《考向13洋洋大观的“名词性从句”主宾表同位语和强调句高考英语语法完全冲刺.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《考向13洋洋大观的“名词性从句”主宾表同位语和强调句高考英语语法完全冲刺.docx（28页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、考向13洋洋大观的“名词性从句”一主宾表同位语和强调句在句子中起名词作用的各种从句统称为名词性从句。根据它们在句中的语法作用，这类从句又可分为主 语从句、宾语从句，表语从句、同位语从句和强调句等。这个知识点是高考的高频考点，其难点在于连接代词或副词的选择、宾语从句的时态选择、形式主语、 形式宾语、强调句和同位语从句的判断等。其中主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句在知识点上有重合，特别是 表语从句考点几乎与主语从句重合，所以我们不会在表语从句花大的篇幅。主语从句知识点1:从属连词引导的主语从句的知识框架在复合句中作主语的从句称为主语从句。引导主语从句的词有连词、连接代词、连接副词。连接代词： who,
2、 whom, whose, which, whoever, what, however, whichever 等；连接副词： when, where, why, how, whenever, wherever, however 等。从属连词：that, whether；(1 )由连接代词和连接副词引导的主语从句who, which, when, where, why, how等连接代词和连接副词既有 疑问含义,又起连接作用，同时在从句中充当各种成分。例如：Who she is doesnt concern me.她是谁，我并不关心。who在主语从句中作认的表语，指人(whom也指人)What
3、you said yesterday is right.你昨天说的是正确的。what在主语从句中作said的宾语,指物(出-ever之外,指物作主语、宾语和表语都用what)Where I spend my summer holiday is no business of yours.我在那里过暑假与你无关。主语从句中1是主语，spend是谓语,my summer holiday是宾语,wheve作地点状语(2)由连词that引导的主语从句，引导词that无含义，在句中不做成分，但不可以省略。例如： That you will win the medal seems unlikely.你能得奖
4、看起来不大可能。我关心的是他是否喜欢英语。Were thinking about whether we can finish the work on time.我们正在考虑是否能按时完成这项工作。I worry about whether I hurt her feelings.我担心是否伤了她的感情。 在不定式前用whethero如：He hasnt decided whether to visit the old man.他尚未决定是否拜访那位老人。I dont know whether to go.我不知去否。He hasnt decided whether to go by bus o
5、r by train.他还未决定是乘公共汽车去还是坐火车去。whether置于句首时,不能换用if。如：Whether this is true or not, I cant say.这是否真的我说不上来。 引导主语从句和表语从句时宜用whether。如：Whether she will come or not is still a question.她是否能来还是个问题。The question is whether we can catch the bus.问题是我们能否赶上公共汽车。若用if会引起歧义时，则用whether。如：Please let me know if you like
6、 the book.可理解为：a. Please let me know whether you like the book.请告诉我你是否喜欢这本书。b. If you like the book, please let me know.你如果喜欢这本书，请告诉我。知识点3：宾语从句的时态含宾语从句的复合句，主、从句谓语动词的时态呼应应包括以下三点内容：1）如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句的谓语动词可根据需要，选用相应的任何时态。如:I dont know when he will come back.我不知道他将何时回来。He tells me that his sister came
7、 back yesterday.他告诉我他姐姐昨天回来了。2)如果主句的谓语动词是过去时，宾语从句的谓语动词只可根据需要，选用过去时态即一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时或过去完成时的某一种形式。如：The children didnt know who he was.孩子们不知道他是谁。He asked his father how it happened.他问他父亲这件事是如何发生的。3)如果宾语从句所表示的是客观事实、普遍真理、自然现象或习惯性动作等，不管主句用什么时态，从句 时态都用一般现在时。如：The teacher said that the earth goes round t
8、he sun .老师说地球绕着太阳转。主句动词said是过去，但宾语从句地球绕着太阳转是客观事实，所以从句内部动词go用现在时态知识点4：形式宾语让1.1 t常用作形式宾语，把真正的宾语从句放在句末，这种情况尤其出现在带复合宾语的句子中。We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday.我们认为小王昨天没来很奇怪。It 是形式宾语，本来的表达是 We thought(that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday ) strange.括号内是真正的宾语He has made it clear th
9、at he will not give in.他已表明他不会屈服。2 .由于that引导的宾语从句一般不直接作介词的宾语，因此当介词后面需要用that从句作宾语时，必须使 用it作形式宾语。You may depend on it that I shall always support you.你可以放心我会永远支持你的。Ill see to it that your problem will be dealt with immediately.我保证你的问题会立即得到处理的。3 .在 take, hide, see to, insist on, depend on 等动词/动词短语以及一些表
