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1、2023考试备考资料word 版本欢迎下载 20222022 年年吉林吉林考研英语一试题真题及答案考研英语一试题真题及答案 Section I Use of English The idea that plants have some degree of consciousness first took root in the early 2000s;the term“plant neurobiology”was _1_ around the notion that some aspects of plant behavior could be _2_ to intelligence in a
2、nimals._3_ plants lack brains,the firing of electrical signals in their stems and leaves nonetheless triggered responses that _4_ consciousness,researchers previously reported.But such an idea is untrue,according to a new opinion article.Plant biology is complex and fascinating,but it _5_ so greatly
3、 from that of animals that so-called _6_ of plants intelligence is inconclusive,the authors wrote.Beginning in 2006,some scientists have _7_ that plants possess neuron-like cells that interact with hormones and neurotransmitters,_8_“a plant nervous system,_9_ to that in animals,”said lead study auth
4、or Lincoln Taiz,“They _10_ claimed that plants have brain-like command centers at their root tips.”This _11_ makes sense if you simplify the workings of a complex brain,_12_ it to an array of electrical pulses;cells in plants also communicate through electrical signals._13_,the signaling in a plant
5、is only _14_ similar to the firing in a complex animal brain,which is more than“a mass of cells that communicate by electricity,”Taiz said.“For consciousness to evolve,a brain with a threshold _15_ of complexity and capacity is required,”he _16_.”Since plants dont have nervous systems,the _17_ that
6、they have consciousness are effectively zero.”And whats so great about consciousness,anyway?Plants cant run away from _18_,so investing energy in a body system which _19_ a threat and can feel pain would be a very _20_ evolutionary strategy,according to the article.1.A coined B discovered C collecte
7、d D issued 2.A attributed B directed C compared D confined 3.A Unless B When C Once D Though 4.A coped with B consisted of C hinted at D extended to 5.A suffers B benefits C develops D differs 6.A acceptance B evidence C cultivation D creation 2023考试备考资料word 版本欢迎下载 7.A doubted B denied C argued D re
8、quested 8.A adapting B forming C repairing D testing 9.A analogous B essential C suitable D sensitive 10.A just B ever C still D even 11.A restriction B experiment C perspective D demand 12.A attaching B reducing C returning D exposing 13.A However B Moreover C Therefore D Otherwise 14.A temporarily
9、 B literally C superficially D imaginarily 15.A list B level C label D load 16.A recalled B agreed C questioned D added 17.A chances B risks C excuses D assumptions 18.A danger B failure C warning D control 19.A represents B includes C reveals D recognizes 20.A humble B poor C practical D easy 答案解析：
10、1.A coined 2.C compared 3.D Though 4.C hinted at 5.D differs 6.B evidence 7.C argued 2023考试备考资料word 版本欢迎下载 8.B forming 9.A analogous 10.D even 11.C perspective 12.B reducing 13.A However 14.C superficially 15.B level 16.D added 17.A chances 18.A danger 19.D recognizes 20.B poor Section II Reading Co
11、mprehension Part A Directions:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1 People often complain that plastics are too durable.Water bottles,shopping bags,and other trash litter the planet,from Mount
12、 Everest to the Mariana Trench,because plastics are everywhere and dont break down easily.But some plastic materials change over time.They crack and frizzle.They“weep”out additives.They melt into sludge.All of which creates huge headaches for institutions,such as museums,trying to preserve culturall
13、y important objects.The variety of plastic objects at risk is dizzying:early radios,avant-garde sculptures,celluloid animation stills from Disney films,the first artificial heart.2023考试备考资料word 版本欢迎下载 Certain artifacts are especially vulnerable because some pioneers in plastic art didnt always know
14、how to mix ingredients properly,says Thea van Oosten,a polymer chemist who,until retiring a few years ago,worked for decades at the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands.“Its like baking a cake:If you dont have exact amounts,it goes wrong,”she says.“The object you make is already a time bomb.”
