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1、大 学 英 语 四 级 阅 读 理 解 The$11 billion self-help industry is built on theidea that you should turn negative thoughts like MI never do anything right into positive ones like I cansucceed/But was positive thinking advocateNorman Vincent Peale right?Is there power in positive thinking?Researchers in Canada
2、 just published a study in the journal Psychological Science that saystrying to get people to think more positively can actually have the opposite effect:it cansimplyhighlight how unhappy they are.The studys authors,Joanne Wood and John Lee of the University of Waterloo and ElainePerunovic of the Un
3、iversity of New Brunswick,begin by citing older research showing that whenpeople get feedback which they believe is overly positive,they actually feel worse,notbetter.If you tell your dim friend that he has the potential of an Einstein,you*re just underlining hisfaults.In one 1990s experiment,a team
4、 including psychologist Joel Cooper ofPrinceton askedparticipants to write essays opposing funding for the disabled.When theessayists were laterpraised for their sympathy,they felt even worse about what they hadwritten.In this experiment,Wood,Lee and Perunovic measured 68 students,self-esteem.Thepar
5、ticipants were then asked to write down their thoughts and feelings for four minutes.Every15 seconds,one group of students heard a bell.When it rang,they were supposed to tellthemselves,I am lovable.uThose with low self-esteem didnt feel better after the forced self-affirmation.In fact,theirmoods tu
6、rned significantly darker than those of members of the control group,who weren*turged to think positive thoughts.The paper provides support for newer forms of psychotherapy(心 理 治 疗)that urge peopleto accept their negative thoughts and feelings rather than fight them In the fighting,we notonly often
7、fail but can make things worse.Meditation(静 思)techniques,in contrast,can teachpeople to put their shortcomings into a larger,morerealistic perspective.Call it the power ofnegative thinking.62.What do we learn from the first paragraph about the self-help industry?A)It is a highly profitable industry.
8、B)It is based on the concept of positive thinking.C)It was established by Norman Vincent Peale.D)It has yielded positive results.63.What is the finding of the Canadian researchers?A)Encouraging positive thinking many do more harm than good.B)There can be no simple therapy for psychological problems.
9、C)Unhappy people cannot think positively.D)The power of positive thinking is limited.64.What does the author mean by.youre just underlining his faults,(Line 4,Para.3)?A)You are not taking his mistakes seriously enough.B)You are pointing out the errors he has committed.C)You are emphasizing the fact
10、that he is not intelligent.D)You are trying to make him feel better about his faults.65.What do we learn from the experiment of Wood,Lee and Perunovic?A)I t is important for people to continually boost their self-esteem.B)Self-affirmation can bring a positive change to ones mood.C)Forcing a person t
11、o think positive thoughts may lower their self-esteem.D)People with low self-esteem seldom write down their true feelings.66.What do we learn from the last paragraph?A)The effects of positive thinking vary from person to person.B)Meditation may prove to be a good form of psychotherapy.C)Different pe
12、ople tend to have different ways of thinking.D)People can avoid making mistakes through meditation.1答 案 BACCBWhen one looks back upon the fifteen hundred years that are the life span of theEnglish language,he should be able to notice a number of significant truths.Thehistory of our language has alwa
13、ys been a history of constant change at times aslow,almost imperceptible change,at other times a violent collision between twolanguages.Our language has always been a living growing organism,it has neverbeen static.Another significant truth that emerges from such a study is thatlanguage at all times
14、 has been the possession not of one class or group but of many.At one extreme it has been the property of the common,ignorant folk,who haveused it in the daily business of their living,much as they have used their animals orthe kitchen pots and pans.At the other extreme it has been the treasure of t
15、hosewho have respected it as an instrument and a sign of civilization,and who havestruggled by writing it down to give it some permanence,order,dignity,and ifpossible,a little beauty.As we consider our changing language,we should note here two developmentsthat are of special and immediate importance
16、 to us.One is that since the time of theAnglo-Saxons there has been an almost complete reversal of the different devicesfor showing the relationship of words in a sentence.Anglo-Saxon was a language ofmany inflections.Modern English has few inflections.We must now depend largelyon word order and fun
17、ction words to convey the meanings that the older languagedid by means of changes in the forms of words.Function words,you shouldunderstand,are words such as prepositions,conjunctions,and a few others that areused primarily to show relationships among other words.A few inflections,however,have survi
