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1、第05讲动词的时态、语态和主谓一致（讲）【考纲考情】谓语动词的时态、语态和主谓一致是历年高考的必考点也是高考的重点。高考中常考的时态有一般现在时、 一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、过去将来时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成 时，将来进行时、现在完成进行时和过去完成进行时等。主谓一致通常考查语法一致、就近一致和意义一 致原则。应特别注意：要把握各种时态的特点，注意易混淆时态间的差异；准确理解具体语境下时态的正确意 义，捕捉句子中所隐含的时间信息；要克服汉语式的惯性思维，排除误导，培养发散性思维。谓语动词的时态、语态和主谓一致的考查常出现在高考试题中的语法填空，改错题和书面表达中
2、。【考点梳理】谓语动词时态和语态的构成时态主动语态被动语态一般现在时do/does,(连系动词 is/am/are)am/is/are done一般过去时did,(连系动词 was/were)was/were done一般将来时shall/will dois/am/are going to do is/am/are(about)to doshall/will be doneis/am/are going to be done is/am/are(about)to be done现在进行时is/am/are doingam/is/are being done过去进行时was/were doing
3、was/were being done将来进行时will be doing没有相应的被动语态现在完成时has/have donehave/has been done过去完成时had donehad been done将来完成时will have donewill have been done现在完成进行时has/have been doing没有相应的被动语态过去完成进行时had been doing没有相应的被动语态过去将来时would/should dowas/were going to dowould/should be donewas/were going to be done（1）当
4、 feel, look, smell, taste, sound 等后面接形容词时；当 cut, read, sell, wear, write, wash 等作为不及物动 词，表示主语（通常为物）内在“品质”或“性能”时；当动词表示“开始、结束、关、停、转、启动”等意思时。The fish smells good.鱼闻起来味道不错。This kind of cloth washes easily.这种布料好洗。These novels wont sell well.这些小说不畅销。My pen writes smoothly.我的钢笔书写流畅。The door wont lock.这门无法关
5、上。（2）当 happen, occur, break out, take place, come about, work out 等动词（短语）表示“发生、制定”等意思时。The plan worked out successfully.计划成功实施了。How did the crazy situation come about?这种疯狂局面是如何发生的？（3）want, require, need后面的动名词用主动形式表示被动含义。（4）be worth doing用主动形式表示被动含义。（5）在“be+形容词+ todo”中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动形式表示被动含义。This
6、 kind of water isnt fit to drink.这种水不适合饮用。The girl isnt easy to get along with.这个女孩不易相处。注意：be to blame （受谴责），be to rent （出租）也用主动形式表被动意义。4 .被动形式表示主动意义的几种情况be seated 坐着；be hidden 躲藏；be lost 迷路；be drunk 喝醉;be dressed 穿着5 .被动语态与系表结构的区别此处的系表结构指“连系动词+用作表语的过去分词”结构，它与被动语态的形式完全一样。要注意它们 的区别：被动语态强调动作；系表结构表示主语的
7、特点或状态。The book was sold by a certain bookstore.（被动语态）这本书在某一家书店出售。The book is well sold.（系表结构）这本书卖得好。五、主谓一致主谓一致是指谓语动词在人称和数上与主语一致，一般遵循三个原则，即语法一致原则、意义一致原 则和就近一致原则。做题时还要保证时态及其他语法及词义的正确性。1 .语法一致原则当主语后面接由 as well as, accompanied by, including, in addition to, more than, no less than, rather than, with, to
8、gether with等构成的词组时，其谓语动词的形式要依主语的单复数而定。在这样的句子里，这 些词所引导的词组不影响主语自身的单复数形式，它们在句子里其实是状语。The leader and artist as well as some of our English teachers was given a chance to go abroad last year.那位领导兼艺术家和我们的一些英语老师去年得到了一次出国的机会。My father, together with his workmates, has been to Beijing.我父亲和他的同事们去过北京。(2)由lots
9、of, a lot of, a number of, plenty of等修饰的名词作主语时,谓语动词与所修饰的名词形式保持 一致。A great number of students who were invited to the party were from my school.很多被邀来参加晚会的学生来自于我校。A great deal of water is polluted every year.每年大量的水被污染。但quantities/amounts of修饰名词时，谓语动词的单复数取决于quantity和amount的单复数形式。Quantities of informati