15、And sometimes,its not the artists fault.In the 1960s,the Italian artist Piero Gilardi began to create hundreds of bright,colorful foam pieces.Those pieces included small beds of roses and other items as well as a few dozen“nature carpets”large rectangles decorated with foam pumpkins,cabbages,and wat
16、ermelons.He wanted viewers to walk around on the carpetswhich meant they had to be durable.Unfortunately,the polyurethane foam he used is inherently unstable.Its especially vulnerable to light damage,and by the mid-1990s,Gilardis pumpkins,roses,and other figures were splitting and crumbling.Museums
17、locked some of them away in the dark.So van Oosten and her colleagues worked to preserve Gilardis sculptures.They infused some with stabilizing and consolidating chemicals.Van Oosten calls those chemicals“sunscreens”because their goal was to prevent further light damage and rebuild worn polymer fibe
18、rs.She is proud that several sculptures have even gone on display again,albeit sometimes beneath protective cases.Despite success stories like van Oostens,preservation of plastics will likely get harder.Old objects continue to deteriorate.Worse,biodegradable plastics,designed to disintegrate,are inc
19、reasingly common.And more is at stake here than individual objects.Joana Lia Ferreira,an assistant professor of conservation and restoration at the NOVA School of Science and Technology,notes that archaeologists first defined the great material ages of human historyStone Age,Iron Age,and so onafter
20、examining artifacts in museums.We now live in an age of plastic,she says,“and what we decide to collect today,what we decide to preserve will have a strong impact on how in the future well be seen.”21.According to Paragraph 1,museums are faced with difficulties in _.A maintaining their plastic items
21、 B obtaining durable plastic artifacts C handling outdated plastic exhibits D classifying their plastic collections 22.Van Oosten believes that certain plastic objects are _.2023考试备考资料word 版本欢迎下载 A immune to decay B improperly shaped C inherently flawed D complex in structure 23.Museums stopped exhi
22、biting some of Gilardis artworks to _.A keep them from hurting visitors B duplicate them for future display C have their ingredients analyzed D prevent them from further damage 24.The author thinks that preservation of plastics is _.A costly B unworthy C unpopular D challenging 25.In Ferreira s opin
23、ion,preservation of plastic artifacts _.A will inspire future scientific research B has profound historical significance C will help us separate the material ages D has an impact on todays cultural life Section II Reading Comprehension 答案解析：21.A maintaining their plastic items 2023考试备考资料word 版本欢迎下载
24、22.C inherently flawed 23.D prevent them from further damage 24.D challenging 25.B has profound historical significance Text 2 As the latest crop of students pen their undergraduate application form and weigh up their options,it may be worth considering just how the point,purpose and value of a degr
25、ee has changed and what Generation Z need to consider as they start the third stage of their educational journey.Millennials were told that if you did well in school,got a decent degree,you would be set up for life.But that promise has been found wanting.As degrees became universal,they became deval
26、ued.Education was no longer a secure route of social mobility.Today,28 per cent of graduates in the UK are in non-graduate roles,a percentage which is double the average among OECD countries.This is not to say that there is no point in getting a degree,but rather stress that a degree is not for ever
27、yone,that the switch from classroom to lecture hall is not an inevitable one and that other options are available.Thankfully,there are signs that this is already happening,with Generation Z seeking to learn from their millennial predecessors,even if parents and teachers tend to be still set in the d
28、egree mindset.Employers have long seen the advantages of hiring school leavers who often prove themselves to be more committed and loyal employees than graduates.Many too are seeing the advantages of scrapping a degree requirement for certain roles.For those for whom a degree is the desired route,co
29、nsider that this may well be the first of many.In this age of generalists,it pays to have specific knowledge or skills.Postgraduates now earn 40 per cent more than graduates.When more and more of us have a degree,it makes sense to have two.It is unlikely that Generation Z will be done with education
30、 at 18 or 21;they will need to be constantly up-skilling throughout their career to stay employable.It has been estimated that this generation,due to the pressures of technology,the wish for personal fulfilment and desire for diversity,will work for 17 different employers over the course of their wo
31、rking life and have five different careers.Education,and not just knowledge gained on campus,will be a core part of Generation Zs career trajectory.Older generations often talk about their degree in the present and personal tense:I am a geographer or I am a classist.Their sons or daughters would nev
32、er say such a thing;it2023考试备考资料word 版本欢迎下载 s as if they already know that their degree wont define them in the same way.26.The author suggests that Generation Z should _.A be careful in choosing a college B be diligent at each educational stage C reassess the necessity of college education D postpo
