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1、阅读技巧及应试策略第一节常用阅读技巧及运用范例阅读理解是一个复杂的感知和理解语言的过程，但这并不意味着其无章可循。心理学、心理语言学、认知科学等学科的研究结果表明，理解的过程实际上就是我们将新信息与大脑中已有的认知结构相互匹配、相互作用的过程(被称为“解码”)。阅读者将新信息与已知信息建立联系，进行判断、猜测、思考，最终达到理解的目的。阅读者对相关的知识和经验掌握得越多，理解起来就会变得越轻松。因此，阅读的过程实际上是一个形式上由细节到把握总体思想，内容上由总体思想指导理解细节的双向并行的处理过程，两者缺一不可。与之相对应的阅读常用技巧与步骤即可分为浏览试题、略读(skimming)、扫读(s
2、canning)以及回查等几种，下面分别加以介绍。一、浏览试题以明确目标在进行阅读之前，首先浏览短文后面的试题。在看完Section A 选择题的题干和四个选项以及Section B 简答题的题干后，分析掌握每个试题考查的内容和题型(推理题、细节题、主旨题等)，以便带着问题有目标地阅读短文，根据相应的解题技巧从中寻找正确答案，例如下面这道真题：8 5.W h a t i s t h e m a i n i d e a o f t h e p a s s a g e?A.Public speaking in international forums.B.Public speaking in da
3、ily lifecontext.C.The many uses of public speaking.D.The rules of public speaking.通过浏览此题，可以明显看出此题属于主旨题，需要考生重点关注短文的前几段中对主题的描述与说明，从而把握作者通篇所表达的观点和所持的态度。The arl of public speaking began ia ancient Greece over 2,000 years ago.Now,twitter,instant messaging,e一mail,blogs and chat forums offer rival approach
4、es tocommunication-but cone c】c riplace the nolc nf a great speech.The spoken word ern handle various vital functions:persuading or inspiring,informing,paying tribute,entertaining,or simply introducing someone or somethingor accepting something.Over the past year,the human voice has helped guide U S
5、 over the ups and downsof what was certainly a stormy time.Persuasion is used in dealing with or reconciling different points of view.Whenthe leaders met in Copenhagen in December 2009,persuasive words from activistsencouraged them to commit themselves to firmer action.Inspirational speeches confron
6、t the emotions.They focus on topics and mattersthat are close to people s hearts.During wars,generals used inspiring speeches toprepare the troops for battle.A speech that conveys knowledge and enhances understanding can inform us.Theinformation must be clear,accurate,and expressed in a meaningful a
7、nd interestingway.When the Hl N1 pandemic（流行病）was announced,the idea of“swine flu”（猪流感）scared many people.Informative speeches from World Health Organizationofficials helped people to keep their panic under control so they could take sensibleprecautions.Sad events are never easy to deal with but a s
8、peech that pays tribute to the lossof a loved one and gives praise for their contribution can be comforting.M adonnays speech about M ichael Jackson,after his death,highlighted the fact that he willcontinue to live on through his music.It s not only in world forums where public speaking plays an imp
9、ortant role.Itcan also be surprisingly helpful in the course of our own lives.If youre taking part in a debate you need to persuade the listeners of thesoundness of your argument.In sports,athletes know the importance of a pep talk（鼓舞士气的讲话）before a match to inspire teammates.You yourself may be aske
10、d to doa presentation at college or work to inform the others about an area of vitalimportance.On a more personal level,a friend may be upset and need comforting.Or you mightbe asked to introduce a speaker at a family event or to speak at a wedding,where yourlanguage will be needed to move people or