10、on are available on the Internet.在网上可得到大量的信息。(3)定语从句中的谓语动词的单复数由其修饰的名词的单复数形式来确定；如果定语从句修饰前面的整 个句子，从句中的谓语动词用单数。Those who were praised at the meeting would be sent to America for further study.在这次会议上被表扬的人将被派到美国深造。He married Mary, which was very natural.他娶了玛丽，这是很自然的事。(4)倒装句、强调句中的主谓一致a.倒装句中谓语动词的数与后面的主语保持一
11、致，即谓语后面的主语是单数，动词用单数；谓语后面 的主语是复数，动词用复数。A building stands in front of us.一In front of us stands a building.我们面前矗立着一栋楼。Rows of fruit trees were on either side.0n either side were rows of fruit trees.在每一边都有一排排的果树。b.在强调句中，如果被强调的成分是原来句子的主语，引导词that(或who)后面的谓语与被强调的成分 在人称和数上保持一致。I am a doctor.一It is I who am
12、 a doctor.我是一名医生。Ie is a doctor.一It is he who is a doctor.他是一名医生。2 .就近一致原则由 or, either . or neither . nor not only . but also . , not. but.等连接的并列主语，谓语动词 常与最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。Not only the students but also the teacher enjoys listening to the music of this kind.不仅学生们而且这位老师也喜欢听这种音乐。Neither the children no
13、r the mother knows anything about it.孩子们和母亲都不知道这件事。(2)在There be句型及Here开头的句子中，有两个或几个并列主语时，谓语动词的数通常和最邻近的主 语保持一致。There is a pen, two knives and several books on the table.桌子上有一支钢笔、两把小刀和几本书。There are two knives, a pen and several books on the table.桌子上有两把小刀、一支钢笔和几本书。3 .意义一致原则(l)and, both . and .连接两个不同的主
14、语，谓语动词用复数形式；但是如果由and连接的两个名词表 示同一个人或物时，谓语动词须用单数形式。Her teacher and her friends are in the sitting room.她的老师和朋友们都在客厅。The poet and writer has produced many works.这位诗人兼作家写出了许多作品。(2)no/each/every/many a+单数名词+ and+no/each/every/many a+单数名词”作主语，谓语动词用单数。Every boy and every girl wishes to attend the party to
15、be held next Sunday.每个男生和女生都希望参加下周日举行的聚会。(3)动词不定式、动名词和从句作主语时，谓语动词常用单数形式。To learn a foreign language is not so difficult as you think.学会一门外语并不像你想象的那么难。That he has won the game is known to us all.他赢了这场比赛是我们都知道的事。Swimming in rivers in summer is a good sport, but to swim in rivers in winter needs great
16、willpower.夏天在河里游泳是很好的运动，但冬天在河里游泳需要极大的意志力。注意：从句作主语时，若主句谓语部分为系表结构，主句谓语的数通常由作表语的名词/代词决定。What they need is money while what we need most are textbooks.他们需要的是钱，而我们最需要的是教科书。(4)含修饰语的名词作主语的特殊情况：a. many a/more than one+单数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数。Many a parent was forced to go through this same painful process.很多父母都被迫经历
17、这一段痛苦的过程。b. the rest, the remaining/part，plenty of, a great deal of等+主语，谓语动词应根据所表达的单复数意 义而定。The first part of the lecture was vivid but the remaining was very boring.讲座的前半部分很生动，但后半部分非常枯燥。C.分数、百分数指代或修饰名词时，谓语动词的数与其所修饰的名词的数保持一致。About one third of the books are worth reading.这些书中大约有1/3值得一读。)nly 60 perce
18、nt of the work was finished yesterday.昨天只干了 60%的活。注意：population由分数或百分数修饰时，谓语动词用复数。Two-thirds of population have been killed in the accident.在这次事故中2/3的人丧生。(5)“a number of+复数名词”表示“许多”，作主语时,谓语动词用复数；“the number of+复数名词”表示“的数量、作主语时，谓语动词用单数。.number of students are going for a picnic this weekend.这个周末许多学生打
19、算去野炊。The number of days in February this year is 28.今年二月份的天数是二十八天。(6)集体名词作主语时，若被看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式；若被看作是构成集体的一个个成员， 谓语动词用复数形式。常见的集体名词有：family, class, team, group, public, committee, government, audience 等。The class consists of 25 boys and 20 girls.这个班由25个男生和20个女生组成。颈he class are doing experiments.全班学生
