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1、 初一英语语法大全 构成语言的三要素:语音,词汇,语法。英语也是由这三个要素组成的,缺一不可。没有语法只能传达很少的信息,因为词汇知识一个个孤立的组成部分,没有语法的词汇就如没有树干和树枝的树叶,知识一片零散的叶子。语法,顾名思义,就是语言的法则和规律。英语毕竟不是我们的母语,和汉语史完全不同的语言体系,因此这两种语言之间的差距十分巨大,在西关表达和思维方式上在很多时候都相差甚远。如,我们中国的学生在表达中经常会出现一些这样的错误:1,I very like English.(违背了英语语法规则,副词修饰动词要放在动词后面)2,I live in a large house has garde
2、n. I like play computer games.(违背英语语法规则:一个英语句子中不能出现两个谓语动词)3,iI have three pen.(违背英语语法规则:可数名词复数要变成相应的复数形式) 好多同学在使用英语时常发生忽略英语名词的单复数,不注意动词的时态变化,而且在搭配上常发生搭配错误。 语法是组织字词句段的关键。好的语法可以使英文文章写的更流畅,有亮点,思路清晰,不容易产生歧义。而且就我的感受来说,语法好从某种意义上来说也影响你的英语口语,是你的语言更具逻辑性,辩证性,所以英语语法的学习对我们整个英语知识的掌握和运用都有着现实的意义。初一英语语法大全,其中包括主要掌握几
3、种时态1,一般现在时2,一般过去时3,一般将来时4,现在进行时还有几种词1,名词2,代词3,形容词4,动词5,冠词初一英语语法一、 词类学习词类的重要性在学习英语单词时必须同时掌握单词的音、形、义、类、用。音就是读音,形就是拼法,即spelling,义就是词义,类就是词类,用就是用法、搭配习惯。单词的词性往往决定了它的用法,也就是决定了它在句子当中所起的作用。学习名词的时候,要关心它是可数名词或是不可数名词;学习动词的时候,要关心它是及物动词还是不及物动词,它是延续性动词还是短暂性动词;等等。正如上面所述。一个词常常兼有不同的词类,而辨别词类只能在句子当中进行。所以在掌握单词的时候最好结合例句
4、进行效果往往更好。根据语法功能,词可以分为十类:名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、动词、冠词、介词、连词和感叹词。1、 名词 名词指用来表示人、事物、地点、时间、事件及抽象概念等名称的词。A、名词的数我们知道名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词,而不可数名词它没有复数形式,但可数名词却有单数和复数之分,复数的构成如下:一、规则变化:1. 在后面加s。如:fathers, books, Americans, Germans, apples, bananas2. x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如:box-boxes glasse-glasses dress-dressesWatch-wat
5、ches wish- wishes fax-faxes3.1)以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es如: baby-babies family-families duty-duties comedy-comedies story-stories2) 以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如:day-days boy-boys toy-toys key-keys, way-ways body-bodys4.以o结尾加s(外来词)。如:radios, photos,但如是辅音加o的加es:如: tomato-tomatoes西红柿 potato-potatoes马铃薯 ,土豆negro-negroes黑人
6、hero-heroes英雄黑人英雄爱吃西红柿和马铃薯。The negroes heroes like potatoes and tomatoes.5. 以f或fe结尾的变f为v再加es(s)。如:knife-knives wife-wives half-halvesshelf-shelves leaf-leaves yourself-yourselves巧计以-f(e)结尾的名词复数树叶半数自己黄,妻子拿刀去割粮架后窜出一只狼,就像强盗逃命忙Leaf(树叶),half(一半)、self(自己)、wife(妻子)、knife(刀子)、shelf(架子)、wolf(狼)、thief(盗贼,强盗)、
7、life(生命)变复数时,都要变-f(e)为v,再加-es.其他的以-f(e)结尾的名词则直接加-s变复数。 二、不规则变化: 英语中有少数名词不是通过在词尾加-s或-es构成复数形式,而是由自己独特的复数构成形式。1) .含有man的名词,变a为e.man -men男人 woman-women女人 Policeman- policemen 警察 Englishman-Englishmen英国人 2) .含有oo的名词,变oo为ee.tooth-teeth牙齿 foot-feet 脚goose-geese 鹅 3) .变换词尾的复数变化child-children孩子 ox-oxen公牛 mo
8、use-mice老鼠4) .单复数相同(不变的)有:fish, sheep, deer鹿, Chinese, Japanese,means方法 ,works工厂 三、复合名词的复数变化规则: 合成的复数一般只加主要名词,多数为后一个单词。如:action movie-action movies pen pal-pen pals; 但如果是由man或woman所组成的合成词的复数则同时为复数。如:man doctor-men doctors woman teacher-women teachers四、单复数相同(不变的)有:fish, sheep, deer鹿子, Chinese, Japane
9、se五、一般只有复数,没有单数的有:people, pants, shorts, shoes, glasses, gloves, clothes, socks六、单词形式不变,既可以是单数也可以是复数的有:police警察局,警察, class班,同学, family家,家庭成员七、有的单复数意思不同。如:fish鱼 fishes鱼的种类, paper纸 papers报纸,卷子,论文, work工作 works作品,工厂, glass玻璃 glasses玻璃杯,眼镜,orange桔子水 oranges橙子, light光线 lights灯, people人 peoples民族, time时间