11、 make them laugh.Great speaking ability is not something we re born with.E ven Barack Obama workshard to perfect every speech.F or a brilliant speech,there are rules that you canput to good use.To learn those roles you have to practice and learn from someoutstanding speeches in the past.解题点拨：在第一、二段提
12、出本文主旨后，作者就逐一介绍public speaking的重要作用：Persuasionis used in dealing with or reconciling different points of view；Inspirational speechesconfront the emotions；A speech that conveys knowledge and enhances understanding caninform us；Sad events are never easy to deal with but a speech*；It can also besurprisi
13、ngly helpful in the course of our own lives.由此可知,C 能够概括全文主旨，故为正确答案。二、通 过 略 读(skimming)全文以掌握主旨略读(skimming)又 称“跳读”(reading and skipping)或“浏览(glancing),是一种专门的、非常实用的快速阅读方法，其主要特征是有选择性地阅读，其目的有二：一是以尽可能快的速度获取文章主旨大意或中心思想；二是辨识文体，掌握结构(如果是记叙文，就要了解故事发生的时间、地点、背景和人物活动等主要线索；如果是论述文，就要弄清文章的中心论点及论述内容)。换句话说，略读要求读者有选择性地
14、进行阅读，跳过某些细节，以抓住文章的大意，从而加快阅读速度。其具体做法如下：(1)利用印刷细节，如文章的标题、副标题、小标题、斜体词、黑体词、标点符号等，对文章进行预测，从而了解作者的思路、行文模式，以便把握住主旨、有关的细节及其相互间的关系。(2)重点关注文章开头，力求抓住文章大意、文章背景、作者的写作风格、口吻或语气等。(3)阅读段落的主题句和结论句。抓住主题句，略去细节不读，以求提高速度二段落过长时可适当阅读其中某一到两行，以强化理解。(4)注意转折词和序列词等起衔接作用的标志词。下面以一篇英语阅读短文为例来说明略读的妙用：以下文章只需阅读画线的部分即可，其余细节可略去不读。There
15、are superstitions attached to numbers;even those ancient Greeks believedthat all numbers and their multiples had some mystical significance.Those numbers between 1 and 13 were in particular to have a powerful influenceover the affairs of men.F or example,it is commonly said that luck,wood or bad,com
16、es in three:if anaccident happens,two more of the same kind may be expect soon afterwards.The arrivalof a letter will be followed by two others within a certain period.Another belief involving the number three has it that it is unlucky to light threecigarettes from the one match.If this happens,the
17、bad luck that goes with the deedfalls upon the person whose cigarette was the last to be lit.The ill-omen linked tothe lighting of three things from one match or candle goes back to at least the 17century and probably earlier.It was believed that three candles alight at the sametime would be sure to
18、 bring bad luck;one,two,or four,were permissible,but neverjust three.Seven was another significant number,usually regarded as a brineer of good luck.The ancient astrologers believed that the universe was governed by seven plants;s t u d e n t s o f S h a k e s p e a r e w i l l r e c a l l t h a t t
19、 h e l i f e o f m a n w a s d i v i d e d i n t o s e v e n a g e s.S e v e n h o r s e s h o e s n a i l e d t o a h o r s e w i l l p r o t e c t i t f r o m a l l e v i l.N i n e i s u s u a l l y t h o u g h t o f a s a l u c k y n u m b e r b e c a u s e i t i s t h e p r o d u c t o f t h r e
20、 et i m e s t h r e e.I t w a s m u c h u s e d b y t h e A n g l o-S a x o n s i n t h e i r c h a r m s f o r h e a l i n g.A n o t h e r b e l i e f w a s t h a t g r e a t c h a n g e s o c c u r r e d e v e r y 7l i,a n d 9C 1 o f a m a n s l i f e.C o n s e q u e n t l y,t h e a g e o f 6 3 (t