20、都在做实验。注意：(1) people, cattle, police等集体名词作主语时，谓语动词必须用复数形式。(2)单复数同形的名词，如：deer, sheep, fish, means, works, Chinese等作主语时，要视其意义 来决定谓语动词的单复数形式。(7)表示时间、距离、重量、金额等复数名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式。领hree thousand dollars is quite a lot of money for a boy.对于一个男孩来说，3,000美元是一笔大数目。以-s/-ics结尾的学科名词，如physics, politics等及news作主语时，
21、谓语动词用单数形式。(lad news travels quickly.谚语坏事传千里。【题型剖析】一、所给词的适当形式填空1. If it is sunny tomorrow, I(wash) my clothes.2. The English teacher, as well as the students(sing) a song when I passed the classroom.3. So far the local government new policies which aim to reduce air pollution and theyve provedeffecti
22、ve, (adopt)3.1 first met Lily five years ago. She(work) as a nurse in a hospital at the time.5. In 1969, the pollution(be) terrible along the Cuyahoga River near Cleveland, Ohio.6. Take this medicine three times a day, Tom.一Do I have to take it? It(taste) so terrible.7. Another bridge(build) now and
23、 it will be finished next year.8. Every year, the streets with flags on National Day. (decorate)The area(strike) by an outbreak of cholera (霍舌L) last year.9. The bridge(build)this time last month. Now we can cross it.10. Its already 28 but when and where to go fbr the spring outing(not decide) yet.1
24、1. Recently, she( award ) a scholarship to study at Harvard.二、选择填空This is one of the tallest buildings been rebuilt since last year.A. which have B. that hasC. which hasD. that haveI feel excited to talk with our teacher about sports!So do I. Not only we students but also our teacher fond of watchin
25、g basketball matches.A. isB. had beenC have beenD. were1. During the break, some students went to relax on the playground, but the rest reviewing their lessonsin the classroom.A. areB. wasC. wereD. isThe school has 300 computers and three fourths of them by Project Hope.A. providesB. are providedC.
26、provideD. is providedA great number of colleges and universities since 1949.A. has been establishB. have been establishedC. have establishedD. had been establishedwas/were(about)to dowas/were(about)to be done一、动词时态的一般体一般体中的一般现在时、一般过去时分别表示现在、过去的经常性、习惯性动作或状态；一般将来时 表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态，或将来某一段时间内经常发生的动作或存在的状态
27、；过去将来时表示从 过去某一时间看将要发生的动作。所谓一般体，表示既不“进行”，又没“完成”。(一)、一般现在时1. 一般现在时的构成(1)一般现在时主要用动词的原形表示，如果主语为第三人称单数，则一般在动词原形后加-s或-es,其 变化规则如下表所示：情况规则例词一般情况加-seat一eats, rise一rises以s, sh, ch, x, o, z结尾的动词加-esdiscussdiscussesteach 一 teaches以辅音字母加y结尾的动词变y为i加-escarry 一 carries fly 一 flies(2)be 的变化：am, is, are。(3)have的变化：h
28、as (第三人称单数)。2. 一般现在时的用法(1)表示客观事实或普遍真理(不受时态限制)。Time and tide wait for no man.岁月不等人。(2)表示现状、性质、状态时多用系动词或状态动词；表示经常或习惯性的动作，多用动作动词，且常 与表频率的时间状语连用。These oranges taste good.这些桔子味道很好。(3)表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时，如see, hear, smell, taste, feel, notice, agree, believe, like, hate, want, think, belong to,