10、times时代, 次数, chicken 鸡肉chickens 小鸡课堂练习:请把下列名词的单数形式变为相应的复数形式:1. bag- 2.teacher- 3.bus-4. box- 5.baby- 6.factory-7. body- 8.leaf- 9.potato-10. photo- 11.Franchman- 12.tooth-13.child- 14.mouse- 15.sheep-B. 名词的格当我们要表示某人的什么东西或人时,我们就要使用所有格形式。构成如下:一)单数在后面加s。如:brothers, Mikes, teachers二)复数以s结尾的直接在s后加,如果不是以s
11、结尾的与单数一样处理。如:Teachers Day教师节, classmates; Childrens Day六一节, Womens Day三八节三)由and并列的名词所有时,如果是共同所有同一人或物时,只加最后一个s,但分别拥有时却分别按单数形式处理。如:Mike and Bens room迈克和本的房间(共住一间),Mikes and Bens rooms迈克和本的房间(各自的房间)2、 代词代词是用来代替名词或名词短语的词。使用代词可以使句子重复,使句子简洁化。 一、英语人称代词(含反身代词)表英语8个人称代词单数主格宾格形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词反身代词I 我me我my我的mine
12、我的(东西)myself我自己you你you你your你的yours你的(东西)yourself你自己he他him他his他的his他的(东西)himself他自己she她her她her她的hers她的(东西)herself她自己it它it它its它的its它的(东西)itself它自己复数we我们us我们our我们的ours我们的(东西)ourselves我们自己you你们you你们your你们的yours你们的(东西)yourselves你们自己they他们them他们their他们的theirs他们的(东西)themselves他们自己用法点击:1. 主格和宾格: I like you.
13、 You see him. They hit us. You teach them.主格 宾格 主格 宾格 主格 宾格 主格 宾格2.形容词性物主代词其后必须跟名词。1)形容词性物主代词不能单独使用,后面必接名词,表示所有.如: my pen我的钢笔 your bag你的书包 his bike他的自行车 her desk她的书桌 its name它的名字例句:Is that your bike? 那是你的自行车吗?Those are our books. 那些是我们的书。如果名词前有形容词性物主代词,就不能同时用冠词(a, an, the)或指示代词(this, that, these, th
14、ose)修饰此名词。 正This is my pencil. 误This is my a pencil. 正This is a pencil. 误 This is a my pencil.形容词性物主代词与形容词一起修饰名词时,要放在形容词之前。 如:his English books 他的英语书their Chinese friends 他们的中国朋友形容词性物主代词与名词性物主代词之间的关系为: 名词性物主代词 =相应的形容词性物主代词名词 例如:Your bedroom(=yours) is big. Mine (=My bedroom) is big, too. 你的卧室大。我的卧室也
15、大。 注意:在使用名词性物主代词时,必须有特定的语言环境,也就是要省略的名词大家已经知道,已经提起过。 例:Its hers. 是她的。 (单独使用大家不知是怎么回事,不可以这样用) There is a book. Its hers. 那有本书。是她的。(先提及,大家才明白) 特别提醒:汉语表达常有省略“的”字的习惯,如:我哥哥、你们老师。其中“我”和“你们”的实际意义分别是“我的”、“你们的”,所以英语中只能译成my brother, your teacher;而不能译成 I brother, you teacher。3.反身代词反身代词以self(单数)或selves(复数)结尾。第一、
16、二人称的反身代词由物主代词加self构成。第三人称的反身代词由代词宾格加self构成。反身代词有三种不同的用法,在这里我们先只学习其中一种用法:强调用法 反身代词在强调用法中表示强调,即用来加强某个名词或者代词的语气,可译成“亲自”、“本人”。此时,它在句中作同位语。即使去掉,也不影响句子的完整性。例如: (1)Youmustdoityourself.(你必须自己做) (2)Imyselfdidthehomeworklastnight。(昨晚是我自己做了家庭作业) 课堂练习:一 把小括号的人称代词翻译成英语1.These are _ (他们的) flowers. 2.Those books a
17、re _ (他们的). 3. Is this photo (你的)? 4.Is this (你的)photo? 5. (它的)eyes are blue。 6. (她)is my mother。 7. The eraser is for _(她)。8.Is this (她的)bag? 9. Is this bag (她的)?10.I dont like (他们). 11. (他们)are lazy pupils。12. (他们的)shoes are old。 13.The old shoes are (他们的)。14.This potato is (我的)。 15.That tomato is
18、 (你的)。16.This is (我的)potato。 17.That is (你的)tomato。18. (我们的) Classroom is big and bright。19.The big and bright classroom is (我们的)20.He will catch up with (我们)。21. She did not hit _ (她自己)22.DIY means “Do it _(你自己)”。23. We are clever, and we can do our homework by _(我们自己)。基础练习一.翻译.1.他的画 _ 2.她老师_3.它的名字
