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1、英语阅读指导细节理解题解题指导应试点睛题型特点细节理解题考查原文提到的特定细节或具体事实，题干针对原文具体内容本身发 问。近几年全国卷中细节理解题所占比例保持在3()%50%,常见的类型有：直接信 息理解题、间接信息理解题、概括信息理解题和数字计算题，选项特点：技法1查读定位比对细节正确选项特征干扰选项特征1 .原文原词。用原文原词作为正确选 项。2 .同义替换。常见方法有：对原 文中的关键词进行同义替换，如把 use叩换成run out of；把原文中的 一些词变换词性，如把important变 换成of importance；改变原文句子 的语态，如主动语态与被动语态的转 换。3 .信息归
2、纳。用精炼的语言概括原 文中比较分散或复杂的信息，设置为 正确选项。1 .文不对题。是原文信息，但不是与题目对应 的内容。2 .张冠李戴。细节与原文一致，但把本来做该 事的“张三”换成“李四”。3 .无中生有。符合常识，但原文未提及。4 .偷梁换柱。与原文信息极其相似，但在关键 信息处改变了修饰语或所指对象等从而改变具 体内涵。5 .力 缩范围。如原文用 almost, all, nearly, more than, normally, usually等词对信息加以限制，干 扰选项则改变了限定范围。6 .颠倒是非。与原文信息大相径庭甚至完全相 反。7 .正误参半。内容部分正确，部分错误。技法突
3、破适用于直接信息理解题。通常是对文章局部内容的考查，因此不必通篇细读 (careful reading)o从题干中提取关键词，运用略读(skimming)、查读(scanning)快速在 our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week. How is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem? Its turning to a bunch
4、 of high school kids. But not just any kids. It is depending on NASA HUNCH high school classrooms, like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in Fairport, New York.HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers. For the past t
5、wo years, Gordons students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity, and they think theyre close to a solution（解决方案）.“We dont give the students any breaks. They have to do it just like NASA engineers, “ says Florence Gold, a project manager.“There are no tests, “ Gordon says. There i
6、s no graded homework. There almost are no grades, other than Are you working towards your goal? Basically, its 4Ive got to produce this product and then, at the end of the year, present it to NASA/ Engineers come and really do an in-person review, andits not a very nice thing at times. Its a hard bu
7、siness review of your product.Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact（影响）on college admissions and practical life skills. These kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back. I dont teach.And that annoying bacteria? Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers abo
8、ut the problem, readying a workable solution to test in space.语篇类型：说明文 主题语境：人与自然宇宙探索语篇导读：本文介绍了美国一所中学与NASA合作的联合科研项目，解决国际空 间站中的细菌问题。1. What do we know about the bacteria in the International Space Station?A They are hard to get rid of.B. They lead to air pollution.C. They appear in different forms.D.
9、They damage the instruments.答案A解析推理判断题。根据第一段第二句可知，国际空间站里宇航员自身携带的微 生物会变得无法控制，宇航员们每周要花费数小时清理它们，由此可推断出，国际空 间站里的细菌很难清除，故选A项。2. What is the purpose of the HUNCH program?A. To strengthen teacher-student relationships.B. To sharpen students1 communication skills.C. To allow students to experience zero grav
10、ity.D. To link space technology with school education.答案D解析 细节理解题。根据第二段第一句可知，HUNCH计划的目的是把航天技术 与学校教育结合起来，故选D项。3. What do the NASA engineers do for the students in the program?A. Check their product.B Guide project designs.C Adj ust work schedules.D. Grade their homework.答案A解析 细节理解题。根据第三段最后两句可知，美国国家航空
11、航天局的工程师们 会亲自审查学生们制作的产品，故选A项。4. What is the best title for the text?A. NASA: The Home of AstronautsB. Space: The Final Homework FrontierC. Nature: An Outdoor ClassroomD. HUNCH: A College Admission Reform答案B解析 标题归纳题。在HUNCH计划里，学生们通过homework探索无疆的太空, 因此“太空：最后的功课疆域”最适合做文章的标题，故选B项。Passage 3 （2020 -全国卷I-A）
