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1、Lesson 291.largely adv.mostly or mainly chiefly,to great extent 在很大程度上His success was largely due to lu c k.他的成功主要是因为运气好。principally主要地，大多地/mainly主要地/chiefly主要的，起主导作用的primarily首要地，主要地，基本地/mostly大多数地2.universal adj.true or suitable in every situation 普遍的，一般的，全体的universal peace/entertainment/agreement
2、/interest/use/travel世界和平/大众娱乐/一致同意/广泛感兴趣/普遍使用/全球旅行universal,globah versatile,cosmicuniversal与 global都可表示 全世界的；universal与 versatile均可表示 万能的，universal仅修饰物，versatile可指人或物；cosmic表示“宇 宙(论)的，广大无边的“。例：global travel/changes/warfare(war)/warming环球旅行/全球变化/世界大战/全球天气变热a versatile tool/mind/writer多用途工具/多面手/多才多艺的
3、作家cosmic dust/rays/laws宇宙尘/宇宙射线/宇宙法则a disaster of cosmic proportions 天大的灾难3.distasteful adj.unpleasant or morally offensive disagreeable,unpleasant讨厌的，令人不愉快的难吃的是 所不愿做的Even the thought of him was distasteful to h e r.甚至一想到他她就会不偷快。The medicine is distasteful but good for y o u.这药难吃，但对你有好处。4.pester-pes
4、tered-pestered v.assail 再要求,纠缠My daughter has been pestering me to take her with m e.我女儿一直缠着我要跟着我走。The poor children pestered the travelers for m oney.那些穷孩子缠着游客们要钱。pester sb.to do sth./for s th.纠缠着索取(要求)5.dread-dreaded-dreaded v.to feel anxious or worried about something that is going to happen or m
5、ay happen 惧怕I dread the rush-hour traffic so much that I often avoid it by coming late to work.我非常害怕交通高峰期，所以我经常晚点去上班以避开高峰期。Do you dread having a tooth pulled out?你害怕拔牙吗？dead to do s th.害 怕 做 不 敢 Thy all dread to think what will happen if the factory closes.他们都不敢去想如果工厂倒闭了会怎么样。dread that害怕，担心The old w
6、oman dreaded that she might never see her dear cat again.那个老太太担心再也见不到她心爱的猫了。6.recovery-recoveried-recoveried n.the process of getting better after an illness,injury etc康复,痊愈,恢复找回,收复She made a magical/quick/good recovery(from illness)她奇迹般地康复了/她迅速康复了/她恢复得很好。He is well on the way/road to recovery.他在顺利康
7、复。7.console-consoled-consoled v.to make someone feel better when they are feeling sad or disappointed 安慰，慰问The mother consoled the boy,then bandaged his scuffed knee.母亲抚慰着孩子，然后包扎上他碰伤的膝盖。同义辨析 console,comfort,solace,soothComfort是 help a person to bear sorrow的意思，是有积极含义的词，是给人以愉快、希望和力量的安慰。例：I comforted t
8、he grieving child with a tight embrace.我紧紧抱着那个悲伤的孩子，安慰着他。console同 com fort,比之更郑重，但含义不如comfort积极。solace同 com fort,但侧重于减轻痛苦或寂寞。例：The unhappy man solaced himself with w hisky.那个不幸的人借酒消愁。sooth同 com fort,但侧重于用言语使人兴奋，使悲痛平静下来。例：The mother was trying to soothe her crying b ab y.那母亲试图使她那哭叫的婴儿平静下来。8.hobble-ho
9、bbled-hobbled v./n.to walk with difficulty,especially because your legs or feet hurt 痛着腿走，跛行，蹒跚而行The old man hobbled along with the aid of his stick.那个老人借着拐杖蹒跚而行。lim p v./n.跛行，蹒跚而行The injured footballer limped slowly off the fie ld.那位受了伤的足球队员一痛一拐地慢慢离开了球场。lame a d j.廨的，陂的n,使，使残废He is lame in the left
10、 le g.他左腿脖。He was lamed in a traffic accident.他在一次车祸中残废了。pensate-compensate-compensate v.to replace or balance the effect of something bad 补偿Nothing can compensate for the loss of one7 s health.健康受损是无法弥补的。compensate for s th.（因 而）补偿，弥补make up for s t h,弥补Hard work can make up for a lack of intellige
11、nce.勤勤能补拙。offset v.抵消，补偿，弥补offset sth.by（doing）s th.通 过（做）来抵消/弥补lO.mumble-mumbled-mumbled v.talk to oneself 喃喃而语What are you mumbling about?I cant understand a word.你在咕哝些什么？我一个字也听不懂。She mumbled something to me which I didnt quite catch.他含糊不清地跟我说了些什么，我没听清。mumble about s th.咕哝,低声ic adj.amusing you and
12、 making you want to laugh 滑稽的,好笑的edian n.someone whose job is to tell jokes and make people laugh 喜剧演员，滑稽演员13.plaster n.a substance used to cover walls and ceilings with a smooth even surface.It consists of lime,water;and sand.熟石膏课文1.Whether we find a joke funny or not largely depends on where we ha
13、ve been brought u p.我们觉得一则笑话是否好笑,彳艮大程度上取决于我们是在哪儿长大的。结构分析：多重复合句。Whether引导主语从句，where引导宾语从句。Well be told tomorrow whether we should take the exam or n o t.明天我们将得到是否应参加考试的通知。Can you tell me whether or not the train has left?你能告诉我火车是否已经开了?2.The sense of humor is mysteriously bound up with national charac