19、_ 4我的计算机_5你的猫_ 6她的书包_二.单项选择.1. This is a girl._ name is Lily.A. His B. She C. Her D. Its2. This is Wang Fang._ is twelve.A. His B. She C. Her D. Its3. I _ a girl._ name is Wang Hong.A. am; My B. is; Her C. am; Your D. is; His4.Li Lei _ a boy._ is in class 5.A. am; He B. is; She C. are; His D. is; He
20、5. -Is the cat _-friend? -Yes,_.A. your; it isnt B. he; it isC. your; it is D. her; it isnt6. This is a bird. I dont know _name.A. its B. its C. it D. its7. They can study by _.A. them B. they C. themselves D. us8. -Whats this? Its _pencil.A. my a B. a my C. my the D. my9. I think _ Mrs. Wang.A. hes
21、 B. His C. shes D. its10-Whats that? -_ is a cat.A. It B. He C. She D. You11. This new computer is , I must look after computer. A. my, mine B. mine, my C. my, my D. mine, mine12. Its seven oclock in the morning. Lets . A. go to bed B. go to school C. to go to home D. going to school13. _? Its ten.
22、A. What colour is it B. What time is it C. How old is he D. Whats five minus five 14.Is this new bag ? -No, its . A. his, his B. his, hers C. yours, my D. hers, your15. Whats the time, please? - .A. Its eight-thirty five B. Its eight-thirty-fiveC. Its eight thirty-five D. Its thirty-five past eight参
23、考答案:一1his picture 2.her teacher3.Its name 4.my computer5.your cat 6.her bag 二1-5CBADC 6-10DCDCA 11-15BBBBC 二、 指示代词:指示代词是用来指代或标记人或事物的代词表示“这个(些)”,“那个(些)” 指示代词 近指 远指 单数 复数thisthatthesethose请翻译下列句子:1. This is Lilys pen.2. That is an Enlish book.3. These gils are my friends.4. Put those books in the scho
24、olbag.5. This-my phone.6. Those flowers _ beautiful.3、 动词用来描述主语的动作、行为或状态的词叫做动词。在英语中,每一个句子都必须有一个动词来担当谓语,说明主语“是什么”或“做什么”。动词是一个句子的重心,从动词的变化可以看书该局是现在时、过去时或将来时,所以,了解动词的时态,在英语学习中十分重要。I am his sister.我的他的姐姐。You study English.你学习英语。The sun is red.太阳石红色的。上例中的am,study,is都是动词。一、 动词的基本形式:A) 第三人称单数当动词是第三人称单数时,动词
25、应该像名词的单数变动词那样加s,如下:一)一般在词后加s。如:comes, spells, waits, talks, sees, dances, trains二)在x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如:watches, washes, wishes, finishes三)1)以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es。如:study-studies, hurry-hurries, try-tries2)以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如:plays, says, stays, enjoys, buys四)以o结尾加es。如:does, goes五)特殊的有:are-is, have-has
26、B) 现在分词当我们说某人正在做什么事时,动词要使用分词形式,不能用原形,构成如下:一)一般在后加ing。如:spell-spelling, sing-singing, see-seeing, train-training, play-playing, hurry-hurrying, watch-watching, go-going, do-doing二)以不发音e的结尾的去掉e再加ing。如:dance-dancing, wake-waking, take-taking, practice-practicing, write-writing, have-having三)以重读闭音节结尾且一个
27、元音字母一个辅音字母(注意除开字母组合如show showing, draw-drawing)要双写最后的辅音字母再加ing。如:put-putting, run-running, get-getting, let-letting, begin-beginning四)以ie结尾的变ie为y再加ing。如:tie-tying系die-dying死lie-lying 位于4、形容词的级我们在对两个或以上的人或物进行对比时,则要使用比较或最高级形式。构成如下:一) 一般在词后加er或est(如果是以e结尾则直接加r或st)。如:greater-greatest, shorter shortest,
28、taller tallest, longer longest, nicer- nicest, larger -largest二)以重读闭音节结尾且1个元音字母1个辅音字母(字母组合除外,如few-fewer fewest)结尾的双写结尾的辅音再加er /est。如:big-bigger biggest, red-redder reddest, hot-hotter hottest三) 以辅音字母y结尾的变y为i加er/est。如:happy-happier happiest, sorry-sorrier sorriest, friendly-friendlier friendliest(mor