12、限时：5分钟Train InformationAll customers travelling on TransLink services must be in possession of a valid ticket before boarding. For ticket information, please ask at your local station or call 13 12 30.While Queensland Rail makes every effort to ensure trains run as scheduled, there can be no guarant
13、ee of connections between trains or between train services and bus services.Lost property（失物招领）Call Lost Property on 13 16 17 during business hours for items lost on Queensland Rail services.The lost property office is open Monday to Friday 7： 30am to 5： 00pm and is located（位于）at Roma Street station
14、.Public holidaysOn public holidays, generally a Sunday timetable operates. On certain major event days, i. e.Australia Day, Anzac Day, sporting and cultural days, special additional services may operate.Christmas Day services operate to a Christmas Day timetable.Before travel please visit or call Tr
15、ansLink on 13 12 30 anytime.Customers using mobility devicesMany stations have wheelchair access from the car park or entrance to the station platforms.For assistance, please Queensland Rail on 13 16 17.Guardian trains （outbound）DepartOriginDestinationArrive6： 42pmAltandiVarsity Lakes7： 37pm7： 29pmC
16、entralVarsity Lakes8： 52pm8： 57pmFortitude ValleyVarsity Lakes9： 52pm11： 02pmRoma StreetVarsity Lakes12： 22am语篇类型：应用文 主题语境：人与社会社会服务语篇导读：本文主要介绍了一些火车信息，包括失物招领、公共假期安排以及列 车出发时间等信息。1. What would you do to get ticket information?A. Call 13 16 17.B. Visit .C. Ask at the local station.D. Check the train sch
17、edule.答案C解析细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句可知，查询车票信息，请向您当地的车 站询问或拨打13 12 30,故选C项。2. At which station can you find the lost property office?A. Altandi.B. Roma Street.C. Varsity Lakes.D. Fortitude Valley.答案B解析 细节理解题。根据Lost property部分第二段可知，你可以在Roma Street 找到失物招领办公室，故选B项。3. Which train would you take if you go from Cent
18、ral to Varsity Lakes?A. 6： 42pm.B. 7： 29pm.C. 8： 57pm.D. 11： 02pm.答案B解析 细节理解题。根据Guardian trains部分可知，从起始地Central出发，开 往目的地Varsity Lakes的火车是下午7： 29开车，故选B项。原文中定位与关键词相关的段落、语句，精读(detailed reading淀点信息，比对选项与 原文，有区别时仔细推敲，最后确定既符合题干又忠实原文的选项。技法2转换语义归纳信息适用于间接信息理解题。命题人命制细节理解题时,常将正确选项在原文基础上进行“改造”，例如使用与文中词语同义或近义的词语
19、来表达。技法3整合信息客观概括有一类细节理解题命题的隐蔽性更强，命题人用精炼的语言归纳、概括原文中比 较分散或复杂的信息、，考生做题时很难在原文中找到直接对应题干的信息点。考生首先应依据题干指向，在文中找到相应的信息区间，整合此部分信息，然后 比对选项，挑选出和自己所归纳、概括的信息最接近、也最忠实于原文内容的选项作 为正确答案。题型1事实细节题:解题策略此类试题在原文中可直接找到答案，常用who, what, when, where, why和how等 提问。有时需要将题目中的信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，如同义词、近义 词或反义词转换。常见设问方式有： What is a major
20、 cause of？ Who is the director of？ What can we say about the birth of？ Which of the following best describes, ,? According to the passage, when (where, why, how, etc.)*真题典例1 (202()山东卷A)POETRY CHALLENGEWrite a poem about how courage, determination, and strength have helped you face challenges in your
21、 life.Prizes3 Grand Prizes：Trip to Washington, D. C. for each of three winners, a parent and one other person of the winners choice. Trip includes round-trip air tickets, hotel stay for two nights, and tours of the National Air and Space Museum and the office of National Geographic World.6 First Pri
22、zes: The book Sky Pioneer: A Photobiography of Amelia Earhart signed by author Corinne Szabo and pilot Linda Finch.50 Honorable Mentions：Judges will choose up to 50 honorable mention winners, who will each receive a T-shirt in memory of Earharts final flight.RulesFollow all rules carefully to preven
