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1、备战2023年高考必备优秀试题大搜索，优中选优之阅读理解（9） 一语言和文化【江苏省通泰镇徐连宿淮7市2022-2023学年高三下学期期初联考】It is an unpleasant extinction that will change the world and how people communicate: within 20 years, two thirds of all the planets languages will be dead.Experts agree that nothing can stop it happening but one academic is try
2、ing her hardest to slow it down. Professor Antonella Sorace is one of a growing number who believe learning a second language has enormous untapped benefits for the human brain. This is true not only for young children but also for adults and people at risk from dementia （痴呆），where research consiste
3、ntly shows that learning a new language could delay the start of the disease for four to five years a better result than with any medication to date.It is those benefits of bilingualism （双语）that should encourage us to preserve and protect Europes minority languages - Gaelic, Manx, Cornish and Ulster
4、 Scots, she says.Already her work and the project she founded three years ago in Edinburgh, Bilingualism Matters 一 now expanding across Europe and in the US - have convinced the Scottish government to introduce languages to primary schools. From 2023 all Scottish children will be learning a language
5、 other than English in their first year at school, with two other languages to be introduced later.Bilingualism Matters is also working to encourage businesses to consider the benefits of their staff learning languages. In business, people say English is the language of business, why would I need to
6、 learn another language? said Sorace. Maybe it would mean you could do better business.Just as disappearing forests take with them secrets of undiscovered medicines, disappearing languages can take the key to a longer and better quality of life. The first battle is to unpick the popular assumption t
7、hat bilingualism might damage childrens brains. There were even suggestions it could encourage schizophrenia （精 神分裂症）.Study after study has shown the opposite to be true, says Sorace. These prejudices are deeply rooted, but we are perhaps halfway to persuading people that the brain can cope. Then we
8、 have to persuade people that it is actually of benefit.What will happen to the majority of the worlds languages?A. They will become extinct in decades.B. They will be learnt by more academics.C. They will prevent the risk of dementia.D. They will help people better communicate.C. It often rains con
9、tinuously.D. The rain sometimes stops unexpectedly.10. Why does the author mention William Maddux in the last paragraph?A.To support an argument.B.To provide a background.C.To contradict a theory.D.To give detailed information.11. What may be the authors purpose of writing the text?A.To share an exp
10、erience.B.To define a concept.C.To put forward a theory.D.To introduce a book.【答案】8. B?9. D?10. A?ll. D【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了作者的朋友刚出版了一本有关文化的书。书中陈述了一 个观点：文化冲突是我们拥有自知之明的途径。人的自我认知与群体文化相互关联，我们只有首先弄清自 我，才能更好地融入世界。1 .推理判断题。根据第二段中Often, it is only when a person comes up against another way of doing things
11、 that these assumptions become apparent. I attended Carleton College, a liberal arts college in Minnesota. Within my first two days of being there, I realized that I possessed an assumption about rain. Coming from California, I expected that it didnt rain in summer and that when it did rain, it woul
12、d rain all day. When I woke up on September 2, to a downpour that lasted 20 minutes, that assumption was revealed to be false.（通常，只有当一个 人遇到另一种做事方式时，这些假设才会变得明显。我就读于卡尔顿学院，这是明尼苏达州的一所文理学 院。在我到那里的头两天，我意识到我对下雨有一个假设。从加利福尼亚来，我以为夏天不会下雨，下雨 就会下一整天。9月2日，当我醒来时意识到大雨持续了 20分钟，这个假设被证明是错误的。广可知，作 者认为，只有当我们遇到与自己不同的做事方式
13、时，我们才会意识到区别，从而改变自己对事物的“臆断”。 故选Bo.推理判断题。根据第二段中“Coming from California, I expected that it didnt rain in summer and that when it did rain, it would rain all day. When I woke up on September 2, to a downpour that lasted 20 minutes, that assumption was revealed to be false.（从加利福尼亚来，我以为夏天不会下雨，下雨就会下一整天。9月
