初中英语语法大全1.pdf

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1、目 录第一篇词法.2一、名词.2二、冠词.9三、代词.14四、形容词、副词.24五、连 词.38六、介 词 .45七、数 词.57八、动 词.62第二篇句法.81一、主 要 句 式.81二、定 语 从 句.90三、常见习惯用语.94四、完形填空与阅读.106附 录 .117中学生英语学习常见错误一览表.117A .117B.123C.128D.133E.136F.139G.143H.1451.149J.150K.151L.152M.156N.159O.162P.163R.166S.168T.172U.175V.176W.177Y.179第一篇词法一、名词()知识概要名词的概念在不同的语法教课书

2、中有不同的解释和分类方法，但就实际应用来讲还是不要过分地追求其理论概念，而更多的要把注意力放在其应用上来。我们不妨把它分为两大类：专有名词与普通名词。顾名思义，专有名词是指：个人、事物、机关等所专有的名称，如，the Great Wall,A merica它们是不能随意变动的。而普通名词中则包括个体名词，如 pen,worker它表示单一的个体人或事物；集体名词，如：family,class,team,它表示的是由若干个个体组成的集合体；物质名词，如：water,paper它表示的是一种物质，原材料；而后一种是抽象名词，如:work,time它表示着一种在实际生活中看不见、摸不到，但却与实际生

3、活紧密相关的某些动作、状态、品质的抽象概念。见下表。名词一览表种类专有名词London,John,the Communist Party of China普 通 名 词 类名词 nurse,boy,worker,pencil,dog,table集体名词 class,family,army,police,team,people物质名词 water,steel,glass,cotton,wood,sand抽象名词 happiness,love,work,life,courage,honest功用主语 My family is now in New York.表语 His father is a s

4、cientist.宾语 We love our great motherland.宾语补足语 He made London the base for his work.定语 The girls are making paper flowesrs.状语 The car cost him 1000 dollars.同位语 Mr Brown,a famous scientist,will come here.名词在使用中的难点在于名词的数，即可数名词与不可数名词的实际应用。不可数名词不能用数字计算，所以它通常只有单数形式。它包含有专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词等，如：English,air,water

5、,cotton,work可数名词是可以用数量加以计算的名词，所以它具有单数形式和复数形式两种。可数名词复数形式的构成规律是：1.一般情况加s,如：penpens,doctordoctors,boy boys淇读音规则是在清辅音后读Ls,在元音和浊辅音后读 z o 如:mapmap,boyboys.2.在以s,sh,ch,x结尾的名词后面加e s,如：bus一buses,class一classes,其读音为 iz。3.以 ce,se,ze,(d)ge结尾的名词加s,其读音为 iz。4.以辅音字母加y 结尾的名词，要将y 变为i 再加es,读乍 z,如：factoryfactories,count

6、ry一countries,family一families.但要注意的是以元音字母加y 结尾的名词的复数形式只加s,如:boyboys,day一days。5.以。结尾的名词的复数形式一般要加e s,但如果。前面是元音字母或外来词，缩写词以o 结尾的则只力口 s,如：tomatotomatoes,hero-heroes;photophotos,radioradios,pianopianos6.以f 或 fe结尾的名词的复数形式要将f 或 fe变为v 再加es,如：knifeknives,leafleaves,但有些例外的词如roof的复数形式是roofso7.不规则名词的复数形式是要单个记忆的，它

7、没有规律可循，如:manmen,womanwomen,child一children,foot一feet,tooth一teeth,mouse一mice8.单复同形的名词有：fish,sheep,deer9.单数形式但其意为复数的名词有:people,police等。名词还有格的变化，其主格可作主语，宾格可作宾语。还有所有格，用来表示人或物的所有，以及领属关系。表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加s 其复数形式是S,如其结尾不是s 的复数形式仍加 如：astudents room,studentsrooms,Childrens Day.在表示时间、距离、世界、国家 名词的所有格要用s,如 a t

8、wenty minutes*walk.但无生命名词的所有格则必须用o f结构，如：the capitalof our country,the colour of the flowers（二）正误辨析 误Please give me a paper.正Please give me a piece of paper.析 不要认为可以数的名词就是可数名词，这种原因是对英语中可数与不可数名词的概念与中文中的能数与不能数相混淆了，所以造成了这样的错误，因 paper在英语中是属于物质名词一类，是不可数名词。而不可数名词要表达数量时，要用与之相关的量词来表达，如：two pieces of paper.误

