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1、Passage 1Oceanography has been defined as“The application of all sciences to the study of the sea.Befbrethe nineteenth century scientists with an interest in the sea were few and far between.Certainly Newton considered some theoretical aspects of it in his writings,but he was reluctant togo to sea t
2、o further his work.For most people the sea was remote,and with the exception of early intercontinental travelers orothers who earned a living from the sea,there was little reason to ask many questions about it Jetalone to ask what lay beneath the surface.The first time that the question“what is at t
3、he bottom ofthe oceans?”had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of atelegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed.The engineers had to know the depthprofile of the route to estimate the length of cable that had to be manufactured.It was to Maury of the US Navy th
4、at the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned,in 1853,forinformation on this matter.In the 1840s,Maury had been responsible for encouraging voyagesduring which soundings were taken to investigate the depths of the North Atlantic and PacificOceans.Later,some of his findings aroused much popular interest i
5、n his book The PhysicalGeography of the Sea.The cable was laid,but not until 1866 was the connection made permanent and reliable.At theearly attempts,the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs it was found to be covered inliving growths,a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion
6、 that there was no life in thedeeper parts of the sea.Within a few years oceanography was under way.In 1872 Thomson led a scientific expedition,which lasted four years and brought home thousands of samples from the sea.Their classificationand analysis occupied scientists for years and led to a five-
7、volume report,the last volume beingpublished in 1895.1 The proposal to lay a telegraph cable from Europe to America made oceanographic studiestake on.A)an academic aspect B)a military aspectC)a business aspect D)an international aspect2、It was that asked Maury fbr help in oceanographic studies.A)the
8、 American Navy B)some early intercontinental travelersC)those who earned a living from the seaD)the company which proposed to lay an undersea cable3、The aim of the voyages Maury was responsible for in the 1840 wasA)to make some sounding experiments in the oceansB)to collect sample of sea plants and
9、animalsC)to estimate the length of cable that was neededD)to measure the depths of the two oceans4、“Defied in the 5th paragraph probably means“A)doubted B)gave proof to C)challenged D)agreed to5、This passage is mainly aboutA)the beginnings of oceanography B)the laying of the first undersea cableB)th
10、e investigation of ocean depths D)the early intercontinental communicationsPassage 1 （The original text translating）海洋学的定义是“庆用所有的科学来研究海洋”1 9 世纪以前，极少有科学家对研究海洋感兴趣，当然，牛顿在他的作品中对海洋做了一些理论方面的探讨，但他并不情愿自己去海边作进一步的研究。对大多数人来说,海洋是遥远的，除了早期穿越洲际的旅行家们以及依靠海洋维持生计的人,几乎找不出理由要提出关于海洋的问题，更不会问海洋表面下还有些什么东西。人们第一次必须回答“海洋底部是什么？
11、（1）这个问题是有商业上的后果的，当时有人提议要铺设一条从欧洲到美洲的电报缆线。工程师们必须了解路线的纵深起伏形状，才可以估计需要制造多长的电缆。（2）由于美国海军的莫里（Maury）,大西洋电报公司才在1 8 5 3 年得到了这方面的信息。1 9 世纪4 0 年代，（3）莫里负责推动进行测探工作的海上航行，以此来调查北大西洋与太平洋的深度。此后，他出了一本叫做 海洋的自然地貌的书，在这本书里他提到的一些发现激起了人们很大的兴趣。人们铺设了电缆，但直到1 8 6 6 年，才有了固定而且可靠的连接。在早期的努力中，电缆坏了，而当它被拉出来维修时，人们发现其表面覆盖着（4）活的生物。这一事实挑战了
12、当时的一种科学观点，即海洋较深层是不存在生命的。海洋学在此后几年内发展起来。1 8 7 2 年，汤 姆 森（Thomson）,带头进行了一项科学考察，历时4 年，从海洋带回了数以千计的标本。科学家们花了数年时间将它们分类并进行分析，写出了一个长达五卷的报告，其中最后一卷于1 8 9 5 年出版。1、从欧洲到美洲铺设电报缆线的提议使得海洋学研究是从 出发的A）学术角度 B）军事角度 C）商业角度 D）国际角度2、向莫里要求得到海洋学研究方面帮助的是A）美国海军 B）一些早期的穿越大洲的旅行家C）依靠海洋维持生计的人 D）提议铺设一条海底电缆的公司3、1 9 世纪4 0 年代，莫里负责的海上航行的