23、t disqualification. Write a poem using 100 words or fewer. Your poem can be any format, any number of lines. Write by hand or type on a single sheet of paper. You may use both the front and back of the paper. On the same sheet of paper, write or type your name, address, telephone number, and birth d
24、ate. Mail your entry to us by October 31 this year.1. How many people can each grand prize winner take on the free trip?A. Two.B. Three.C. Four.D. Six.2. What will each of the honorable mention winners get?A. A plane ticket.B. A book by Corinne Szabo.C. A special T-shirt.D. A photo of Amelia Earhart
25、.3. Which of the following will result in disqualification?A. Typing your poem out.B. Writing a poem of 120 words.C. Using both sides of the paper.D. Mailing your entry on October 30.快速答题1. A 细节理解题。根据Prizes部分第一段第一句可知，每位获奖者都可以带 一名家长和另一名由获奖者选择的人员，一共可以带两个人，故选A项。2. C 细节理解题。根据Prizes部分第三段可知，每位优秀奖获奖者都将获得 一
26、件纪念Earhart最后一次飞行的T恤，故选C项。3. B 细节理解题。根据Rules部分前两段可知，所写的诗字数不能超过100字， B项（写一首120字的诗）是会被取消资格的，故选B项。微总结读懂题干，精准定位，锁定信息区，确定正确选项。真题典例2 （2019,6月浙江卷C节选） Since the 1930s, McIntyre said, the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures, which cause trees to lose more water t
27、o the air, and earlier snowmelt, which reduces the water supply available to trees during the dry season.29. What is a major cause of the water shortage according to McIntyre?A. Inadequate snowmelt.B. A longer dry season.C A warmer climate.D. Dampness of the air.快速答题根据题干McIntyre,定位第六段。比对选项与原文关键信息语块t
28、he biggest factors，-rising temperatures,古攵选 C 项。微总结定位与题干相关的语句或语块，确定选项。如文章中rising temperatures 与C项中的a warmer climate语义相近。真题典例3 （2019全国卷III,B节选）Earlier this year, the China Through A Looking Glass exhibition in New York exhibited 140 pieces of China-inspired fashionable clothing alongside Chinese work
29、s of art, with the aim of exploring the influence of Chinese aesthetics（美学）on Western fashion and how China has fueled the fashionable imagination for centuries. The exhibition had record attendance, showing that there is huge interest in Chinese influences.24. What can we learn about the exhibition
30、 in New York?A. It promoted the sales of artworks.B. It attracted a large number of visitors.C. It showed ancient Chinese clothes.D. It aimed to introduce Chinese models.快速答题根据题干，定位第三段。根据第三段最后一句可知，那次纽约时装展 吸引的人数破了纪录，故选B项。微总结间接信息理解题，需要将与题干相关的信息区进行整合、归纳。如原文 中record attendance破记录的人数，意指吸引了很多人是解题关键。题型2数字计
31、算题r:题型特点此类试题旨在考查考生对文章隐含的数字信息进行换算的能力，往往涉及费用、 时间、距离、人数的计算。r :技法突破1 .查读原文，标记数字2 .加减乘除，合理换算知识港接“特殊数字信息”应注意1 .特殊数字:once一次；single 单一的；decade 十年；fortnight 两周,fortnightly两星期一次的，双周刊；double两倍；pair双，对；couple两个；dozen十二，一打； score二十；quarter四分之一，一刻钟，25分钱，three quarters四分之三。2 .特殊词汇：off削价，减价;discount折扣。真题典例1 （2019全国
32、卷IA节选） Stewardship Youth Ranger ProgramYou could apply to be a Stewardship Youth Ranger and work on local natural resource management projects for eight weeks this summer.Who is eligible: Students aged 16 or 17 at time of hire, but not turning 18 before December 31 this yea匚 22 . What is the age ran
33、ge required by Stewardship Youth Ranger Program?A. 15 18.B. 15-24.C. 15 29.D. 16 17.快速答题根据本段 Who is eligible: Students aged 16 or 17 at time of hire 可知,16 岁到17岁的学生符合条件，故选D项。微总结直观数字计算题，在原文找出信息数字即可。真题典例2 （2018江苏卷A节选） Admission$25.00 recommended for adults, $12.00 recommended for students, includes the
