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1、初中英语语法知识难点整理精品）初中英语语法知识难点整理英语语法知识难点（一）（-）形容词和副词I.要点A.形容词1、形容词的用法形容词是用来修饰、描绘名词的，通常在句中作定语、表语或宾补，有时还可作状语。如：He is honest and hardworking.I found the book interesting.某些形容词与定冠词连用表示一类人作主语时，谓语通常用复数形式。如：The rich and the poor live in different parts of the cityThe English like to be with their families.多个形容词
2、作定语修饰名词的顺序：冠词+序数词+基数词+性 质 状 态（描述性）+形状大小+新旧老少+颜色+国籍+材料+名词。如：the second five interesting big new red Chinese wall papers.2、形容词比较等级的形式(1)规则形式一般说来，单音节词及少数双音节词在后加-e r;-e st来构成比较级和最高级；其他双音节词及多音节词在前加more,most.如：great-greater-greatestbusy-busier-busiestimportant-more important-(the)most important(2)不规则形式goo
3、d(well)-better-bestbad(ill)-worse-worstmany(much)-more-mostlittle-less-least(3)形容词比较等级的用法表示两者的比较，用形容词的比较级+th a n.如：He is cleverer than the other boys.This one is more beautiful than that one.表示两者以上的比较，用”the+形容词最高级(+名词)+of(in).”如:He is the cleverest boy in his class.表示两者是同等程度，用”a s+形容词原级+as”.如：He is
4、as tall as I.I have as many books as you.越 越例如：The more I learn,the happier I am.You can never be too careful.越小心越好又如：You can never praise the teacher too highly.你怎么赞扬这个老师也不过分。I have never spent a more worrying day.那一天是最令我担心的一天。I have never had a better dinner.这是我吃过的最好的一顿饭。My English is no better th
5、an yours.我的英语和你的英语都不怎么样。B.副词1、副词的种类(1)时间副词如：ago,before,already,just,now,early,late,finally,tomorrow 等(2)地点副词 如:here,there,near,around,in,out,up,down,back,away,outside 等。(3)方式副词 如：carefully,angrily,badly,calmly,loudly,quickly,politely,nervously 等。(4)程度副词 如:almost,nearly,much,greatly,a bit,a little,ha
6、rdly,so,very 等。2、副词比较等级的用法其用法与形容词相似，只是副词最高级前可省略定冠词。如：Of all the boys he sings(the)most beautifully.We must work harder.3、某些副词在用法上的区别(1)already,yet,stillalready表示某事物已经发生，主要用于肯定句；y e t表示期待某事发生，主要用于否定句和疑问句；still表示某事还在进行，主要用于肯定句和疑问句，有时也可用于否定句。如：Weve already watched that film.I havent finished my homewor
7、k yet.He still works until late every night.(2)too,as well,also,eithertoo,as w ell和also用于肯定句和疑问句,to o和as w ell多用于口语，一般放在句末，而also多用于书面语，一般放在句中与动词连用。either用于否定句和否定的疑问句，往往放在句末。如：He went there too.He didnt go there either.I like you as well.I also went there.hard,hardlyhardly意为“儿乎”与h ard在词义上完全不同。如：I wor
8、k hard every dayI can hardly remember that.(4)late,latelylately意为 最近、近来，la te意为 晚、迟。如：He never comes late.Have you been to the museum lately?I I.例题例 1 Toms father thinks he is alreadyA high enough B tall enoughC enough high C enough tall解析:该题正确答案是B。修饰人高用ta ll,而建筑物的高用high,并且enough修饰形容词要放在形容词后面。因此该题选B
9、o例 2 the worse I seem to be.A When I take more medicineB The more medicine I takeC Taking more of the medicineD More medicine taken解析：该题正确答案为B。”the+形容词比较级+，th e+形容词比较级+”意为越，越。该句意为：吃的药越多，我的病越是加重。例 3I havent been to London yet.I havent been thereA too B also C either D neither解析：该题正确答案为C。A和B都用于肯定句中。D-
10、neither本身意为否定“两者都不“，而C eith er则用于否定句中，意为”也”。例 4 Mr Smith w as moved at the news.A deep B deeply C very deep D quite deeply解析：该题正确答案为B。A.deep用于副词时，修饰具体的深，如dig deep,而B-deeply则修饰表示感情色彩的词，如该题为deeply moved.另如 deeply regret 等。而 D-quite 和 deeply 均为副词，不能互相修饰。(二)介词I.要点1、介词和种类(1)简单介词，常用的有 at,in,on,about,acros
11、s,before,beside,for,to,without 等。(2)复合介词，如 by means of,along with,because of,in front of,instead of 等。2、介词和其他词类的习惯搭配关系(1)和动词的搭配，如 agree with,ask for,belong to,break awayfrom,care about 等。(2)和形容词的搭配，afraid of,angry with,different from,good at(3)和名词的搭配，如answer to,key to,reason for,cause of,visit to 等.