13、目的是要A）在海上进行测探实验 B）收集海洋动植物的标本C）估测所需电缆的长度 D）测量两个海洋的深度4、第五段的“field w 一词可能的意思是A）置疑 B）证明 C）挑战 D）同意5、这一段文章主要是关于A）海洋学的起步 B）第一条海底电缆的铺设C）对海洋深度的研究 D）早期的洲际交流Passage 2Normally a student must attend a certain number of courses in order to graduate,and each coursewhich he attends gives him a credit which he may c
14、ount towards a degree,In many Americanuniversities the total work for a degree consists of thirty-six courses each lasting for one semester.A typical course consists of three classes per week,for fifteen weeks;while attending a university astudent will probably attend four or five courses during eac
15、h semester.Normally a student.Wouldexpect to take four years attending two semesters each year.It is possible to spread the period ofwork for the degree over a longer period.It is also possible fbr a student to move between oneuniversity and another during his degree course,though this is not in fac
16、t done as a regularpractice.For very course that the follows a student is given a grade,which is recorded,and the record isavailable for the student to show to prospective employers.All this imposes a constant pressureand strain of work,but in spite of this some students still find time fbr great ac
17、tivity in studentaffairs.Elections to positions in student organizations arouse much enthusiasm.The effectivework of maintaining discipline is usually performed by students who advise the academicauthorities.Any student who is thought to have broken the rules,for example,by cheating his toappear bef
18、ore a student court.With the enormous numbers of students,the operation of the systemdoes involve a certain amount of activity.A student who has held one of these positions ofauthority is much respected and it will be of benefit to him later in his career.6、Normally a student would at least attend c
19、lasses each week.A)36 B)1 2 0 20 D)157、According to the first paragraph an American student is allowedA)to live in a different universityB)to take a particular course in a different universityC)to live a home and drive to classesD)to get two degrees from two different universities8、America universit
20、y students are usually under pressure of work becauseA)their academic performance will affect their future careersB)they are heavily involved in student affairsC)they have to observe university disciplineD)they want to run for positions of authority9、Some students are enthusiastic for positions in s
21、tudent organizations probably becauseA)they hate the constant pressure and strain of their studyB)they will then be able to stay longer in the universityC)such positions help them get better jobsD)such positions are usually well paid10 The student organizations seem to be effective inA)dealing with
22、the academic affairs of the universityB)ensuring that the students observe university regulationsC)evaluating students?performance by bringing them before a courtD)keeping up the students enthusiasm for social activitiesPassage 2通常，一名学生必须参加一定数量的课程学习才可以毕业，他上的每一门课都会得到学分，这些学分累加起来，才能拿到学位。在许多美国大学里，要拿到学位就
23、得上3 6门课，每门课要上一个学期。（6）一门典型的课程是每个星期上3节课，共 上1 5个星期；而一名大学生可能（6）每学期要学习4到5门课程。通常每个学生都应该上4年学，每年两个学期。有可能要花超过4 年的时间才能拿到学位，（7）也有可能一个学生在攻读学位时在两所不同的大学上课，然而，这实际上并不常见。学生上的每一门课都会有一个分数，分数是有记录的，（8）学生可以把他的分数记录给未来的雇主看。这些为学生施加了学习上长期的压力和负担。但尽管如此，有些学生还是能挤出时间来积极参与学生活动。竞选学生组织中的职位能够激发很大的热情。（1 0）遵守纪律的有效承诺通常是由向校方提议的学生们来执行的。任何
24、被认为违反了规定的学生，比如说，考试作弊的学生，必须在学生法庭上受审。学生数目众多，则这一体系在动作时就会涉及到为数不少的学生活动。（9）在其中担任过领导职位的学生就会很受人尊敬，对他将来的事业也很有利。6、通常一名学生每星期要上至少 节课。A）3 6 B）1 2 C）2 0 D）1 57、根据本文第一段，美国学生可以A）住在不同的大学里 B）在另一所大学上某一门特定的课程C）住在家里，开车去上课 D）从两所大学得到两个学位8、美国大学生通常都会感到学习的压力，因为A）他们在学术上的表现会影响他们未来的工作B）他们过多地参与学生活动B）他们必须遵守学校纪律 D）他们想争取领导职位9、有些学生热
25、衷于学生组织中的职位可能是因为A）他们痛恨学习上长期的压力和负担 B）这样他们要吧在学校待得长一些C）这种职位有助于他们找到较好的工作 D）这种职位通常报酬优厚1 0、学生组织似乎在_ _ _ _方面卓有成效。A）处理学校的学术活动 B）确保学生遵守校纪C）通过学生法庭的审判衡量学生们的表现D）保持学生们对社会活动的热情Passage 3Do you find getting up in the morning so difficult that it,s painful?This might be called laziness,but Dr.Kleitman has a new expla