14、teristics.幽默感与民族有着神秘莫测的联系。be bound to with:be connected closely with 与 密切联系The future of a country is bound up with the education of the young people.一个国家的将来与年轻人所受的教育是分不开的。3.A Frenchman,for instance,might find it hard to laugh at a Russian joke.譬如，法国人听完一则俄国笑话可能很难发笑。结构分析：简单句。It为形式宾语，hard为宾补，不定式短语to l
15、augh at a Russian joke作真正的宾语。A Frenchman在此表示泛指，可用the French替换。全句结构为 主 语+谓语+形式宾语+形容词或名词作宾补+（真正）宾语。We thought it wrong to conceal the fa cts.我们认为掩盖事实真相是错误的。When I see him,Ill have it out with h im.我见到他的时候要跟他说个明白。I consider it common knowledge that they did i t.我认为他们做这件事是众所周知的。I think it a pity that a
16、man like him should not work harder.我觉得像他那样的人不更加努力工作真是可惜。4.In the same way,a Russian might fail to see anything amusing in a joke which would make an Englishman laugh to tears.同样的道理，一则可以令英国人笑出泪来的笑话，俄国人听了可能觉得没有什么可笑之处。结构分析：复合句。Which引导定语从句修饰jo k e,现在分词amusing作后置定语，修饰前面的宾语anything.laugh to tears笑出泪来5.Mo
17、st funny stories are based on comic situations.大部分令人发笑的故事都是根据喜剧情节编写的。表示 最多的”,作 定 语 Which of you have made（the）most mistake?你们中哪一个犯的错误最多？作主语、表语等：The most this room will seat is l5 0.这个房间最多能容纳150个人。This is the most I can do.这就是我最多能做的。表示大多数，大部分，多作主语、宾语等。most of+代词/most of+限 定 词(the,my,these,your,his 等)
18、+名词Of course most of them dont agree with his opinion.当然了，他们中的大多数人不同意这一观点。Most of his writing is rubbish.他所写的大部分东西都是垃圾。Most of the audience consisted of students.大多数观众都是学生。7.In spite of national differences,certain funny situations have a universal appeal.文尽管民族不同，有些滑稽情节却能产生普遍的效果。national differences
19、民族的不同，民族差异time differences 时差 temperature differences 温差 cultural shock 文化差异6.No matter where you live,you would find it difficult not to laugh at,say,Charlie Chaplins early films.比如说，不管你生活在哪里，你看了查理桌别林的早期电影很难不发笑。结构分析：No matter where引导让步状语从句,it为形式宾语,difficult为宾补，不定式短语not to laugh at Charlie Chaplinzs
20、 early films作真正的宾语，say是插入语作独立成分。say假定，比如说，例如(常用在插人语中)Can you come to dinner?Say,7：3 0?你来吃晚饭，好吗？那么，7 点半，行吗？8.However,a new type of humor,which stems largely from the U.S.,has recently come into fashion.然而近来一种新式幽默流行了起来，这种幽默主要来自美国。结构分析:复合句，which引导非限制性定语从句。stem from由 引起(产生)，起源于Her interest in flowers st
21、ems from her childhood in the country.她对于花的兴趣源于她在乡下度过的孩提时代。9.From the moment he arrived there,he kept on pestering his doctor to tell him when he would be able to go home.从他进医院那一刻起，他就缠住医生，让医生告诉他什么时候能回家。结构分析：复合句。定语从句he arrived there修 饰 moment,省略关系副词when；主句中，动名词短语及所带宾语从句 pestering his doctor to tell h
22、im when he would be able to go home 作谓语 kept on 的宾语。That was the day(when/that)he wrote the article.那是他写这篇文章的那一天。She didnt tell me the reason(why/that)she was so s a d.她没有告诉我她那么优伤的原因。Well find some good place(where/that)we II have a picnic.我们将找个好地方野餐。keep on doing s t h.老是(不断)做某事(很多情况下同于keep doing s
23、th.)He kept(on)smoking all the w h ile.他一刻不停地抽着烟。Don t you keep on asking me questions like th a t.不要老是问我那样的问题。10.The man took heart and,sure enough,on New Years Eve he was able to hobble along to a party.那人听后振作了精神,果然，除夕时他可以一痛一拐地去参加晚会了结构分析：A n d 连接的并列句。Sure enough为插人语作独立成分。take heart：be encouraged,b
24、e confident,cheer up 得到鼓舞，恢复勇气，振作起来The man who had long been in poverty took heart when the shop owner decided to hire him.当店主决定雇佣为K个生，舌长期贫困的人时，那个人感到大为振奋。lose heart灰心，泄气He did not lose heart though he failed the third tim e.虽然他是第三次失败了，可他并没有灰心。lose one s heart to 爱上，喜欢上She lost her heart to the soldi
25、er with the broad shoulders and the deep voice.她爱上了那个有着宽阔的肩膀，浑厚声音的战士。11.To compensate for his unpleasant experiences in hospital,the man drank a little more than was good for him.为了补偿住院这一段不愉快的经历，那人喝得稍许多了一点。结构分析一复合句，关系代词than引导定语从句than was good for himo To in hospital作目的状语。than作关系代词引导定语从句：在从句中一般作主语。前面
26、的主句需有形容词或副词比较级形式。后面的定语从句可看作省略了先行词和相应的关系代词。Don t drink more wine than is good for health.不要喝酒酒喝到影响健康的程度。=dont drink more wine than the wine that is good for health.=dont drink more wine than what is good for health.=dont drink more wine than that which is good for health.Don t give him more money than is needed,since money will burn a hole in his pocket.不要多给他钱，他需要多少就给多少，因为他有钱就花。=dont give him more money than money that is needed.=dont give him more money than what is needed.