9、Please give me two letter papers.正Please give me two pieces of letter paper.析 paper作为纸讲是不可数名词，而作为报纸、考卷、文章讲时则是可数名词，如：Eachstudent should write a paper on what he has learnt.误My glasses is broken.正 My glasses are broken.误I want to buy two shoes.L iE I want to buy two pairs of shoes.析英语中glasses一眼镜，shoes

10、鞋，trousers一裤子等由两部分组成的名词一般要用复数形式。如果要表示一副眼镜应用a pair of glasses而这时的谓语动词应与量词相一致。如：This pair of glasses is very good.误May I borrow two radioes?正May I borrow two radios?析以。结尾的名词大都是用加e s来表示其复数形式，但如果。前面是一个元音字母或外来语时则只加s 就可以了。这样的词有zoo一zoos,piano一pianos.误This is a Marys dictionary.正This is Marys dictionary.析如名

11、词前有指示代词this,that,these those,及其他修饰词our,some,every,which,或所有格时，则不要再加冠词。误There are much people in the garden.正There are many people in the garden.析可数名词前应用many,few,a few,a lot o f 来修饰，而 people是可数名词，而且是复数名词，如：The people are planting trees here.误I want a few water.正I want a little water.析不可数名词前可以用a littl

12、e,little,a lot of,some来修饰，但不可用many,few来修饰。误Thank you very much.Your family is very kind to me.正Thank you very much.Your family are very kind to me.误Toms and Marys family are waiting for us.正Toms and Marys families are waiting for us.误Im sorry.I have to go.Toms families are waiting for me.正Im sorry.I

13、 have to go.Toms family are waiting for me.析 集合名词如果指某个集合的整体，则应视为单数，如指某个集合体中的个体则应视为复数。如:My family is a big family.When I came in,Toms family were watching T V.即汤姆一家人正在看电视。这样的集合名词有：family class,team等。误 Dont eat too much meats.正 Dont eat too much meat.误Food in that restaurant is very good.正The food in

14、that restaurant is very good.析物质名词是不可数名词，在使用中不可.以加s,即它没有复数形式。也不可.加不定冠词。但如果用于特指某一物质时可以加定冠词。：I dont like drinking coffee,but the coffeein that cup is really good.误Please give me two waters.正Please give me two glasses of water.1E Please give me two coffees.析 物质名词如要加计量时，一定要加量词，如：two cups of tea,two glas

15、ses of water,a glassof milk,a loaf of bread,a piece of bread,a box of sugar,a bowl of rice,a bottle of orange,a bag of earth例：Ill tell you a piece of good news.但只有 coffee 可以用 coffees 来取代 many cups of coffee.误 Can you give me the newspaper of today?正Can you give me todays newspaper?析加s 构成所有格的名词一般应指有生

16、命的人或物。如：Marys h a ir,但在英文的习惯用法中对时间、距离等名词的所有格多用k 来构成而不用o f结构。如:a five minutes walk.误Please make a room for the lady in the school bus.正Please make room for the lady in the school bus.析英语中更多的名词是含有多种用法和多种含意的，如：room为可数名词时为“房间”，如：I live in Room 5.而room为抽象名词时为空间上面一句话应译为“请给老妇人在校车上留个地方。”这样的词还有：glass玻 璃 glas

17、ses眼镜 stone石头a stone 一块石头tim e时间two tim es两 次 wood木头woods树林 误There is a flowers garden behind my house.正There is a flower garden behind my house.析名词除了在句中作主语、宾语、表语外，还可以用来修饰另一个名词，这时作修饰词的名词一般要用单数形式，如：shoe factory（鞋厂）,post office（邮周）,evening paper（晚报）,nightschool（夜校）,head master（校长）,a law school（法律学院）。但

18、也有例外,如:a goods train（货车）,sports meeting（运动会）。误 My mother bought two fishes for supper this morning.正 My mother bought two fish for supper this morning.析英语中有些名词单复同形,如：fish,deer,sheep,Chinese（中国人），means（方法）。所以应讲 one fish,two fish,one Chinese,two Chinese.如果讲 There are five fishes in the pool.应译为池中有五种鱼而

19、不是五条鱼。误 Mary expressed her thank to her boy friend.1E Mary expressed her thanks to her boy friend.析英语中有些名词只有复数形式，如：thanks,g re e n s,而有些词单数形式与复数形式有不同的词意。如 Lclothes为衣服，而 cloth则是布，sand沙子，而 sands是沙滩。误I offered my son my congratulation on his success.正I offered my son my congratulations on his success.析