26、nation.He has proved Ihat everyone has a daily energy cycle.During the hours when you labour through your work you may say that youre hot”.Thats true.The time of day when you feel most energetic is when your cycle of body temperature is at itspeak.For some people the peak comes during the forenoon.F
27、or others it comes in the afternoon orevening.No one has discovered why this is so,but it leads to such familiar monologues as:Getup,John!Youll be late for work againT he possible explanation to the trouble is that John is athis temperature-and-energy peak in the evening.Much family quarrelling ends
28、 when husbandsand wives realize what these energy cycles mean,and which cycle each member of the family has.You cant change your energy cycle,but you can learn to make you life fit it better.Habit can help,Dr.Kleitman believes.Maybe youre sleepy in the evening but feel you must stay up late anyway.C
29、ounteract your cycle to some extent by habitually staying up later than you want to.If yourenergy is low in the morning,but you have an important job to do early in the day,rise before yourusual hour.This wont change your cycle,but youll get up steam and work better at your lowpoint.Get off to a slo
30、w start which saves your energy.Gel up with a leisurely yawn and stretch.Sil onthe edge of the bed a minute before putting your feet on the floor.A void the troublesome searchfor clean clothes by laying them out the night before.Whenever possible,do routine work in Iheafternoon and save tasks requir
31、ing more energy or concentration for your sharper hours.ll.If a person finds getting up early a problem,most probablyA)he is a lazy person B)he refuses to follow his own energy cycleC)he is not sure when his energy is low D)he is at his peak in the afternoon or evening12.Which of the following may l
32、ead to family quarrels according to the passage?A)Unawareness of energy cycles.B)Familiar monologuesC)A change in a family members energy cycleD)Attempts to control the energy cycle of other family members13.I f one wants to work more efficiently at his how point in the morning,he shouldA)change his
33、 energy cycle B)overcome his lazinessC)get up earlier than usual D)go to bed earlier14.You are advised to rise with a yawn and stretch because it willA)help to keep your energy fbr the days workB)help you to control your temper early in the dayC)enable you to concentrate on your routine workD)keep y
34、our energy cycle under control all day15.Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?A)Getting off to work with a minimum effort helps save ones energyB)Dr.Kletman explains why people reach their peaks at different hours of day.C)Habit helps a person adapt to his own energy cycleD)Children have en
35、ergy cycles,too.Passage 3你是否发现早上起床很困难以至于是一种痛苦？这也许可以被称作懒惰，但克莱特曼博士有一种新的解释。他已证明每个人都有一个日能量周期。在你工作的时候，你可能会说你很“热 工 没 错！一天当中你觉得精力最为充沛的时候就是你的体温周期达到顶峰的时候。对一些人来说，这一顶峰会在午前到来。而对另一些人来说,则到下午或是晚上才来到。(1 5)还没有人能够提示为什么会这样，但这导致了大家都很熟悉的那种自言自语，例 如(11)“该起床了，约翰！又要上班迟到了！”对这种烦恼可能性的解释就是他的体温与能量顶峰在晚上到来。(1 2)当夫妇们了解到能量周期的意义，并得知每
36、个家庭成员的能量周期是哪一种类型的时候，很多家庭争端便结束了。你无法改变你的能量周期，但你了解到自己的周期之后可以使你的生活更加适合它。克莱特曼博士认为习惯是有帮助的。也许你很想睡觉，但觉得你无论如何都得熬夜。习惯性地延迟睡觉时间可以在一定程度上对抗你的周期。(1 3)如果你早上能量低，但在一大清早有件很重要的工作要做，就比平时早些起床。这样做不会改变你的周期，但你可以在能量低的时候鼓起干劲，更好地工作。(1 4)慢慢地开始一天的工作有助于节约能量。起床时放松地打个哈欠，伸伸懒腰，在床上坐一会儿再下地。前一天晚上把干净衣服放好，这样就不用手忙脚乱地到处乱翻.尽可能在下午做常规工作，把需要更多能
37、量与注意力的任务留到最佳状态的时候来处理。1 1、如果一个人觉得早起很难，很有可能A)他是个懒惰的家伙 B)他不愿遵循自己的能量周期C）他不清楚自己什么时候能量低D）他的高峰在下午或晚上1 2、根据本文，下面哪种情形会导致家庭争端？A）没有意识到存在能量周期 B）熟悉的自言自语C）一名家庭成员改变了他的能量周期D）企图控制其他家庭成员的能量周期1 3、如果一个人想在他的能量低点一一早晨工作得更有效率，他应该A）改变他的能量周期 B）克服他的懒惰C）比平时起得早些 D）早些睡觉1 4、建议你起床时打个哈欠，伸伸懒腰，因为这样会A）帮助你保持一天工作的能量 B）帮助你在一天的开始就控制脾气C）使你
38、专注于常规工作 D）使你全天的能量都得到控制1 5、下面哪个说法不正确？A）花最小的力气开始工作有助于节约能量B）克莱特曼博士解释了为什么人们在一天当中不同的时间达到能量顶峰C）习惯帮助人适应自己的能量周期D）孩子也有能量周期Passage 4We find that bright children are rarely held back by mixed-ability teaching.On the contrary,boththeir knowledge and experience are enriched.We feel that there are many disadvanta