21、 h e p r o d u c t o f n i n e a n d s e v e n)w a s t h o u g h t t o b e a v e r yp e r i l o u s t i m e f o r h i m.I f h e s u r v i v e d h i s 6 3r d ye a r h e m i g h t h o p e t o l i v e t o a r i p eo l d a g e.T h i r t e e n,a s w e w e l l k n o w,i s r e g a r d e d w i t h g r e a t
22、 a w e a n d f e a r.T h e c o m m o n b e l i e f i s t h a t t h i s d e r i v e s f r o m t h e f a c t t h a t t h e r e w e r e 1 3 p e o p l ea t C h r i s t s L a s t S u p p e r.T h i s b e i n g t h e e v e o f h i s b e t r a ya l,i t i s n o t d i f f i c u l t t ou n d e r s t a n d t h
23、e s i g n i f i c a n c e g i v e n t o t h e n u m b e r b y t h e e a r l y C h r i s t i a n s.I n m o d e r n t i m e s 1 3 i s a n e s p e c i a l l y u n l u c k y n u m b e r o f a d i n n e r p a r t y,f o r e x a m p l e.H o t e l s w i l l a v o i d n u m b e r i n g a f l o o r t h e 1 3t
24、 h;t h e p r o g r e s s i o n i s f r o m 1 2 t o 1 4,an dn o ro o m i s gi v en t he n u m ber 1 3.M an y ho m e o w n ers w i l l u s e 1 21/2 i n s t ead o f 1 3 as t hei rho u s e n u m ber.Y et o ddl y en o u gh,t o be bo rn o n t he 1 3 o f t he m o n t h i s n o t regarded w i t h an yfear a
25、t al l,w hi ch j u s t s ho w s ho w i rrat i o n al w e are i n o u r s u pers t i t i o u s bel i efs.解题点拨：通过略读各段的主题句可知，本文主要讲诉数字与迷信。全文为“总-分-总 结构，第一段指出中心议题“数字被赋予了迷信的含义”，下文各段举例说明一些数字的迷信含义，最后一段表明作者的态度。文章后的题目为：1.A cco rdi n g t o t he pas s age,w hi ch o f t he fo l l o w i n g gro u ps o f n u m bers
26、 w i l l cert ai n l ybri n g go o d l u ck t o peo pl e?A.3 an d 7 B.3 an d 9 C.7 an d 9 D.3 an d 1 3解析：选析 通过略读第五、六段的开头句S ev en w as an o t her s i gn i fi can t n u m ber,u s u al l yregarded as a bri n ger o f go o d l u ck.和 N i n e i s u s u al l y t ho u ght o f as a l u ck y n u m ber.便可得出正确答
27、案为C。2.T he i l l l u ck as s o ci at ed w i t h 1 3 i s s u ppo s ed t o hav e i t s o ri gi n i n .A.l egen d B.rel i gi o n C.po pu l ar bel i ef D.cert ai n cu s t o m s解析：选 B o 通过略读第八段的 T hi rt een,as w e w el l k n o w,i s regarded w i t h great aw e an dfear.和第九段的 T he co m m o n bel i ef i s
28、t hat t hi s deri v es fro m t he fact t hat t here w ere1 3 peo pl e at C hri s t s L as t S u pper.便可得知 B 为正确答案。3.W hat i s t he au t ho rs at t i t u de t o w ards p e o p l e s s u pers t i t i o u s bel i efs?A.H e i s m i l dl y cri t i cal.B.H e i s s t ro n gl y cri t i cal.C.H e i s i n fav
29、 o r o f t hem.D.H i s at t i t u de i s n o t cl ear.解析：选 A。略读全文最后一段 Y et o ddl y en o u gh,t o be bo rn o n t he 1 3t h o f t he m o n t h i sn o t regarded w i t h an y fear at al l,w hi ch j u s t s ho w s ho w i rrat i o n al w e are i n o u rs u pers t i t i o u s bel i efs.即可知，作者的态度为A。三、通过扫读(
30、scanning)定位以获取特定、关键信息扫 读(s can n i n g)又称“寻读”或“查读”，同略读一样是一种快速阅读技巧。它是一种从大量的资料中迅速查找某一个具体事实或某一个特定信息，如人物、事件、地点、数字等，而对其他不相关内容略去不读的快速阅读方法。运用这种方法，读者就能在最短的时间内略过尽可能多的阅读材料，找到所需要的信息。这种方法一般可应用于事实3细节题的查找中。作为一种快速寻找信息的阅读技巧，扫读既要求速度，又要求准确。具体地说，扫读带有明确的目的性，有针对性地选择问题的答案。因此，可以把整段的文字直接映入大脑中，不必逐字逐句过目。视线在阅读材料上掠过时，一旦发现相关的内容