29、 seem 等。All the students here belong to No. 1 Middle School.这里所有的学生都是第一中学的。(4)在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。Ill write to her when I have time.我有时间的时候会给她写信。(5)少数用于表示起止或转移等的动词，如 come, go, leave, arrive, fly, return, start, begin, open, close, end, stop等常用一般现在时代替将来时，表示按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。当be表示根据时间或事先安排肯定会出现的状态
30、时，只用一般现在时。The shop closes at 11 ：00 pm every day.这个商店每天晚上11点关门。(二)、一般过去时一般过去时的构成(1)一般过去时用动词的过去式构成，其规则动词变化方法如下表所示:情况规则例词一般情况加-edpack 一 packed以辅音字母加y结尾的动词变y为i加-edcarrycarried以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词双写辅音字母加-edplan 一 planned以不发音的e结尾的动词直接加-dlike 一 likedprovide 一 provided(2)was用于第一、三人称单数，were用于其他人称。注意：以元音字母加y结尾的
31、动词，直接加-ed。如play-played。3. 一般过去时的用法(1)一般过去时的基本用法：表示过去的事情、动作或状态，常与表示过去的具体时间状语连用(或有上 下文语境暗示)；用于表达过去的习惯。When he was young, he took cold baths regularly.他年轻的时候经常洗冷水澡。(2)如果从句中有一个过去的时间状语，尽管从句中的动作先于主句发生，但主句中的谓语动词仍用过 去时。He told me he read an interesting novel last night.他告诉我昨晚他读了一本有趣的小说。(3)表示两个紧接着发生的动作，由以下词语
32、连接，常用一般过去时。如：but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute 等。The moment she came in, she told me what had happened to her.她一进来，就告诉我发生了什么事。(4)常用一般过去时的句型。Why didnt you think of that?你为什么没想到？I didnt notice it.我没注意到。I forgot to tell you I had been there with my brother before.我忘了告诉你以前我
33、和我哥哥去过那儿。I didnt recognize him.我没认出他来。(三)、一般将来时4. 一般将来时的构成(l)will/shall + 动词原形(2)is/am/are going to + 动词原形(3)is/am/are about to+动词原形(4)is/am/are to+动词原形(5)is/am/are due to+动词原形(6)某些动词的一般现在时或现在进行时形式5. 一般将来时的用法(1)表示未来的动作或状态，常用will/shall +动词原形，常与表示将来的时间状语连用，如：tomorrow, next week 等 oWe will have a meeti
34、ng tomorrow.我们明天开会。(2)表示趋向行为的动词，即表示动作转换的终止性动词，如come, go, start, begin, leave等词，常用进行 时的形式表示将来时；事物名词meeting, concert, train等作主语时，要用一般现在时表示将来。The students are leaving on Sunday.学生们周日走。The train leaves at 8 oclock.火车八点整开。(3)一般将来时的其他表达方式be going to do, be to do, be about to do的用法及区别：a. begoingtodo在口语中常用来
35、表示已经决定或安排要做某事、必然或很可能发生某事，也可用来表 示自然现象。The shop is going to open on October 1st.商店将在十月一日开门(营业)。b. be to do表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作，还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止、可能性等。A meeting is to be held at 3： 00 oclock this afternoon.今天下午3点开会。c. be about to do表示“即将，正要“，后面不能接时间状语或状语从句。Autumn harvest is about to start.秋收就要开始了。注意：be going to
36、do表示现在打算在最近或将来要做某事，这种打算往往经过事先考虑，甚至已做了 某种准备；shall/will do表示未事先考虑过，即说话时临时做出的决定。be going to do表将来，不能用在含 有条件状语从句的主句中；而will do则能，表意愿。If it is fine, well go fishing.dIf it is fine, we are going to go fishing.x如果天气好，我们去钓鱼。(四)、过去将来时过去将来时的构成should/would+动词原形(2)was/were going to+动词原形(3)was/were about to+动词原形(
37、4)was/were to+动词原形(5)某些动词的过去进行时形式过去将来时的用法(1)从过去某一时间看将要发生的事情。He said he would be here at eight oclock.他说他将在8点到这里。I was about to go to bed when there was a knock at the door.我正要睡觉这时有人敲门。(3)1 thought it was going to rain.我当时觉得要下雨。(2)过去本打算做而未做的事情。I was going to go to the party, but I suddenly remembered