10、示爱好的动词(enjoy, hate, like, love, don,t mind, resent等)之后，常用it作形式宾语，而将宾语从句直接放到it之后。I take it that he*s not interested in the book.我猜想他对这本书不感兴趣。She hid it that she was married.她隐瞒了她已婚的事实。I donft like it when you look at me like that!我不喜欢那样看我。知识点5：宾语从句内部的否定前置情况在think, consider, believe, suppose, expect,
11、fancy等表示主观判断的动词后的宾语从句，如有否定意思，一般 要把否定词前移到主句的谓语上，从句的谓语用肯定的形式。I dont think he can do it better than me.我想他不会干得比我好。正常语序是I think he can not do it better than me.而think后引导的宾语从句内有否定,需要把否定迁移到主句谓语I dont believe they have finished their work yet.我相信他们还未完成他们的工作。I dont suppose he cares, does he?我想他不会在意的，是吗？ 注意:
12、 在下列情况下，宾语从句不否定转移：1 . think等词前面有副词和表示强调的do时。I really expect he wont fail the examination.我真希望他不会不通过考试。I do think that he is not fair.我确实认为他是不公正的。2 .think等词和其他词构成并列谓语时。I think and hope that he won*t cheat at cards.我想，也希望他打牌不会作弊。3 . think等词作为插入语时。His decision is not wise, I think.我觉得他的决定并不明智。4 .针对I do
13、n,t think句型，主语为第一人称I或we时，主句的谓语动词为think, guess, believe, suppose时，反 义疑问部分要根据宾语从句来决定。I dont think you can do that, can you?我认为你不会干那样的事，是吗？I dont believe hell go, will he?我相信他不会走，是吗？例题解析例题 1 Mary wrote an article on the team had failed to win the game.A. whyB. whatC. whoD. that【答案】A由于从句中主干结构完整，故可排除B、C项
14、；D项用于宾语从句时只起引导词的作用，无词义，同时不充当任何成分，而题干上下文表示因果关系，故选A。仞U题 2 He spoke proudly of his part in the game, without mentioning his teammates had done.A. whatB. whichC. whyD. while【答案】A由句式结构可知mention后为宾语从句；do作实意动词时为及物动词，故空格处需要既能作do 的宾语，又能引导宾语从句的连词，故选A。【例题 3 】The way he did it was different we were used to.A. i
15、n whichB. in whatC. from whatD. from which【答案】C本题为介词短语be different from后跟what引导的宾语从句，不要误看作定语从句而选D。【例题 4】The manager entered the office and was happy to learn four fifths of the tickets.A. was bookedB. had been bookedC. were bookedC. were bookedD. have been booked【答案】B本题是一个省去that的宾语从句，four fifths of
16、the tickets.是跟在learn后的宾语从句， 主句的谓语动词是过去时，宾语从句中的事件先于主句的事件发生，且是被动，故选B。课堂练习1、I dont know he will come tomorrow.he comes, Fil tell you.A. if; Whether B. whether; WhetherC. if; ThatD. if; If2、I don*t know the day after tomorrow.A. when does he come B. how will he comeC. if he comesD. whether hell come3、Co
17、uld you tell me the nearest hospital is?A.what B. how C. whether D. where4一I dont know Mr Green will come to see us.He will help us with our English.5、一Be careful! Don*t break the bottles. Do you hear I said, Jim?一Yes, mum.6、Can you tell me she is waiting for?1、D前一个if引导宾语从句，表示选择“是否”，后一个if引导的是条件状语从句表
18、示将来的动作，所以用 主将从现。2、D我不知道后天他是否回来，宾语从句用陈述语序。3、D where表示地点，最近的医院在哪里。4、Know后面缺宾语，从句中不缺主语和宾语，根据句意我不知道为什么格林先生不来看我们，缺状语，表 示原因用why。5、Hear后面是宾语从句，从句中said缺宾语，指物，用what。6、填whom, tell接双宾语，me是间接宾语，空后是直接宾语的宾语从句。从句中缺wait for的宾语，指人， 故用宾格whomo表语从句表语从句位于主句的连系动词之后，系动词都是表语，如果这个表语是句子，就是表语从句。表语从句 连接词的用法与主语从句基本是一致的，而且that也是
19、没有意义且不可省略的（某些不正式的口语中可以省 略），表语从句表示“是否”只能用whether等，我们不在赘述。想要识别表语从句，就必须能够理解什么 是系动词。所以在这个部分，我们只把常见的系动词向大家总结说明。系动词包括它本身具有实在意义，但不能单独作谓语，后边必须加上表语共同构成复合谓语一、表示状态的系动词用来说明主语的状态，只有一个be,但be在不同的人称和时态中有不同的形式，有am、are、is、was和were二、表示持续性的系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep、remainn stay、lie、stand、continue和rest等，例如：Please ke