12、3、介词短语可以有自己的修饰语，这种修饰语通常有right,just,badly,all,well,directly,completely 等少数几个副词。如:He came right after dinner.He lives directly opposite the school.4、某些介词的意义与用法举例(1)at,on,in(表时间)表示时间点用at,如at four oclock,at m idnight等；表示不确定的时间或短期假日也用at,如at that time,at Christm as等。指某天用 o n,如 on Monday,on the end of Nove
13、mber,指某天的朝夕用 on,如 on Friday morning,on the afternoon of September1st 等。指长于或短于一天的时段用in,如in the afternoon,in February,in Summer,in 1999 等。(2)between,among(表位置)betw een仅用于二者之间，但说三者或三者以上中的每两个之间的相互关系时，也用betw een,如Im sitting between Tom and Alice.The village lies between three hills.among 用于三者或三者以上之间。如：He
14、 is the best among the students.(3)beside,besidesbeside意为在旁边，而besides意为除之 外 如：He sat beside me.W hat do you want besides this?(4)in the tree,on the treein the tr e e指动物或人在树上，而on the tr e e指果实、树叶长在树上(5)on the way,in the way,by the way,in this wayon the way 指在路上in the way 指挡道by the w a y指顺便问一1句in this
15、 w a y用这样的方法(6)in the corner,at the cornerin the co rn er指在拐角内at the co rn er指在拐角外(7)in the morning,on the morningin the m orning是一 般说法on the m orning特指某一 天的早晨(8)by bus,on the busby b u s是一般说法on the b u s特指乘某一辆车I I.例题例 1 Do you know any other foreign language English?A except B but C beside D beside
16、s解析：A、B两项except等于b u t,意为除了，C-beside意为”在旁边”，不符合题意。而D-besides,意为”除了之外，还有”。所以该题正确答案为D。该题意为：除了英语外，你还知道别的语言吗？例 2 He suddenly returned a rainy night.A on B at C in D during解 析:我 们 均 知 道,at night这一短语，但如果night前有修饰词，表具体的夜晚，则要用介词on来修饰，故该题正确答案为Ao例 3 Im looking forward your letter.A to B in C at D on解析：该题正确答案为
17、A。look forward t o 为固定搭配，意为期望、盼望”。(三)连词I.要点1、连词的种类(1)并列连词用来连接并列关系的词、短语或分句，如 and,for,or,both.and,either.or,neither.nor 等。(2)从属连词用来引导从句，如 that,if,whether,when,after,assoon as 等。除了从属连词(引导状语从句)外，还有其它可以用来引导从句的词类。它们是连接代词利连接副词(引导名词性从句)，关系代词利关系副词(引导定语从句)。2、常用连词举例(l)and和，并且They drank and sang all night.(2)bo
18、th.and和，既也Both my parents and I went there.b u t但是，而Im sad,but he is happy.(4)eith er.o r或或，要么要么Either youre wrong,or I am.(5)fo r因为I asked him to stay,for I had something to tell him.(6)how ever然而，可是Af first,he didnt want to go there.Later,however,he decided tog。.(7)neither.nor 既不也不Neither my paren
19、ts nor my aunt agrees with you.(8)not only.but(also)不但而且He not only sings well,but also dances well.(9)o r或者，否则Hurry up,or youll be late.Are you a worker or a doctor?(10)s o因此，所以Its getting late,so I must go.(11)although 虽然Although it was late,they went on working.(12)as soon as 一 就Ill tell him as s
20、oon as I see him.(13)because 因为He didnt go to school,because he was ill.(14)u n less除非,如果不I wont go unless it is fine tomorrow.(15)u n til直到He didnt leave until eleven.(瞬间动词用于 not.until 结构)He stayed there until eleven.(16)w h ile当时候，而(表示对比)While I stayed there,I met a friend of mine,(while 后不可用瞬间动词)