20、英语中表示祝贺的词虽有单数形式，但一般要用其复数形式。如握手为shake hands.误 We have five German in this meeting.正 We have five Germans in this meeting.析英国人Englishman的复数形式为Englishmen,而 German则要加s,因为它不是由国名与man的组合词。误There are two A s in this word.正There are two A s in this word.析在大写字母缩写形式的复数表达法中应加s,但如字母是A、I 时，为了防止与As和Is相 混,则 要 用:即 A

21、 s,Ps 误There are three 6s and two 3s in my telephone number.正There are three 6s and two 3s in my telephone number.析在小写字母与数字的复数形式表达法中要用s 误 We have many woman teachers in our school.正 We have many women teachers in our school.析-般组合名词变为复数形式时只将词中心词变为复数如：half brotherhalf brothers（同父异母或同母异父的兄弟）daughter in

22、 lawdaughtersin law,（JL媳）但要注意的是：man drivermen drivers（男司机）woman doctorwomen doctors（女大夫）grown up一grown ups（成年人）但是 boy student一则变为 boy students 误Physics are very difficult to learn.1E Physics is very difficult to learn.析虽 以 s 结尾但只能用作单数名词有:科学，学科名字:Physics.Mathematics politics游戏名称：bow ls专有名称：Niagara Fa

23、lls（尼亚加拉瀑布）其他名词：news（消息，新闻）误There is a people in the room.正There is a person in the room.正There is a man in the room.析 people是复数名词,不可用作单数，如要用来讲一个人时应用a person,a man,a womano同样的词有police.要讲一个警察时则要用a policeman,a policewomano 误Where is my shoe?正Where are my shoes?析常常只用作复数形式的词有trousers,pants,shorts（短裤），so

24、cks（袜子）,shoes,gloves（手套）。但如果只找其中的一个则要指明，这时还是应用单数形式。如：Where*my left glove?（我左手的手套在哪?）误I paid five pennies for the sweet.正I paid five pence for the sweet.析英语中便士有两个复数形式pence用来表达一定数量的钱。而 pennies是指一个个的硬 币,如：I want to change this note for pennies.我想把这纸币换成硬币。（即一便士一个的硬币）。误There are many fruit in the shop.正T

25、here are many fruits in the shop.析物质名词为不可数名词，但是用来表示种类时则可以用作可数名词，这里应译为各种各样的水果。误There is a new car.It is Jones and Marys.正There is a new car.It is Jone and Marys.析有生命名词的所有格，如果是单数名词则加s 如：Mar/s car.如果是以s 结尾的复数名词则只在s 后面加 如：teachersoffices,如果是复数名词但不是以s 结尾，则只加 s,如：childrens palace组合名词的所有格是在最后一个词尾加k 如：girl

26、friend girl friendssomeone elsesomeone elses a week or threea week or threes 如名词后有同位语时，则应加在同位语的词尾上，/ill：It is my girl friend,Maryrs car.要注意的是当两个名词并列时，如表示归两人共同所有，则在最后一个名词后面加s,如果表示分别所有则在两个名词后分别加s,如:This is Mary and Jones home.即 M ary与Jone是一家人。这是他们共同的家。而 Theseare Marys and Jones homes.则应译为这里是Mary的家与Jon

27、e的家。误It is really beautiful.It is a work of nature.正It is really beautiful.It is a Natures work.析无生命名词的所有格应用o f 结构。但是s 形式的所有格可用于以下无生命的名词：表示时间的词：todays newspaper,a twenty minutes*walk,an houfs,rest 表示长度的词：threemetres distance,a boats length,twenty miles journey 表示重量的名词：two pounds1 weight价格名词：twodolla

28、rsworth拟人化的名词：Natures work,nature lesson（大自然的教训）及国家、机关、团体、城市等机构性名词：the universitys library 误 He is an old friend of my father.lE He is an old friend of my fathers.析这是英语中的一种习惯用法而不要根据语法去推理。如：This pen isTomk 误My father is a good cooker.正My father is a good cook.析 一般动词加h er后则转意为执行该动作的执行者，如:teach（教）一teac

29、her（老师）,think（想）一thinker（思想家）,drive（开车）一driver（司机）,sell（卖）一seller（卖物者）.但不能总是以此类推，比如cook是动词“做饭”。而 cook也可作为名词“厨师”讲，而 cooker则为厨具，餐具，即锅、碗、勺等做饭用具。误The young is dancing there.正The young are dancing there.析 英文中用定冠词加上形容词表示一类人时应按复数名词，如：the rich 富人，the poor（穷人）,the w ise聪明人，但如果用定冠词加形容词来表示事物则要用作单数名词，如：Thebeaut