14、2日， 当我醒来时意识到大雨持续了 20分钟，这个假设被证明是错误的。广可知，明尼苏达州与作者的家乡加利 福尼亚州不同，这里气候变化无常，顷刻间就会有暴雨倾盆，也会很快停下。故选D。2 .推理判断题。根据最后一段内容“Why is it important to understand your cultural background beyond your race and ethnicity（种族特点）？ Because if you understand yourself, you are better prepared to recognize and embrace alternati
15、ves. For instance, a research by William Maddux has shown that people who have significant multicultural experiences are more creative. Also, if you understand where you come from, you may be more 10/22understanding of conflicts that are arising, and be able to address those conflicts in cooperative
16、 ways.（为什么 了 解 你的种族和民族之外的文化背景很重要?因为如果你了解自己，你就能更好地认识和接受其他选择。例如， William Maddux的一项研究表明，拥有丰富多元文化经历的人更有创造力。此外，如果你了解自己来自哪 里，你可能会更了解正在发生的冲突，并能够以合作的方式解决这些冲突。广可知，作者提到了 William Maddux 的研究成果，主要是为了 论证前面提到的 Because if you understand yourself, you are better prepared to recognize and embrace alternatives.（因为你了解自
17、己，你就能更容易识别和接受不同于自己的改变）这一 论点。故选A。3 .推理判断题。根据第一段的Recently, my friends Hazel Markus and Alana Conner published a book on culture. It isnt a book on exploring cultures or talking about why you should always accept a business card from a Japanese businessman with two hands and admire it.（最近，我的朋友 Hazel Ma
18、rkus 和 Alana Conner 出版了一 本关于文化的书。这不是一本探索文化的书，也不是一本谈论为什么你应该总是用双手接受日本商人的名 片并赞赏它的书。）”和 In other words, it describes the self, and our individual cultures, as relative. This self-insight can help you better navigate our increasingly global world.（换句话说，它把自我和我们的个人文化 描述为相对的。这种自我洞察可以帮助你更好地驾驭我们这个日益全球化的世界。户以及
19、下文内容可知， 作者写本文的目的主要是为了向读者介绍自己的两位朋友写的这本书。故选Do2023届河北省唐山市保定市2地4校高三一模】If you were to move to a new country with a different language and bring along the family dog, your pet would likely have a hard time understanding commands from the locals9 according to a new study looking at how dogs brains react to
20、 different languages.The new study was conducted by lead author Laura Cuaya, a neurobiologist at Eotvos Lordnd University in Hungary, who recently moved from Mexico to Tokyo alongside her dog Kun-kun.Cuaya and her team trained 18 dogs, including Kun-kun, to lie motionless in an MRI machine so the re
21、searchers could scan their brains. As the dogs were being scanned, the researchers played the dogs three different recordings: a Spanish reading from the famous childrens book The Little Prince; a Japanese reading from the same book; and a series of human noises that did not resemble speech at all.
22、All of the dogs had been exposed to only one of the two languages, meaning one was familiar to them and the other was unfamiliar. MRI scans revealed that dogs, brains can distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar languages? making them the first-known, and so far only, non-human animals to be able
23、 to tell the difference between human languages.During the experiments, researchers also found that older dogs showed more activity in the secondary auditory cortex of the brain, suggesting they were better at differentiating familiar and unfamiliar languages than younger dogs. I think that the main
24、 reason that older dogs are better at differentiating languages is the amount of exposure to the language Cuaya said. Older dogs have had more opportunities to listen to humans while they talk.”What makes dogs unique is that they do not need to be trained to distinguish between human languages. “The
25、ir brains detected the difference naturally, perhaps due to the domestication process J Cuaya said. While it is possible that many species can distinguish between human languages 9 dogs are one of the few that are interested in hearing us.”What does the new study find?A. Dogs may settle into a new e
26、nvironment easily.B. Dogs can face language barriers in a foreign country.C. Dogs are more sensitive to languages than other animals.D. Dogs fail to understand their owners in a new environment.12. What does paragraph 3 mainly tell us about the study?A. Its background. B. Its benefit.C. Its process.