31、，就要稍作停留，将它记住或摘录下来，从而既保证扫读的速度，又做到准确无误。扫读与略读不同。略读时，读者事先对材料一无所知；而扫读则是读者在略读之后，根据已知的文章大意与结构，按照题目要求确定所需特定、关键信息的位置，从而找到正确答案。例如，英语专业四级考试中曾出现过这样一道题：According to the passage,spring cleaning is a difficult notion for modernfamilies to grasp”means that spring cleaning.A.i s n o l o n g e r an e as y p r ac t i
32、c e t o u n d e r s t an dB.i s n o l o n g e r p ar t o f m o d e r n f am i l y l i f eC.r e q u i r e s m o r e f am i l y m e m be r s t o be i n v o l v e dD.c al l s f o r m o r e c o m p l i c at e d s k i l l s an d k n o w l e d g e原文如下：I k n o w w h e n I k n o w w h e n t h e s n o w m e
33、l t s an d t h e f i r s t r o bi n s (知更鸟)c o m e t o c al l,w h e n t h e l au g h t e r o f c h i l d r e n r e t u r n s t o t h e p ar k s an d p l ay g r o u n d s,s o m e t h i n g w o n d e r f u li s abo u t t o h ap p e n.Sp r i n g c l e an i n g.I 1 1 ad m i t s p r i n g c l e an i n g
34、i s a d i f f i c u l t n o t i o n f o r m o d e r n f am i l i e s t o g r as p.To d ay s bu s y f am i l i e s h ar d l y h av e t i m e t o l o ad t h e d i s h w as h e r,m u c h l e s s c l e an t h ed o o r m at.As k i n g t h e f am i l y t o s p e n d t h e w e e k e n d c o l l e c t i n g
35、 w i n t e r d o g p i l e s f r o m t h em e l t i n g s n o w i n t h e bac k y ar d i s l i k e an n o u n c i n g t h e r e w i l l be n o m o r e W i-Fi.Iti n t e r r u p t s t h e n at u r al o r d e r.uHo n e y,w h at s ay w e s p e n d t h e w e e k e n d be at i n g t h e r u g s,s o r t i
36、n g t h r o u g h t h e bo x e sin the basement and painting our bedroom a nice lemony yellow?”I say.“Can we at least wait until the NBA matches are over?”my husband answers.But I tell my family,spring cleaning can,t wait.The temperature has risen justenough to melt snow but not enough for Little Le
37、ague practice to start.Some flowersare peeking out of the thawing ground,but there is no lawn to seed,nor garden totend.Newly wakened from our winter?s hibernation（冬眠），yet still needing extrablankets at night,we open our windows to the first fresh air floating on the breezeand all of the natural wor
38、ld demanding“Awake and be clean!”Biologists offer a theory about this primal impulse to clean out every drawerand closet in the house at spring s first light,which has to do with melatonin,thesleepytime hormone（激素）our bodies produce when it s dark.When spring s lightcomes,the melatonin diminishes,an
39、d suddenly we are awakened to the dusty,virus-filled house we ve been hibernating in for four months.I tell my family about the science and psychology of a good healthy cleaning atspring,s arrival.I speak to them about life,s greatest rewards waiting in the removalof soap scum fromthe bathtub,which
40、hasn t been properly cleaned since the first snowfall.T 11 do it,says the eldest child,a 21-year-old college student who livesat home.“You will?Wow!”I exclaim.M aybe after all these years,he s finally grasped the concept.M aybe he sexpressing his rightful position as eldest child and role model.Or m