18、ved.And when some word inflections come into conflict with word order,there may be trouble for the users of the language,as we shall see later when weturn our attention to such maters as WHO or WHOM and ME or I.The second fact wemust consider is that as language itself changes,our attitudes toward l
19、anguageforms change also.The eighteenth century,for example,produced from varioussources a tendency to fix the language into patterns not always set in and grew,untilat the present time there is a strong tendency to restudy and re-evaluate languagepractices in terms of the ways in which people speak
20、 and write.l.In contrast to the earlier linguists,modern linguists tend to.A.attempt to continue the standardization of the languageB.evaluate language practices in terms of current speech rather than standardsor proper patternsC.be more concerned about the improvement of the language than its analy
21、sisor historyD.be more aware of the rules of the language usage2.Choose the appropriate meaning for the word inflection used in line 4 ofparagraph 2.A.Changes in the forms of words.B.Changes in sentence structures.C.Changes in spelling rules.D.Words that have similar meanings.3.Which of the followin
22、g statements is not mentioned in the passage?A.It is generally believed that the year 1500 can be set as the beginning of themodern English language.B.Some other languages had great influence on the English language at somestages of its development.C.The English language has been and still in a stat
23、e of relatively constantchange.D.Many classes or groups have contributed to the development of the Englishlanguage.4.The author of these paragraphs is probably a.A.historianB.philosopherC.anthropologistD.linguist5.Which of the following can be best used as the title of the passage?A.The history of t
24、he English language.B.Our changing attitude towards the English language.C.Our changing language.D.Some characteristics of modern English.2答 案 BAADCIt is a curious paradox that we think of the physical sciences as hard,the social sciences as“soft,“and the biological sciences as somewhere in between.
25、This is interpreted to mean thatour knowledge of physical system is more certain than our knowledge of biological systems,andthese in turn are more certain than our knowledge of social systems.In terms of our capacity ofsample the relevant universes,however,and the probability that our images of the
26、se universesare at least approximately correct,one suspects that a reverse order is more reasonable.We areable to sample earth*s social systems with some degree of confidence that we have a reasonablesample of the total universe being investigated.Our knowledge of social systems,therefore,while it i
27、s in many ways extremely inaccurate；is not likely to be seriously overturned by newdiscoveries.Even the folk knowledge in social systems on which ordinary life is based in earning,spending,organizing,marrying,taking part in political activities,fighting and so on,is not verydissimilar from the more
28、sophisticated images of the social system derived form the socialsciences,even though it is built upon the very imperfect samples of personal experience.In contrast,our image of the astronomical universe,or even if earth s geological history,caeasily be subject to revolutionary changes as new data c
29、ome in and new theories are worked out.If we define the“security“of our image of various parts of the total system as the probabilityof their suffering significant changes,then we would reverse the order for hardness and as themost secure,the physical sciences as the least secure,and again the biolo
30、gical sciences assomewhere in between.Our image of the astronomical universe is the least secure of all simplybecause we observe such a fantastically small sample of it and its record-keeping is trivialrecords of biological systems.Records of the astronomical universe,despite the fact that welearnt
31、things as they were long age,are limited in the extreme.Even in regard to such a close neighbor as the moonz which we have actually visited,theoriesabout its origin and history are extremely different,contradictory,and hard to choose among.Our knowledge of physical evolution is incomplete and insecu
32、re.l.The word“paradox”(Line 1,Para.1)means.A.implication B.contradictionC.interpretation D.confusion2.Accroding to the author,we should reverse our classification of the physical sciences ashard and the social sciences as soft b e c a u s e.A.a reverse ordering will help promote the development of t
33、he physical sciencesB.our knowledge of physical systems is more reliable than that of social systemsC.our understanding of the social systems is approximately correctD.we are better able to investigate social phenomena than physical phenomena3.The author believes that our knowledge of social systems