39、ges instreaming pupils.It does not take into account the fact that children develop at different rates.Itcan have a bad effect on both the bright and the not-so-bright child.After all,it can be quitediscouraging to be at the bottom of the top grade!Besides,it is rather unreal to grade people just ac
40、cording to their intellectual ability.This is onlyone aspect of their total personality.We are concerned to develop the abilities of all our pupils tothe full,not just their academic ability.We also value personal qualities and social skills,and wefind that mixed-ability teaching contributes to all
41、these aspects of learning.In our classrooms,we work in various ways.The pupils often work in groups:this gives them theopportunity to learn to co-operate,to share,and to develop leadership skills.They also learn howto cope with personal problem as well as learning how to think,to make decisions,to a
42、nalyse andevaluate,and to communicate effectively.The pupils learn from each other as well as from theteacher.Sometimes the pupils work in pairs;sometimes they work on individual tasks and assignments,and they can do this at their own speed.They also have some formal class teaching when this isappro
43、priate.We encourage our pupils to use the library,and we teach them the skills they need inorder to do this efficiently.An advanced pupil can do advanced work:it does not matter what agethe child is.We expect our pupils to do their best,not their least,and we give them everyencouragement to attain t
44、his goal.16.In the passage the authors attitude towards mixed-ability teaching isA）critical B）questioning C）approving D）objective17.By“held back”（Line 1）the author means A）made to remain in the same classes B）forced to study in the lower classesC）drawn to their studies D）prevented from advancing18.T
45、he author argues that a teachers chief concern should be the development of the students_A）personal qualities and social skills B）total personalityC）learning ability and communicative skills D）intellectual ability19.Which of the following is NOT MENTIONED in the third paragraph?A)Group work gives pu
46、pils the opportunity to learn to work together with othersB)Pupils also learn to develop their reasoning abilitiesC)Group work provides pupils with the opportunity to leam to be capable organizers.D)Pupils also learn how to participate in teaching activities.20.The authors purpose in writing this pa
47、ssage is toA)argue for teaching bright and not-soObright pupils in the same classB)recommend pair work and group work for classroom activitiesC)offer advice on the proper use of the libraryD)emphasize the importance of appropriate formal classroom teachingPassage 4（16）（17）我们发现，聪明的孩子如果接受不按能力分班的教学，很少会
48、因此被拖后了。相反，他们在知识和经验方面都有长进。我们认为把学生按照能力分班有很多弊端。这种做法没有考虑到孩子们发展情形各不相同这一事实。对聪明的孩子和不太聪明的孩子都有不良影响。毕竟，在最好的那一档里做最差的学生也够令人气馁了！此外，只根据人的智力水平来对人进行分类也是颇不现实的。这仅仅是全部人品特征的一个方面罢了。（18）我们关心的是让所有的学生都能充分发展各方面的能力，而不仅仅是学术能力。我们也很看重个人品质与社交技能，而我们发现不按能力分班的教学对学习所有这些方面都很有益。在教室里，我们以不同的方式工作。（19）（A）学生们通常会以小组为单位进行学习；这样他们便有机会学习相互合作、分享
49、，以 及（19）（C）培养领导技能。他们还能学到怎样处理个人问题，以 及（19）（B）怎样思考，怎样作决定，怎样分析和评价，与怎样进行有效的交流。学生们不仅向老师学习，也可以互相学习。有时，学生们也会以结对的方式学习；还有时，他们自己完成个人的任务，他们可以按照自己的速度来做。在适当的时候，他们也要接受正规的课堂教学。我们鼓励学生们使用图书馆,所以我们要教他们所需的技巧，才能有效地利用好图书馆。一个先进的学生可以做先进的工作，而他的年龄多大并不重要。我们期望学生们可以最大限度而不是最小限度地发挥他们的能力，我们也会尽量鼓励他们达到定目标。16、在文中，作者对“不按能力分班的教学”持 态度。A）
50、批 判 的 B）怀 疑 的 C）赞 同 的 D）客观的17、第一行的“heldback”的意思是A）可以待在同样的班级里B）被迫在较差的班里学习C）吸引学习D）阻碍发展18、作者的观点是：教师主要应关心学生_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 发展A）个人品质与社交技能B）整个人品特征C）学习能力与交流能力D）智力水平19、下面哪个说法没有在第三段提到？A）以小组为单位进行学习给学生们学习相互合作的机会B）学生们也要学习培养他们的推理能力C）以小组为单位的学习让孩子们有机会学习怎么做一个有能力的组织者D）学生们还学习怎样参与到教学活动中去。20、作者写本文的用意是A）提出要让聪明的孩子与