33、ne their undergraduate application 27.The percentage of UK graduates in non-graduate roles reflect _.A Millennials opinions about work B the shrinking value of a degree C public discontent with education D the desired route of social mobility 28.The author considers it a good sign that _.A Generatio
34、n Z are seeking to earn a decent degree B school leavers are willing to be skilled workers C employers are taking a realistic attitude to degrees D parents are changing their minds about education 29.It is advised in Paragraph 5 that those with one degree should _.A make an early decision on their c
35、areer B attend on the job training programs C team up with high-paid postgraduates D further their studies in a specific field 30.What can be concluded about Generation Z from the last two paragraphs?2023考试备考资料word 版本欢迎下载 A Lifelong learning will define them.B They will make qualified educators.C De
36、grees will no longer appeal them.D They will have a limited choice of jobs.答案解析：26.C reassess the necessity of college education 27.B the shrinking value of a degree 28.C employers are taking a realistic attitude to degrees 29.D further their studies in a specific field 30.A Lifelong learning will d
37、efine them.Text 3 Enlightening,challenging,stimulating,fun.These were some of the words that Nature readers used to describe their experience of art-science collaborations in a series of articles on partnerships between artists and researchers.Nearly 40%of the roughly 350 people who responded to an
38、accompanying poll said they had collaborated with artists;and almost all said they would consider doing so in future.Such an encouraging result is not surprising.Scientists are increasingly seeking out visual artists to help them communicate their work to new audiences.“Artists help scientists reach
39、 a broader audience and make emotional connections that enhance learning.”One respondent said.One example of how artists and scientists have together rocked the senses came last month when the Sydney Symphony Orchestra performed a reworked version of Antonio Vivaldis The Four Seasons.They reimagined
40、 the 300-year-old score by injecting the latest climate prediction data for each seasonprovided by Monash Universitys Climate Change Communication Research Hub.The performance was a creative call to action ahead of Novembers United Nations Climate Change Conference in Glasgow,UK.But a genuine partne
41、rship must be a two-way street.Fewer artists than scientists responded to the Nature poll;however,several respondents noted that artists do not simply assist scientists with their communication requirements.Nor should their work be considered only as an object of study.The alliances are most valuabl
42、e when scientists and artists have a shared stake in a project,are able to jointly design it and can critique each others work.Such an approach can both prompt new research as well as result in powerful art.2023考试备考资料word 版本欢迎下载 More than half a century ago,the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
43、opened its Center for Advanced Visual Studies(CAVS)to explore the role of technology in culture.The founders deliberately focused their projects around lighthence the“visual studies”in the name.Light was a something that both artists and scientists had an interest in,and therefore could form the bas
44、is of collaboration.As science and technology progressed,and divided into more sub-disciplines,the centre was simultaneously looking to a time when leading researchers could also be artists,writers and poets,and vice versa.Natures poll findings suggest that this trend is as strong as ever,but,to mak
45、e a collaboration work,both sides need to invest time,and embrace surprise and challenge.The reach of art-science tie-ups need to go beyond the necessary purpose of research communication,and participants must not fall into the trap of stereotyping each other.Artists and scientists alike are immerse
46、d in discovery and invention,and challenge and critique are core to both,too.31.According to Paragraph 1,art-science collaborations have _.A caught the attention of critics B received favorable responses C promoted academic publishing D sparked heated public disputes 32.The reworked version of The F
47、our Seasons is mentioned to show that _.A art can offer audiences easy access to science B science can help with the expression of emotions C public participation in science has a promising future D art is effective in facilitating scientific innovations 33.Some artists seem to worry about in the ar
48、t-science partnership _.A their role may be underestimated B their reputation may be impaired C their creativity may be inhibited D their work may be misguided 2023考试备考资料word 版本欢迎下载 34.What does the author say about CAVS?A It was headed alternately by artists and scientists.B It exemplified valuable
49、 art-science alliances.C Its projects aimed at advancing visual studies.D Its founders sought to raise the status of artists.35.In the last paragraph,the author holds that art-science collaborations _.A are likely to go beyond public expectations B will intensify interdisciplinary competition C shou
50、ld do more than communicating science D are becoming more popular than before 答案解析：31.B received favorable responses 32.A art can offer audiences easy access to science 33.A their role may be underestimated 34.B It exemplified the valuable art-science alliances.35.C should do more than communicating