34、 is more secure than that ofphysical systems b e c a u s e.A.it is not based on personal experienceB.new discoveries are less likely to occur in social sciencesC.it is based on a fairly representative quantity of dataD.the records of social systems are more reliable4.The chances of the physical scie
35、nces being subject to great changes are the biggestb e c a u s e.A.contradictory theories keep emerging all the timeB.new information is constantly coming inC.the direction of their development is difficult to predictD.our knowledge of the physical world is inaccurate5.We know less about the astrono
36、mical universe than we don about any social systemb e c a u s e.A.theories of its origin and history are variedB.our knowledge of it is highly insecureC.only a very small sample of it has been observedD.few scientists are involved in the study of astronomy3 答 案：ACDADWhat most people don t realize is
37、 that wealth isnr t the same as income.If you make$1million a year and spend$1 million,you re not getting wealthier,you re just living high.Wealthis what you accumulate,not what you spend.The most successful accumulators of wealth spend far less than they can afford on houses,cars,vacations and ente
38、rtainment.Why?Because these things offer little or no return.Thewealthy would rather put their money into investments or their businesses.Itz s an attitude.Millionaires understand that when you buy a luxury house,you buy a luxury life-style too.Your property taxes skyrocket,along with the cost of ut
39、ilities and insurance,and the prices ofnearby services,such as grocery stores,tend to be higher.The rich man1 s attitude can also be seen in his car.Many drive old unpretentious sedans.Sam Walton；billionaire founder of the Wal-Mart Store,Inc.,drove a pickup truck.Most millionaires measure success by
40、 net worth,not income.Instead of taking their moneyhome,they plow as much as they can into their businesses,stock portfolios and other assets.Why?Because the government doesn1 t tax wealth;it taxes income you bring home forconsumption,the more the government taxes.The person who piles up net worth f
41、astest tends to put every dollar he can into investments,not consumption.All the while,of course,he s reinvesting his earnings from investments andwatching his net worth soar.That,s the attitude as well.The best wealth-builders pay careful attention to their money and seek professional advice.Those
42、who spend heavily on cars,boats and buses,r ve found,tend to skimp on investmentadvice.Those who skimp on the luxuries are usually more willing to pay top dollar for good legaland financial advice.The self-made rich develop clear goals for their money.They may wish to retire early,or theymay want to
43、 leave an estate to their children.The goals vary,but two things are consistent:theyhave a dollar figure in mind-the amount they want to save by age 50,perhaps-and they workunceasingly toward that goal.One thing may surprise you.If you make wealth-not just income-your goal,the luxuryhouse you ve bee
44、n dreaming about won t seem so alluring.You II have the attitude.l.Which of the following statements is true?A.Wealth is judged according to the life style one has.B.Inheritance builds an important part in one*s wealth.C.High income may make one live high and get rich t the same time.D.Wealth is mor
45、e of what one has made than anything else.2.By the author*s opinion,those who spend money on luxury houses and carsA.will not be taxed by the governmentB.have accumulated wealth in another senseC.live high and have little savedD.can show that they are among the rich3.The rich put their money into bu
46、siness b e c a u s e.A.they can get much in return to build their wealthB.they are not interested in luxury houses and carsC.their goal is to develop their companyD.that is the only way to spend money yet not to be taxed by the government4.The U.S.government doesn,t tax what you spend money o n.A.ca
47、rs Bhouses C.stock D.boats5.To become wealthy,one s h o u l d.A.seek as much income as he canB.work hard unceasinglyC.stick to the way he livesD.save up his earnings4 答 案：DCACBYou stare at waterfall for a minute or two,and then shift your gaze to its surroundings.What you now seeappears to drift upw
48、ard.These optical illusions occur because the brain is constantly matching its model of reality to signals from thebodys sensors and interpreting what must be happeningthat your brain must have moved,not the other;thatdownward motions is now normal,so a change from it must now be perceived as upward
49、 motion.The sensors that make this magic are of two kinds.Each eye contains about 120 million rods,which providesomewhat blurry black and white vision.These are the windows of night vision;once adapted to the dark,theycan detect a candle burning ten miles away.Color vision in each eye comes from six
50、 to seven million structures called cones.Under ideal conditions,every cone can see the entire rainbow spectrum of visible colors,but one type of cone is most sensitive to red,another to green,a third to blue.Rods and cones send their messages pulsing an average 20 to 25 times per second along the o