20、ep quiet.Several problems remain to be solved.三、表“像”系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem、appear和look,例如：She seems very happy with the new job.He appeared to be talking to himself.四、感官系动词感官系动词主要有feel、smelk sound、taste等，后面接形容词作表语，说明主语所处的状态，其意思分别 为“摸/闻/听/尝起来 这几个动词的主语往往是物，而不是人。例如：The tomatoes feel very soft.These
21、flowers smell very sweet.五、表示变化的系动词这些系动词表示主语变化成什么样，主要有become、grow、turn、fall get、go、come和run等，这些词 后面大多数接形容词作表语，但become, turn, sound, remain, seem亦可接名词作表语，只是turn若跟名词则 不加冠词。例如：She became a famous writer.In autumn the leaves turn yellow.六、表终止的系动词表示主语发出的动作已经终止，主要有prove和turn out,表达“证实”和“变成”之意。例如：My advice
22、 proved( to be) wrong.The party turned out (to be )very successful.在识别了系动词之后，我们可以对下列表语从句展开分析（斜体字为了展示主语和表语从句在连接词上的 相同应用）。1 Thats not what I want.那不是我要的。isn 7是系动词,what I want是表语从句,want后缺宾语,指物用what2、Thats why I have come.那就是我为什么来了。is是系动词,why I have come是表语从句,从句是主谓结构，完整,why连接副词作状语3、My opinion is that th
23、ings will improve.我的意见是事情会好起来的。is是系动词,that things will improve是表语从句,从句内部结构完整,而且不缺意思,所以用that,且that不可以省略。4、 It seemed that he had made some serious mistakes in his work.seem 是系动词,that he had made some serious mistakes in his work 是表语从句,he 是主语，had made 是谓 语,some serious mistakes是宾语,主谓宾结构完整,而且不缺含义,用that
24、。此外，表语从句还可由as if （好像）引导，能接as if/as though表语从句的系动词有：look （看起来），smell（闻起来），sound （听起来），feel （觉得）；appear （显得），seem （似乎）等。例如：5、She felt as if her head were splitting.6、 He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairy tales.7、She seemed as if (though) she couldn t understand why Laura was the
25、re.。 如：8、 It looked as if it was/were going to rain.(虚拟语气)同位语从句同位语从句是对名词的内容给予具体、详细的说明。常在后面接同位语从句的名词有fact, news, idea,truth, hope, suggestion, question, problem, doubt, fear, belief 等。同位语从句常用的引导词为 that,有时也用 when, where等疑问词。如:The idea that you can do this work well without thinking is quite wrong.你认为不
26、动脑筋就能做好这件工作的想法是完全错误的。主句部分是 The idea is quite wrong （想法是错的）。而that you can do this work well without thinking （不动 脑筋就能做好这件工作）上同位源从句，是对idea的内容解释说明。People used to hold the belief that the earth was the center of the universe.人们曾认为地球是宇宙的中心。The difficulty lies in the fact that we are short of money.困难在于我们
27、缺乏资金这个事实。They have no idea at all where he has gone.他们一点儿也不知道他去哪儿了。注意：同位语从句和定语从句中that的区别同位语从句的that只是引导词，没有其他语法作用，在句子中不作句子成分，不能省略；而定语从句中的 that除了引导定语从句外，还是定语从句的一个成分，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作主语时不能省略，作 宾语时可以省略。如：The idea （that some peoples are superior to others） is sheer nonsense.有些民族优越于其他民族这种想法简直荒谬。（同位语从句）括号内是同位
28、语从句,是对idea的解释，that不做任何成分The idea （ that he proposed at the meeting） is sheer nonsense.他在会议上提出的这个想法简直荒谬。（定语从句）括号内是定与从句,是对idea的限定，that作propose的宾语No one is happy with the fact that he found out.没有人对他发现的事实感到高兴。（定语从句）No one is happy with the fact that he will become their boss.没有人对他将成为他们的老板这一事实感到高兴。（同位语从