27、 D. Its purpose.13. What does Cuaya intend to convey in the last paragraph?A. Domestication helps dogs better live with humans.B. Dogs are closely related to humans.C. Humans should be more friendly to dogs.D. Training plays an important role in raising dogs.14. . Whats the best title for the text?A
28、. Dogs can bring surprising health benefitsDogs are good translators in a new environmentB. Dogs that are often exposed to humans are more intelligentDogs can distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar human languages 【答案】12. B?13. C?14. A? 15. D【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了新研究发现了狗在国外会遇到语言障碍，文章介绍了研究 开展的过程以
29、及发现。12 .细节理解题。根据第段If you were to move to a new country with a different language and bring along the family dog, your pet would likely have a hard time understanding commands from the locals9 according to a new study looking at how dogs, brains react to different languages.（根据一项关于狗狗大脑对不同语言反应的新研 究，如果
30、你带着家里的狗狗搬到一个讲不同语言的新国家，你的宠物可能很难理解当地人的命令广可知, 这项新研究发现了狗在国外会遇到语言障碍。故选B。13 .主旨大意题。根据第三段“Cuaya and her team trained 18 dogs, including Kun-kun, to lie motionless in anMRI machine so the researchers could scan their brains. As the dogs were being scanned, the researchers played the dogs three different rec
31、ordings: a Spanish reading from the famous childrens book The Little Prince; a Japanese reading from the same book; and a series of human noises that did not resemble speech at all. （Cuaya 和 她的团队训练了包括Kun-kun在内的18只狗，让它们一动不动地躺在核磁共振成像仪上，这样研究人员 就可以扫描它们的大脑了。在扫描狗狗的时候，研究人员给狗狗播放了三段不同的录音：着名儿童读物小 王子中的西班牙语朗读；读
32、同一本书的日本人；以及一系列完全不像说话的人类声音厂可知，第三段主 要告诉了我们研究的过程。故选C。14 .推理判断题。根据最后一段“Their brains detected the difference naturally, perhaps due to the domestication process,“ Cuaya said. While it is possible that many species can distinguish between human languages 9 dogs are one of the few that are interested in he
33、aring us.”（Cuaya说：“他们的大脑很自然地发现了这种差异，可能是由 于驯化过程。虽然可能有很多物种都能区分人类的语言，但狗是少数对听我们说话感兴趣的物种之一。”广 可推知，Cuaya在最后一段想表达驯化有助于狗更好地与人类相处。故选A。15 .主旨大意题。根据第一段If you were to move to a new country with a different language and bring along the family dog, your pet would likely have a hard time understanding commands fro
34、m the locals9 according to a new study looking at how dogs9 brains react to different languages.（根据一项关于狗狗大脑对不同语言反应的新研 究，如果你带着家里的狗狗搬到一个讲不同语言的新国家，你的宠物可能很难理解当地人的命令）”结合文 章介绍了研究开展的过程以及发现。可知，D选项“狗能区分熟悉和不熟悉的人类语言”最符合文章标题。 故选D。【重庆市2022-2023学年高三上学期11月调研】They say there is power in names and nowhere is that tru
35、er than China, where Chinese characters often carry a deep significance. For any brand planning to enter the Chinese market, choosing the right Chinese name is usually a top priority.In choosing their Chinese name, brands should consider something that is memorable, easy to pronounce and with no neg
36、ative meaning in the multiple Chinese dialects, and that conveys a sense of the brands DNA. This can be a challenge for luxury fashion houses, as their name often comes with its own heritage（传统）and meaning. However, they also have the advantage that they may enjoy a certain degree of brand recogniti
37、on in China.Brands have three main options when it comes to choosing a Chinese name. The majority choose a simple transliteration（音译），choosing a series of characters with sounds that are closely similar to the pronunciation of the brands original name. For example, Diors Chinese name is“迪奥（diao）.The
38、 two characters, while meaningless in combination, respectively mean “to enlighten” and “mysterious，a smart choice fbr this brand.Since more and more Chinese people are travelling abroad and they tend to pick up a short form, for instance, LV for Louis Vuitton, brands might wonder whether it is even
