/2023 GUCASEnglishDepartmentHuJiangbo词汇运用的5 个层次：从低到高l 1。Correct 正确性，即表达了正确的意思，但对于同一个意思，正确的词有一堆。l 2。Appropriate 恰当性，在不同的语境下，要用不同的词，比如在赞美语境中只能出现褒义词，在鄙视语境中只能出现贬义词。l 3。Exact 精确性，恰当的词还是有很多，但是联系起上下文来，有的词语还是不够精确的，如：指体型的庞大，而 是指量的大小。l 4。Idiomatic 地道性，首先英语有约定俗成的表达法，其次英语有固定的词组搭配。要培养地道
26、的英文表达。l 5。Interesting 趣味性，其实就是词汇变换。通常能够达到精确性要求的词语不止一个，我们要变换词汇以引起考官的兴趣。考官觉得看你的作文有乐趣，就会给作文高分。7/22/2023 GUCASEnglishDepartmentHuJiangbo句式变换技巧l 在写作技巧中，对于语言运用的追求是永无止境的。一个好的作家，会花很多时间在语言的精雕细琢上。而一个考生，显然没有那么多时间。因此我们的目标是让你最大程度上改变句式单调乏味的现状。l 除了词汇的变换，用大量的不同词汇来表达相同的意思以外，句型的多样化也是我们追求的目标。句式多样化会让文章异常生动。l 练习：请将下列句子进
27、行变换，把简单句合并成复杂句，适当运用插入语。7/22/2023 GUCASEnglishDepartmentHuJiangbol 1.Energyismuchneedednow.Andnuclearplantsarecleanandeconomical.Theycanproducevastamountsofenergy.Butpeople,especiallylocalresidents,areveryconcernedaboutsafety.Theyholdastrongnegativeattitudetowardthem.l Nuclearplantsareacleaneconomica
28、lwayofproducingvastamountsofmuch-neededenergy,thoughpeople,especiallylocalresidents,whoareveryconcernedaboutsafety,holdastrongnegativeattitudetowardthem.l 修改句运用了因果关系和定语从句的形式，将儿童语言一般的简单句变成复杂句，运用了插入语，可谓八面玲珑。7/22/2023 GUCASEnglishDepartmentHuJiangbo变换诀窍：找到一个中心句，以它为圆心来安排其他的句子的位置。l 2.Somepeoplesucceed.Ot
29、herpeoplefail.Thedifferenceisnotthenumberofopportunities.Itiswhethertheycantakeadvantageofopportunities.Opportunitieswillariseinthecourseofoneslife,thoughtheyarerare.l Oneessentialdifferencebetweenthosewhosucceedandthosewhofailistheextenttowhichtheytakeadvantageofopportunitiesratherthanthenumberofop
30、portunities,opportunitywhichwillinevitablyarise,ifrarely,inthecourseofoneslife.l 修改句把5 个简单句全变成了复杂句，运用定语从句，同位语从句、插入语等，令人叹为观止。7/22/2023 GUCASEnglishDepartmentHuJiangbol 3.Collegestudentsnowareprimarilyinterestedingradesandeconomicsuccess.Theyareexpectedtocheatmorefrequently.Theyareunlikethosegraduated
31、tenyearsago.Theyareonlyinterestedintheirownpersonalfutureandconsiderlittletheproblemofsociety.7/22/2023 GUCASEnglishDepartmentHuJiangbol Collegestudents,primarilyinterestedingradesandeconomicsuccess,areexpectedtocheatmorefrequentlythanthosewhograduatedtenyearsagoandarefarlessconcernedwiththeproblemo
32、fsocietythanwiththeirownpersonalfuture.l 文章的节奏感就是长句和短句的交替运用。长短结合能使文章抑扬顿挫。7/22/2023 GUCASEnglishDepartmentHuJiangbol 一般而言，描写、说理等用长句比较让人接受，而结论或重要观点则可用短句。这是因为长句中夹杂的短句往往能给人以深刻的印象。见下例。l E.g.,Workhasceasedtobeamoralandreligiousobligationinthesenseofthemiddle-classattitudeofeighteenthandnineteenthcenturies.Something new has emerged.Ever-increasingproduction,thedrivetomakebiggerandbetterthings,havebecomeaimsinthemselves.Work has become alienated from the working person.l Now,goto 英语写作常见错误。7/22/2023 GUCASEnglishDepartmentHuJiangbo