41、aybe he s goingto F lorida for a break in a couple of weeks and he s being nice to me who is thefinancial-aid officer.No matter.Seeing my adult son willingly cleaning that dirty bathtub gives me hopefor the future of his 12-year-old brother who,instead of working,is found to besleeping in the seat o
42、f the window he is supposed to be cleaning.aAwake and be clean!”I say.解题点拨：在通读全文的基础上，考生通过扫读可知，本文主要谈论现代家庭对待春季大扫除的态度以及作者自己家一次大扫除的过程。扫读后可将题干中的“spring cleaning is adifficult notion for modern families to grasp”定位到文章第三段第一句，然后再细读后面的句子 Today s busy families hardly have time to load the dishwasher,much less
43、clean the doormat.Asking the family to spend the weekend collecting winter dog pilesfrom the melting snow in the backyard is like announcing there will be no more Wi-F i.可以看出，这里是说人们不理解为什么要进行春季大扫除，故 A 为正确答案。四、回查难点以确保无误“回查”是指考生在时间允许的情况下，对于把握不大或较难的试题（如概括归纳题、作者意图题等），将所给出的选项与原文中对应的部分进行仔细比较、反复推敲，从而得出结论。考生
44、要尽量避免主观臆断，要在文中有关段落找到支撑的论据，以确保答案准确无误。五、克服不良阅读习惯除了上文提到的阅读技巧外，绝大多数考生在阅读速度方面还必须努力克服以下不良阅读习惯，从而达到加快阅读速度、提高理解效率的最终目的。1.“指读”。用手指或笔尖指着文章逐词阅读以期“集中注意力”。一旦遇到生词便停顿下来，便无法在通篇理解的基础上继续进行阅读理解。2.“唇读”。出声地阅读，或即使不出声嘴唇也在动，大脑中仍在“读”，无形中降低大脑的思考速度。3.“回读”。在阅读中遇到生词或不熟悉的短语时，返回句首甚至段首重读。4.“译读”。在阅读过程中，进行逐词逐句的翻译，通过译成母语来辅助理解。六、样题示例下
45、面以最新考纲样题中的两篇阅读样题为例，进一步说明上述阅读方法。先来看下最新考纲样题中的第二篇阅读文章：Section A:Passage TwoI was a second-year medical student at the university,and was on my second dayof rounds at a nearby hospital.M y university?s philosophy was to get students seeingpatients early in their education.Nice idea,but it overlooked one
46、 detai 1:second-yearstudents know next to nothing about medicine.Assigned to my team that day was an attending-a senior faculty member who wasthere mostly to make patients feel they weren t in the hands of amateurs.M anyattendings were researchers who didn,t have much recent hospital experience.M in
47、ewas actually an arthritis specialist.Also along was a resident（the real boss,witha staggering mastery of medicine,at least to a rookie like myself）.In addition,therewere two interns（住院实习医生）.These guys were just as green as I was,but in a scarierway:they had recently graduated from the medical schoo
48、l,so they were technicallyM Ds.I began the day at 6:30am.An intern and I did a quick check of our eight patients;later,we were to present our findings to the resident and then to the attending.Ihad three patients and the intern had the other five-piece of cake.But when I arrived in the room of 71-ye
49、ar-old M r.Adams,he was sitting up inbed,sweating heavily and panting（喘气）.He,d just had a hip operation and lookedterrible.I listened to his lungs with my stethoscope,but they sounded clear.NextI checked the log of his vital signs and saw that his respiration and heart rate hadbeen climbing,but his
50、temperature was steady.It didn,t seem like heart failure,nor did it appear to be pneumonia.So I asked M r.Adams what he thought was going on.“It s really hot in here,Doc,he replied.So I attributed his condition to the stuffy room and told him the rest of theteam would return in a few hours.He smiled