38、 I had homework to do. 我本打算要参加聚会，但是我突然记起来我有作业要做。We were to tell you, but you were not in.我们本来想告诉你的，但是你不在家。注意：(1)过去将来时常用于宾语从句中，主句常是一般过去时。某些表示起止或转移的动词，常用过去进行时表示过去将来时。He told me he was leaving in an hour.他告诉我他计划一个小时后离开。二、动词时态的进行体.进行体的构成(1)考纲对进行体所要求掌握的时态包括：现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时。它们的形式分别为:现在进行时am/i s/are+现在分词
39、过去进行时was/were+现在分词将来进行时will/shall + be+现在分词现在分词的构成形式:情况规则例词一般情况加-ingtry try ing以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词双写辅音字母加-ingregret 一 regretting ban 一 banning以不发音的e结尾的动词去掉e,力口-inghate 一 hating date-dating2.进行体的用法用法例句表示某一时刻正在进行的动作或存在的状 态，具有暂时性和未完成性的特点I didnt really work there; I was just helping out until the new secr
40、etary arrived.我并不在那里上班，我只是去帮忙。新秘书 来了，我就离开了。（暂时性）表示某阶段正在进行的动作或发生的事情， 常与 these/those days, this/that week 等时间状 语连用We are making model planes these days.这些天我们在做飞机模型。（此时此刻不一定 在做）表示赞赏、厌恶、遗憾等情绪，常与always, continually, constantly, forever, all the time 等 连用He is always thinking of others first.他总是先想到他人。有些动词
41、的进行体可以表示将来（见一般将来时的用法）L有些动词不用于进行体，常见的有三、动词时态的完成体分类例词感官类look, smell, sound, taste, see, hear情感类like, love, prefer, admire, hate, fear, adore心态类wish, hope, want, need, believe, understand, remember, forget, agree, know状态类appear, lie （位于）,remain, belong to, have（一）、完成体的构成考纲对完成体所要求掌握的时态包括：现在完成时，过去完成时，将来完
42、成时。它们的形式分别为:现在完成时have/has+过去分词过去完成时had +过去分词将来完成时will have+过去分词规则动词的过去分词的构成方法，详见“一般过去时”部分。（二）、完成体的用法1 .现在完成时(1)表示发生在过去的动作或存在的状态到说话时刚刚完成或结束。现在完成时常与叩to now, so far, already, yet, recently, in the past few years, just等表示时间的词(短语)，或since引导的状语从句(从句中使用 一般过去时)，或for+一段时间，或since+时间点连用。His first novel has rece
43、ived good reviews since it came out last month.他的第一本小说自从上个月出版以来就很受欢迎。注意：非延续性动词 leave, arrive, come, go, return, join, die, buy, borrow 等的完成时， 在肯定句中不能与for引出的时间段，since+时间点或how long等状语连用，要转化为相应的延续性动词 才能与一段时间连用。但其否定式可与这类时间状语连用。试比较：误I have bought the computer for a year.正I have kept the computer for a ye
44、ar.这台电脑我买了有一年了。(2)表示过去发生或完成的某个动作对现在造成的影响或产生的结果，强调的是这个影响或结果，常与 yet, already Just, before, lately 等时间状语连用。(2)1 have just turned off the light.我刚刚把灯关了。I have already read the book.我已读过这本书了。(3)用于时间、条件状语从句中，表示将来要完成的动作或一个动作先于另一个动作。(用来代替将来完 成时)When shall we restart our business?Not until we have finished o
45、ur plan.什么时候我们重新开始我们的事业？直到我们已完成我们的计划。(4)用于现在完成时的固定句型：a.在It/This is/will be the first/second/third . time+that 从句中，that 从句中的谓语动词用现在完成时。This is the first time that we have seen a film in the cinema together as a family.这是我们第一次作为一家人在电影院看电影。b.在“It/This is the best/worst/most+M/. +名词+从句中，从句中的谓语用现在完成时。It
46、is the most instructive lecture that I have attended since I came to this school.这是我到这个学校以来听过的最有教育意义的演讲。2 .过去完成时(1)表示在过去某一时刻或某一动作之前已经完成的动作，时间定位是“过去的过去句中一般有明确 的表示“过去的过去”的时间状语(从句)，如by, by the end of, by the time, until, when, before等引出的表示过去 的时间状语(从句)。但有时需要通过上下文来判断。By nine oclock last night, we had finished most of the work.到昨晚9点钟，我们已完成了大部分工作。(2)表示从过去某一时刻开始，一直持续到过去另一时刻的动作或状态，或用在宾语从句(或间接引语) 中，这时从句谓语动作发生在主句谓语动作(过去时)之前。I had been at the bus stop for 30 minutes when a bus finally came.当公共汽车终于来的时候，我已在车站等了 30分钟。