21、My pen is red while his is blue.(17)for 因为He was ill,for he didnt com e.(结论是推断出来的)(18)since自从I have lived here since my uncle left.(19)hardly.when 一就I had hardly got to the station when the train left.(20)as far a s就 来说As far as I know,that country is very small.You may walk as far as the lake.(一直走到
22、湖那里)IL 例题例 1 John plays f o o t b a l l,if not better than,David.A as well B as well as C so well D so well as解析：该题意为：Jo h n踢足球如果不比D avid好的话，那也踢得和David 一样好。和一样好为as well a s.故该题正确答案为Bo例 2 She thought I was talking about her d a u g h t e r,in fact,Iwas talking about my daughter.A when B where C which
23、 D while解析：该处意为“然而，只有w hile有此意思，故选D。例 3 Would you like a cup of coffee shall we get down tobusiness right away?A.and B.then C.or D.otherwise解析：该处意为“或者”，正确答案为C。英语语法知识难点(二)(四)动词时态、语态I.要点1、一般现在时(1)表示经常发生的动作或现在存在的状态，常与sometimes,always,often,every d ay等时间状语连用。如：Sometimes,we go swimming after school.(2)表示
24、客观真理、科学事实等。如：The earth goes round the sun.2、现在进行时(1)表示说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作，常与now,at present等时间状语连用。如：What are you doing now?(2)和 always,continually等连用，表一种经常反复的动作，常含有某种情感。如：He is always doing good deeds.3、现在完成时主要表示动作发生在过去，对现在仍有影响，或动作一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去，常与just,already,so far,once,never等词连用。如：Have you ever bee
25、n to Beijing?4、一般将来时表示将来某一时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与tomorrow,next year等连用。如：Ill meet you at the school gate tomorrow morning.Were going to see a film next Monday.5、一般过去时表示在过去某一时间或某一阶段内发生的动作或存在的状态，常与 yesterday,last year,in 1998,a moment ago 等词连用。如:It happened many years ago.6、过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某一时期正在发生的动作。如：What
26、were you doing this time yesterday?7、过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。如：The train had already left before we arrived.8、一般过去将来时表示说话人从过去的角度来看将来发生的动作。如：He said he would come,but he didnt.9、被动语态被动语态的时态，以give为例。II.例 题例 1 I learned that her father in 1950.A had died B died C dead D is dead解析：该题正确答案为B。从句中的谓语
27、动词动作虽然发生在主句谓语动词的动作之前，但因从句中有明确的过去时间状语in1950,所以不用过去完成时态，而用一般过去时态。例 2 The five-year-old girl by her parents.A is looked B has looked forC is being looked for D has been looked解析：该题正确答案为C。在带有介词的动词短语用于被动语态句中，介词不能省，否则就变成了不及物动词短语，而不能用于被动语态的句子中。（五）动词虚拟语气I.要点表示说的话不是事实，或者是不可能发生的情况，而是一种愿望、建议或与事实相反的假设等。一般常用于正式的
28、书面语中。1、虚拟语气的构成情景条件从句的谓语动词主句的谓语动词与现在事实相反动 词 过 去 式（be要用 were）should+动词原形would与过去事实相反had+过去分词should+have+过去分词would与将来事实相反1、动词过去时2、should+动词原形3、were to+动词原形should+动词原形would注：如果条件从句谓语动词包含有w ere或had,should,could有时可将if省去，但要倒装。如：Had you(If you had)invited us,we would have come to yourparty.2、虚拟语气在各种从句的应用(1)
29、在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、惋惜、理应如此等，其谓语形式是“should(可省)+动词原形”，常用于以下三种句型中。句型-It is necessary(important,natural,strange,etc)that.句型二:It is a pity(a shame,no wonder,etc)that.句型三：It is suggested(requested,proposed,desired,etc)that.如:It is strange that he(should)have done that.It is a pity that he(should)be so careless.