30、iful is still here.美丽的风景依旧。误The stories of the book was written many years ago.正The stories of the book were written many years ago.析这句话的真正主语应是stories,所以应用复数谓语动词。误This is one of the English Chinese dictionary.正This is one of the English Chinese dictionaries.析oneof意 为“之一”，of后面的名词要用复数形式。误Lets go to un

31、cle Wang for supper.正 Lets go to uncle Wang*s for supper.析uncle Wang*s意 为“王叔叔家”,doctor*意 为“医院或私人诊所”。误I think we will make a friend with each other.正I think we will make friends with each other.析make friends为习惯用法，即交朋友。误I want to tell you much pieces of good news.正I want to tell you many pieces of goo

32、d news.析news为不可数名词，但加了量词之后则要用many来修饰量词，因量词是可数名词，或可以说I want to tell you some good news.因 som e即可用在可数名词前，也可用在不可数名词前作形容词,如：I want to tell you some pieces of good news.误 The teacher with five students are coming here.L IE The teacher with five students is coming here.析要注意由with引出的介词短语不是本句的主语，这与连词and有很大的区

33、别，如：The teacher and five students are coming here.这里由介词引出的短语仅仅是teacher的修饰语。误There are a lot of information here,but we dont need them.正There is a lot of information here,but we dont need it.析information为不可数名词，而用作代替它的词要用it而不能用them.误 Many a student make the same mistake in the exam.正 Many a student ma

34、kes the same mistake in the exam.析many a 加可数名词单数，作主语时其谓语动词应用单数形式，但其意为许多学生。误The children wear very good cloth to go to school today.正The children wear very good clothes to go to school today.析英文中英oth,clothes,clothing是易混之词:cloth是物质名词,意为“布 ，没有复数形式，而 clothing是指衣物的总称，也没有复数形式。clothes是指衣服，但没有单数形式，如：This cl

35、othing is needed in warm countries.Her clothes are made of fine cloth.英文中的 dress则指较正规的服装，如：a school dress校服，an evening dress晚礼服。误I like to study the English.1E I like to study English.析 作为一种学科名词前不要用冠词，而作为某一特指学科则要加冠词，如：Hike to studyhistory.I like to study the history of A merica.误The Browns is going

36、to visit China.正The Browns are going to visit China.析定冠词加姓加s,则意为“Brown先生一家人”。所以应用复数谓语动词。此句应译为：Brown先生一家将要访问中国。（三）例题解析1.Lucy and Lily in the same class.A.am B.is C.are D.be 答案C.析由 and连接两个单数名词作主语时应按复数名词来搭配谓语动词。2.Which is the to the bus stop,please?A road B way C street D address 答案B.析这是考察同意词辨析，road是指较

37、宽阔的大道，意 为“乡间公路”，而 street意为道路两边的建筑物较高，可视为街道之意，而 w ay则多为要到达某地所要经过的途径，还可引深为方式、方法。而 address 贝 U 为 地址。如：There is a car running along the country road.I live at 105 Park street.Can you show me the way to the National Museum?3.Hurry upThere is time left.A little B a little C few D a few 答案A.析因 time作为时间讲为不可

38、数名词，所以不可用few,a few来修饰。另外，英文的表达法与中文不同，中文讲，快点，时间不多了，而英文要讲，快点，没时间了。因此，要用little 而不用 a little.4.How many can you see in the picture?A tomatos B tomatoes C tomato D the tomato 答案B.析用 How many提问时;其名词要用复数形式，而 tomato的复数要加es.5.is the meat.Please?一 Ten yuan a kilo.A How much B How many C How old D How long 答案A

39、.析由对话的答语可看出其问句问的是价格。钱数作为整体、价格讲时，不论其值是多少都是不可数名词，要用how m uch提问。6 The boys name is James A llen Green.So his given name is.A James A llen B A llen Green C James Green D Mr.Green 答案A.析英文的习惯与中文不同，中文是姓在前名字在后，而英文则是姓在最后，其第一个名字是由父母所起的，中间的名字可能是父母、教父所起的，但都可称作given name,而姓在英文中是family name.7 Shanghai is one of t