29、e friendly most friendly), busy-busier busiest, easy-easier easiest四)特殊情况:(两好多坏,一少老远)good/well - better best many/much - more most bad/ill worse worstlittle- less least old- older/elder oldest/eldest far- farther/further farthest/furthest5、数词 (基变序,有规则;一、二、三,自己背;五、八、九、十二;其它后接th;y结尾,变为i, eth跟上去。) firs
30、t, second, third; fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth; seventh, tenth, thirteenth, hundredth; twenty-twentieth, forty-fortieth, ninety-ninetieth二、句子的种类1.陈述句肯定陈述句 a) This is a book. (be动词)b) He looks very young. (连系动词)c) I want a sweat like this. (实义动词)d) I can bring some things to school. (情态动词)e) Theres
31、a computer on my desk. (There be结构)否定陈述句 a) These arent their books. b) They dont look nice.c) Kate doesnt go to No. 4 Middle School. d) Kate cant find her doll.e) There isnt a cat here. (=Theres no cat here.)2. 祈使句肯定祈使句 a) Please go and ask the man. b) Lets learn English!c) Come in, please.否定祈使句a)
32、Dont be late. b) Dont hurry.3. 疑问句1) 一般疑问句 a) Is Jim a student?b) Can I help you? c) Does she like salad?d) Do they watch TV? e) Is she reading?肯定回答: a) Yes, he is. b) b) Yes, you can.c) c) Yes, she does. d) Yes, they do. e) Yes, she is.否定回答: a) No, he isnt. b) No, you cant. c) No, she doesnt. d) No
33、, they dont. e) No, she isnt.2) 选择疑问句 Is the table big or small?回答 Its big./ Its small.3) 特殊疑问句问年龄 How old is Lucy? She is twelve.问种类What kind of movies do you like? I like action movies and comedies.问身体状况 How is your uncle? He is well/fine.问方式 How do/can you spell it? L-double O-K.How do we contact
34、 you? My e-mail address is cindyjones.问原因Why do you want to join the club?问时间 Whats the time? (=What time is it?) Its a quarter to ten a.m.What time do you usually get up, Rick? At five oclock.When do you want to go? Lets go at 7:00.问地方 Wheres my backpack? Its under the table.问颜色 What color are they
35、? They are light blue.Whats your favourite color? Its black.问人物 Whos that? Its my sister.Who is the boy in blue? My brother.Who isnt at school? Peter and Emma.Who are Lisa and Tim talking to?问东西 Whats this/that (in English)? Its a pencil case.What else can you see in the picture? I can see some broc
36、coli, strawberries and hamburgers.11问姓名 Whats your aunts name? Her name is Helen./Shes Helen.Whats your first name? My first names Ben.Whats your family name? My family names Smith.12 问哪一个 Which do you like? I like one in the box.13 问字母What letter is it? Its big D/small f.14 问价格How much are these pa
37、nts? Theyre 15 dollars.15 问电话号码 Whats your phone number? Its 576-8349.16 问谓语(动作) Whats he doing? Hes watching TV.17 问职业(身份) What do you do? Im a teacher.Whats your father? Hes a doctor.三、时态1、一般现在时表示普遍、经常性的或长期性的动作时使用一般现在时,它有:Be 动词:Shes a worker. Is she a worker? She isnt a worker.情态动词:I can play the piano. Can you play the piano? I cant play the piano.行为动词:They want to eat some tomatoes. Do they want to eat any tomatoes? They dont wan