39、 necessary to spend considerable time and energy coming up with an official Chinese name. Nevertheless, most marketers still advise that brands select an official Chinese name. Although brands only use their English name on their shop front, they still need a Chinese name, as their customers, sales
40、assistants and floor managers usually wont use the English name,“ argues Louis Houdart, CEO of China-based branding agency Creative Capital.Houdart adds that it is important for brands to establish and popularize their Chinese name, otherwise they might run the risk of customers5 coming up with thei
41、r own understanding and pronunciation, messing their brands image and leaving it open to copyright infringement（侵权）.12. Whafs the bright side fbr luxury fashion houses while choosing a Chinese name?A. Its possible fbr those brands to be recognized by Chinese customers.B Its lucky to decide a Chinese
42、 name that can be accepted by Chinese consumers.C. Its easy for them to contain their heritage and meaning in their Chinese name.D. Its unnecessary fbr those brands to spend energy choosing a proper Chinese name.13. What is the best choice for the brand “BVLGARF according to the passage?A. Giving th
43、e name a short form “BV”.B. Translating the name into 宝格丽.C. Ignoring Chinese customers5 demand.D. Sticking to the English name.14. Which of the following most probably agrees with Houdart argument?A. Diane Vbn Furstenberg is usually referred to as t6DVF instead of a Chinese name.B. Tt is essential
44、for brands to set up their Chinese name and make it understandable.C. Louis Vuitton has never meant to come up with an official Chinese name so far.D. Chinese consumers get fairly used to pronouncing those brands names in English.15. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A . B
45、ehind the Right Chinese NameB. The Influence of Famous BrandsC. The Power of Brand RecognitionD. The History of Famous Brands【答案】12. A? 13. B?14. B?15. A【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍国际奢侈品牌如何在中国进行译名。12 .细节理解题。根据第二段“However, they also have the advantage that they may enjoy a certain degree of brand recognitio
46、n in China.（然而，他们也有一个优势，他们可能在中国享有一定程度的品牌认知度。户可 知，奢侈时尚品牌选择中文名的好处是这些品牌有可能得到中国消费者的认可。故选A。13 .推理判断题。根据第三段“The majority choose a simple transliteration（音译）,choosing a series of characters with sounds that are closely similar to the pronunciation of the brands original name. For example, Diors Chinese nam
47、e is“迪奥”（diao）.The two characters, while meaningless in combination, respectively mean “to enlighten” and “mysterious”, a smart choice for this brand.（大多数人选择简单的音译，即选择一系列发音与品 牌原始名称发音非常相似的字符。例如，迪奥的中文名字是“迪奥”。这两个字的组合虽然没有意义，但分 别意味着“启迪”和奥秘”，这是该品牌的明智选择。户可推断，BVLGARI”品牌的最佳选择是把名字翻译 成宝格丽。故选B。14 .推理判断题。根据第四段“Ne
48、vertheless, most marketers still advise that brands select an official Chinese name. Although brands only use their English name on their shop front, they still need a Chinese name, as their customers, sales assistants and floor managers usually wont use the English name J argues Louis Houdart, CEO
49、of China-based branding agency Creative Capital.（尽管如此，大多数营销人员仍建议各品牌选择一个正式的中 文名称。“虽然品牌只在店面上使用英文名称，但他们仍然需要一个中文名称，因为他们的客户、销售助 理和现场经理通常不会使用英文名称，中国品牌机构创创资本的首席执行官Louis Houdart表示。户和根 据第五段Houdart adds that it is important for brands to establish and popularize their Chinese name, otherwise they might run the risk of customers9 coming up with the