30、It is requested that we(should)be so careless.(2 )在宾语从句中用于 suggest,propose,move,insist,desire,demand,request,order,com m and等动词后的宾语从句中，表间接的命令和建议。其谓语形式是(should)+动词原形”。如：I suggest that we(should)go swimming.(3 )在表语从句中，表示间接的命令，要求、请求、建议、决定等，主句中的主语通常是suggestion,proposal,request,orders,idea等。从句谓语形式是(shoul
31、d)+动词原形。如:His suggestion is that we(should)leave at once.(4 )在同位语从句中，谓语形式是”(should)+动词原形”。如:We received order that the work be done at once.(5 )在It is time th at句型中，其谓语动词形式是”动词的过去式”或should+动词原形,should不可省。如:Its time(that)we went(should go)to school.IL 例题例 1 We had hoped that h e longer.A stays B have
32、 stayed C stayed D would stay解析：该题正确答案为D。had hoped表示 本希望”，同样用法的动词还有think,expect等，后面的句子需用虚拟语气例 2 Mary wants to see you today.I would rather she tomorrow than today.A comes B came C should come D will come解析：该题正确答案为B。would rath er后面的从句需用虚拟语气，用动词过去时表示。例 3 Had she been older,she it better.A had done B m
33、ight have doneC might do D would do解析：Had she been older=If she had been o ld.故该题正确答案为B。(六)短语动词I.要点英语中有许多短语动词在意义上是一个整体，其用法有的相当于及物动词，有的相当于不及物动词，有的兼有及物动词和不及物动词的特征。英语短语动词的构成主要有以下六种：(1)动词+介词常见的有 look for,look after,send for,care about,ask for,laugh at,hear of(from),add to,lead to等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后。如：Don
34、t laugh at others.I didnt care about it.(2 )动词+副词常见的有 give up,pick up,think over,find out,hand in,point out等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词，既可放在副词前边，又可放在副词后边；宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词，则要放在副词前边。如：Youfll hand in your homework tomorrow.Please dont forget to hand it in.(3 )动词+副词+介词常见的有look down upon,go on with,break away from,add
35、 upto,catch up with等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如：All his money added up to no more than$100.After a short rest,he went on with his research work.(4 )动词+名词+介词常见的有 take care of,make use of,pay attention to,make fun of等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如：You should pay attention to your handwriting.We should make full use of
36、 our time.(5 )动词+形容词常见的有leave open,set free,cut open等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词，则宾语可放在形容词的前边，也可放在后边；宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词，则必须放在形容词前边。如：The prisoners were set free.He cut it open.(6 )动词+名词常见的有take place,make friends等。这类短语动词用作不及物动词。如：This story took place three years ago.I make friends with a lot of people.（7）辨析give aw
37、ay（让给，暴露）和give up（放弃，停止）put away（放起，收起）和put out（扑灭）turn up（出席，放大）和turn on（打开）keep out（阻止）和keep off（不让靠近）make up（编造，补上）利make out（辨认）take off（脱,起飞）和 take out（拿出）I I.例题例 1 It is wise to have some m oney for old age.A put away B kept up C given away D laid up解析:该题正确答案为A。意为“存“；keep u p意为“继续”;giveaw ay意为
38、分发;lay up贮藏例 2 Heres my card.Lets keep in.A touch B relation C connection D friendship解析：该题正确答案为A.keep in tou ch为短语动词，意为 保持联系”。例 3!Theres a train coming.A Look out B Look around C Look forward D Look on解析:该题选A.look o u t意为“小心”。（七）动词不定式I.要点1、不定式的形式。以动词w rite为例。2、不定式的句法功能（1）作主语To hear from you is nice
39、.To be a good teacher is not easy.不定式作主语时，为了保持句子的平衡，往往以i t作形式主语,而不定式置于谓语动词后。如：Its nice to hear from you.Its not easy to be a good teacher.（2）作宾语通常用于 want,hope,wish,like,need,hate,begin,start,remember,agree,learn,pretend,refuse,manage,help 等词后。如:I forgot to lock the door.Please remember to write to m