40、he biggest in our country.A city B citys C citys D cities 答案D.析复音字母以y 结尾的单词的复数形式要把y 变成i 再加es。one o f 加名词的结构中的名词应用复数。8 Would you please pass me?A two paper B two papersC two pieces of paper D two pieces of papers 答案c.析p叩e r是不可数名词，如讲一张、两张纸时，要用量词piece.9 September 10th is Day.A Teacher B Teachers C Teac

41、hefs D Teachers 答案D.10 I only ha ve bread for lunch today.A a bit B a bit of C little D few 答案B.11 but I have no time 答案 C.析 要 注 意 could用于口语中是为了讲话的口气委婉，但它不是过去时态，也不是助动词，而应看作情态动词。所以在答语中则不应这样用。1()-Could you look after Polly for me while were away?A No,thanks.B W汕 pleasure.C Im not afraid.D Im sure you

42、will.答案 B.析 With pleasure 是英语中的一句十分客气的答语，用在当对方因你的帮助或你的许诺向你道谢时，表达自己十分乐意为对方效力的口气。11-Hello!Could I speak to the headmaster,please?A Hold on,please.B That*s the headmaster,please.C Who are you?please.D Sorry Vm not the headmaster.答案 A.析 hold on,please 是指请对方等一等不要将电话放下的用语。如果要讲我就是的话不能用t h a t,而 要 用 t h i s

43、,在电话用语中th at指对方，th is指自己。12-Happy birthday!A Thank you.B The same to you.C Good luck.D Congratulations.答案 A.析 the same to y o u 是同样祝贺对方的意思，不能用于生日这一祝贺语、除非两人的生日在同一天。13-Im sorry I dont know the way,either Youd better ask that policeman for helpA Good night.B Thats nothing.C Very well.D Thank you all th

44、e same.答案 D.析 当向对方求助时，对方无能为力，这时的感谢语则为Thank you all the same 意为不管如何还是要谢谢你。14-1 fell and hurt my leg last week,So I cant do anythingA Im sorry B Dont worryC Good luck D Bad luck 答案 D.析如果用A则 要 用 Im sorry to hear that 而不能单用Im sorry 因 Fm sorry是向对方道歉。而 bad luck为真是不幸啊。15-_-1 have got a coughA Whats your tr

45、ouble?B What have you got?C Why did you come here?D Have you got a cough?答案 A.析 Whats your trouble?多用于问对方有什么问题、麻烦或得了什么病。这种用语还有Whats wrong with you?16-Would you like to go shopping with me?A Yes,rd love to.B Thats right.C Yes,please.D Quite well.答案 A.析 表示愿意作某事应讲：Id love to Id like to17-Whats the weat

46、her like today!A Its nice for a walk.B I like autumn best of all.C It will be fine tomorrow.D Its rather cold today.答案 D.析 本题要注意问的是什么，不要所问非所答。因问题是今天的天气怎样，所以只能选D18-Is Jane in,please?I want to speak to her-Sorry,she is out Youd better.A visit her in the office B call her laterC see her this afternoon

47、D speak to her yourself 答案 B.析 call hei*later晚些时候再来电话。19-_-Very well,thank you,and you?A How do you do?B Good morningC How are you these days?D How do you like English?答案 C.析 本题是由答语来推断问话，所以应熟悉英语的问答习惯：How do you d o?的答语应为 How do you do?20-How is your mother?AShe is old.BShe is no better than she was.

48、cShe is kind hearted.DShe is in her forties.答案 B.析 How is your mother?问的是你妈身体如何，而 B 选项则是“她 不 比 以 前 强 而 其 他三个选项则是所问非所答。21-Thank you very much for your helpA Youre welcome B Please dontC There*s no trouble D No,no 答案 A.22 Your uncle has taken you to the cinema A fterwards you thank himHe says n.“A It

49、was nothing B Im glad you enjoyed itC Don*t say it D No,neednt 答案 B.析 这是英语的答语，千万不要选A,因它是中文习惯的答语。23-Thank you for your good presentA Its not good B No,noC My pleasure D Never mind 答案 C.24 When someone did a good deed for you,you should sayA.you are too good Bits very kind of you C.you are very kind D

50、.ril thank you 答案 B,25-lam very sorry I am late for dinnerA.No,you arent B.That*s all right C.Yes,you are D.No,you dont 答案 B.析 Thats all right 没关系。26-Im sorry if I hurt youA Im sorry B It*s not trueC It doesnt matter D Dont say sorry 答案 C.27-1 should have gone to see the exhibition with youA Im sorr