29、句）强调句知识点1:判断强调句型：强调句的基本句型是“It is/was+ 被强调的部分 + that/who+其他部分”。被强调的部分可以是主语、宾语和状语等，一般不强调谓语，而且去掉结构部分，不添加其他成分，调整顺序是一个完整的句子强调句型的使用特点主要有以下几个方面：被强调的是人时，引导词可用who,也可用that。It is the PLA men who/that are safeguarding our country day and night.是解放军战士日夜保卫着我们的祖国。去掉结构部分,_the PLA men are safeguarding our country da
30、y and night 句子仍然完整被强调的不管是单数还是复数名词，主句的be动词都用单数is或was。过去的某种时态，用it wasthat;现在或将来的某种时态,用itisthatIt was Madame Curie and her husband who discovered radium.是居里夫人和她的丈夫发现了镭。注意：当被强调的是主语时，代词要用主格形式。注意保持主谓一致。(It is) T (that) am your English teacher.你们的英语老师是我。It was I who put forward the theory first.是我最先提出这个理论的
31、。被强调的是状语或状语从句时，要用that引导从句，面丕能用L须嚏，而且通常不能省略。It was in the park that I met him.我是在公园里遇到他的。It was in 1964 that the first telephone satellite was set up by the Group of 17 Countries.17国集团发射第一颗电话卫星是在1964年。知识点2：对iwt.until时间状语从句进行强调时，其句型是：It is/was not untilthat从句，即not和until在强调句中总是紧挨着的。注意习惯上不用not till,而且从句
32、不It was not until the last operation was finished that Bethune left the battle hospital.直到做完最后一个手术白求恩才离开战地医院。考点3：强调句的疑问形式：强调句的一般疑问句形式：Is/was it +被强调部分+ that+句子的其余部分Was it in 1939 that the Second World War broke out?第二次世界大战是在1939年爆发的吗？Was it you that/who let out the secret to her?是你把这个秘密泄露给她的吗？Was it
33、 not until he finished his homework that he went to bed?知识点4：强调句的特殊疑问句形式特殊疑问词+ is / was it+ that +句子的其余部分What is it that you want me to do?你要我干什么?Who was it that broke the window?打破窗户的是谁？When was it that you called me yesterday?你昨天给我打电话是什么时候？When was it that he made up his mind to take this course?他
34、什么时候决定选修这一课程的？Why is it that he doesnft like the book?他为什么不喜欢这本书？补充知识点：标准的强调句是不强调谓语的，但在谓语动词前加出对应助动词，也可以起到一种情绪强调的 作用，但没有实际含义，且助动词有人称和数的变化：Do come here tomorrow.He did write to you last week.Mary does study hard now.强调谓语，用助动词do, did或doeso课堂例题仞题 1 It is the ability to do the job matters not where you c
35、ome from or what you are.A. oneB. thatC. whatD. it【答案】B首先判断这是强调句型，强调的是主语the ability to do the job,所以选用that。如果原句中谓语动词为过去范畴的时态（一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去将来时等），则用Itwas.that.o【彳列题 2】 David said that it was because of his strong interest in literature he chose the course.A. thatB. whatC. whyD. how【答案】A 这个句子稍微复
36、杂点。Said that后面的是宾语从句。然后在这个从句里，有一个it isthat的 强调句。整个宾语从句意思说：正是因为他对文学有浓厚的兴趣，他才选择了这个课程。在这个主语从句中you是主语，will皿是谓语，the medal是宾语,并没有成分残缺,也不缺少具有含义的 状语,所以选用that。That you dont like him is none of my business.你不喜欢他不管我的事。(3)形式主语it替代主语从句位于句首，that引导真正的主语从句会放到句子的后面。详情参见第二个知 识点-It作形式主语的主语从句。(4)由whether引导的主语从句含有“是否“意思
37、的主语从句,连接词不能用if,只能用whether。例如:Whether we will hold a party in the open air next week is uncertain.(5) whatever / whoever 的用法(ever=no matter让步状语从句中)whatever / whoever可以引导主语从句，并在句中作主语、宾语、表语等，不含疑问意义。whatever相当于anything that; whoever 相当于 anyone whoo 例如：Whoever (Anyone who) wants to enter into this school
38、 must take the exam.Whatever (Anything that) she did was right.Whoever (No matter who) wants to enter into this school, he must take the exam.知识点2： It作形式主语的主语从句.由连词that引导的主语从句，在大多数情况下可以用形式主语it代替，即将it放在句首,而将主语从句放在句 末，以避免句子头重脚轻。例如:It is a matter of common experience that bodies are lighter in water th