40、e.（3）作表语My job is to pick up letters.He seemed to have heard nothing.（4）作定语不定式作定语时，须放在它所修饰的名词或代词后。如：I have two letters to write.I have a lot of work to do.（5）作宾补通常用于 want,wish,ask,order,tell,know,help,advise,allow,cause,force 等词后。如：He ordered her to leave at once.He was forced to obey his order.(6 )
41、作状语He got up early to catch the first bus.He worked hard to catch up with the other students.(7 )作独立成分To tell you the truth,I told a lie.(8 )”疑问词+不定式”结构。如：I dont know how to choose them.I cannot decide where to go.(9)不定式的否定式。如：I decided not to go.(1 0)不定式的完成式。如：He seemed to have cleaned the room bef
42、ore I came in.The boy is said to have been sent to the hospital last week.(11)too.to 结构。如：He was too excited to go to sleep.He was only too glad to go.(他太高兴了，乐意去)(1 2)主动表被动。如：The book is easy to read.I have a book to read.n.例题例 1 I havent got a c h a i r.A to sit B for to sit on C to sit on D for si
43、tting解析：该题选C o不定式to sit o n在句中作定语，修饰名词chair.因为不定式和它所修饰的名词间是“动宾关系”，所以不定式必须是及物动词，故此处o n不能省略。例 2 He was ma d e.A go B gone C going D to go解析:该题选D。make sb.do s th.如果是被动形式,不定式do前的to不能省略。例 3 A new factory is very soon.A to be built B builtC to build D to building解析:该题选A。is to be b u ilt意为”将要被建”。(A)动名词I.要点
44、动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。1、动名词的形式，以w rite为例。否定式not+动名词2、动名词的用法(1 )作主语Playing football is my favorite sport.Travelling with friends at weekend is fun.作主语的动名词结构复杂且长时，可用i t作形式主语。如：It is fun travelling with friends at weekend.(2)作宾语I enjoy playing PC game.He gave up writing five years ago.(3)作表语W hat he
45、 hated most was doing nothing.Seeing is believing.动名词作表语时，句子的主语常是无生命名词或w h at引导的名词性从句。(4)作定语Theres a dining room in my school.All the people watching laughed.(5)动名词的复合结构”物主代词(或名词的所有格)+动名词。如：Toms going home late made her mother angry;Would you mind my opening the window?不过，动名词的逻辑主语在遇到以下情况时，必须用名词的普通格(
46、或人称代词的宾格)。无生命名词The girls were afraid of the door suddenly closing.Fire burns better by oxygen being at work.有生命名词，但表泛指。Have you ever heard of girls smoking?两个以上的有生命的名词并列。Do you still remember my parents and me coming to see you thatday?3.后面常接动名词的动词和短语mind,enjoy,finish,consider,practise,magine,keep,s
47、uggest,advise,allow,permit,be worth doing,be used to doing,be busy doing,cant help doing,it is no good doing,it is no use doing,look forward to doing,stick to doing,pay attention to doing,devote to doing,lead to doingI I.例题例 1 She says she doesnt feel like out with you.A going B to go C for going D
48、went解析：该题正确答案为A。feel like=w a n t,此处lik e为介诃，后面要接名词或动名词作宾语例 2 The garden n e e d s.A water B watering C to water D watered解析：该题正确答案为B。need=want=require.如果物作主语，此三者后要接动名词或to be done这一结构作宾语。例 3 Excuse m e you.A interrupting B to interruptC interrupted D to have interrupted解析：该题正确答案为A。excuse后接动名词作宾语，此句中
49、的m e为动名词的逻辑主语（常用于口语中）。（九）分词I.要点分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容和副词的句法功能。它分为现在分词利过去分词两类。现在分词和过去分词的主要差别在于现在分词有一般式和完成式，过去分词则只有一般式。现在分词表动作正在进行，表主动。过去分词及物动词表动作已经完成，表被动。过去分词不及物动词表动作已经完成，表主动。过去分词的句法功能：1、作定语I like to read the novel written by Lu Xun.The woman sitting beside the broken window was a friend of mine.2、作表语Whe
50、n I came into the room,I found the window was broken.Im interested in this book.3、作宾语补足语Tm going to have my bike repaired.When I walked home,I saw the thief caught by the police.4、作状语Seen from the top of the mountain,the city looks small.The teacher came into the classroom,followed by his students.现