34、 Main Building and The Cloisters （回廊）on the same day； free for children under 12 with an adult.56 . How much may they pay if an 11 -year-old girl and her working parents visit the museum?B. $37.D. $62.A. $12.C. $50.快速答题根据本段内容可知，门票只收11岁小女孩父母，即25X2（父母） = 50（美 元），故选C项。微总结间接数字计算题，需根据题干以及信息区确定计算方式，如加减乘除运
35、 算。真题典例3 （2018.全国卷I C节选） At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has on
36、ly around 200 languages； the Americas about 1,00（）; Africa 2,400； and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number （中位数）of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the worlds languages are spoken by fewer people than that. 3
37、（）. How many languages are spoken by less than 6,000 people at present?A. About 6,800.B. About 3,40（）.C. About 2,400.D. About 1,200.快速答题根据第三段第一句和最后一句可知，人数少于6 000的人们说的语言 种类是世界语言的一半。运用除法计算法：6 800（世界语言总数）X）（一半）=3 400, 故选B项。微总结较复杂数字计算题，排除干扰数字，确定运算法则，用计算结果选定正 确选项。真题题组应用体验Passage 1 （2020全国卷|A） 限时：5分钟The L
38、ake District Attractions GuideDalemain Mansion & Historic GardensHistory, Culture & Landscape(景观).Discover and enjoy 4 centuries of history, 5 acres of celebrated and award-winning gardens with parkland walk. Owned by the Hasell family since 1679, home to the International Marmalade Festival. Gifts
39、and antiques, plant sales, museums & Mediaeval Hall Tearoom.Open: 29 Mar29 Oct, Sun to Thurs.Tearoom, Gardens & Gift Shop： 10： 30 17： 00(16： 00 in Oct).House: 11： 1516： 00(15： 00 in Oct).Town: Pooley Bridge & PenrithAbbot Hall Art Gallery & MuseumThose viewing the quality of Abbot Halfs temporary ex
40、hibitions may be forgiven for thinking they are in a city gallery. The impressive permanent collection includes Turners and Romneys and the temporary exhibition programme has Canaletto and the artists from St Ives.Open: Mon to Sat and Summer Sundays. 10： 3017： 00 Summer. 10： 3016： 00 Winter. Town: K
41、endalTullie House Museum & Art GalleryDiscover, explore and enjoy award-winning Tullie House, where historic collections, contemporary art and family fun are brought together in one impressive museum and art gallery. There are four fantastic galleries to visit from fine art to interactive fun, so th
42、eres something for everyone!Open: High Season 1 Apr31 Oct: Mon to Sat 10： 0017： 00, Sun 11 ： 0017： 00.Low Season 1 Nov31 Mar: Mon to Sat 10： 0016： 30, Sun 12： 0016： 30.Town: CarlisleDove Cottage & The Wordsworth MuseumDiscover William Wordsworths inspirational home. Take a tour of his Lakeland cotta
43、ge, walk through his hillside garden and explore the riches of the collection in the Museum. Visit the shop and relax in the cafe. Exhibitions, events and family activities throughout the year.Open: Daily, 09： 3017： 3() (last admission 17： 00).Town: Grasmere语篇类型：应用文 主题语境：人与社会历史、社会与文化语篇导读：本文是湖区景点指南，介
44、绍了几个主要的景点的特色、地点和参观时 间。1. When is the House at Dalemain Mansion & Historic Gardens open on Sundays in July?A. 09： 3017： 30.B. 10： 3016： 00.C. 11： 1516： 00.D. 12： 0016： 30.答案C解析 数字计算题。根据第一部分的House： 11： 1516：00可知，在7月周日 的参观时间是11： 1516： 00,故选C项。2. What can visitors do at Abbot Hall Art Gallery & Museum?A
45、. Enjoy Romneys works.B. Have some interactive fun.C. Attend a famous festival.D. Learn the history of a family.答案A解析 细节理解题。根据第二部分第一段第二句可知，在这个博物馆可以欣赏到 Romneys的作品，故选A项。3. Where should visitors go if they want to explore Wordsworths life?A. Penrith.B. Kendal.C. Carlisle.D. Grasmere.答案D解析 细节理解题。根据最后一部分第一句以及Town: Grasmere可知，如果想 了解Wordsworth的生活，可以去Grasmere,故选D项。Passage 2 （2019 全国卷| D） 限时：7分钟Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms（微生物）from