39、an they are in air.物体在水中比在空气中轻，这是大家共有的经验。真正的结构形式是 (bodies are lighter in water than they are in air) is (a matter of common experience ) .主语 太长,会显得头大,所以,选用让作形式主语,而that引导真正的主语从句。需要注意的是：it作形式主语时，要注意和as引导的定语从句的区别。试比较：It was reported that no country was under the terrorist attack last year.As was report
40、ed, no country was under the terrorist attack last year.句意：据报道，去年没有国家遭到恐怖分子的袭击。分析：上述两个句子句意相同,但结构不同。前一个句子包括一个主语从句that no country was under the terrorist attack last year”；后一个句子包括一个非限定性定语从句As was reported”,其中as指代整个主句内容。1 .由连接代词、连接副词和连词whether引起的主语从句常可用先行词it作主语，而把主语从句放到后面去。例题 3 It is these poisonous pr
41、oducts can cause the symptoms of the flu, such as headache and achingmuscles.A .whoB. thatC .howD .what答案】B 本题强调主语these poisonous products.【例题 4】Why! I have nothing to confess.you want me to say?A. What is it that B. What it is that C. How is it that D. How it is that【答案】A 本句中强调句型对特殊疑问词what进行强调，去掉强调
42、句型后句子为What do you want me to say?我们可以看到被强调的what是say的宾语。【例题 5 】 It was not until she got home Jennifer realized she had lost her keys.A. whenB. thatC. whereD. before【答案】B 句意：直到他到家的时候，Jennifer才意识到钥匙丢了。until结构时用于强调句式时，要将否 定词not移到until前。【例题 6】It was black home after the experiment.A. not until midnight
43、did he goB. until midnight that he didnt goC. not until midnight that he wentD. until midnight when he didnt go【答案】C 本题是对强调句型与not.until从句的结合考查，把not移至被强调的部分之后，要注意把 句子中的动词用过去式。课堂练习It is the ability to do the job matters not where you come from or what you are.A. oneB. thatC. whatD. itDavid said that i
44、t was because of his strong interest in literature he chose the course.A. thatB. whatC. whyD. howIt is these poisonous products can cause the symptoms of the flu, such as headache and aching muscles.A .whoB. thatC .howD .whatIt was with great joy he received the news that his lost daughter had been
45、found.A becauseB whichC sinceD that. Why! I have nothing to confess.you want me to say?A. What is it that B. What it is that C. How is it that D. How it is thatAn awful accident, however, occur the other day.A. does B. didC. has toD. had toIt was black home after the experiment.A. not until midnight
46、 did he goB. until midnight that he didnt goC. not until midnight that he wentD. until midnight when he didnt go1. . It was not until she got home Jennifer realized she had lost her keys.A. whenB. thatC. whereD. before. 一 that he managed to get the information?一Oh, a friend of his helped him.A. Wher
47、e was itB. What was it C. How was it D. Why was it1、【答案】B首先判断这是强调句型，强调的是主语the ability to do the job,所以选用that。如果原句中谓语动词为过去范畴的时态（一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去将来时等），则用It wasthat。2【答案】A这个句子稍微复杂点。Said that后面的是宾语从句。然后在这个从句里，有一个it isthat的强调句。整个宾语从句意思说：正是因为他对文学有浓厚的兴趣，他才选择了这个课程。3、【答案】B本题强调主语these poisonous products.4、【答案】D 对状语with great joy进行强调。5、【答案】A本句中强调句型对特殊疑问词what进行强调，去掉强调句型后句子为What do you want meto say?我们可以看到被强调的what是say的宾语。6、【答案】B本题考查助动词do对动词的强调。从the other day （那天）判断整个句子应用过去时态，A、C两项时态错误，D项不合题意，故选B, did可译为“的确，真地”。7、【答案】C本题是对强调句型与notuntil从句的结合考查，把n