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1、1Dr u n k en-d r i v i n g s o m et i m es c al l ed Am er i c as s o c i al l y ac c ep t ed fo r m o f m u r d er -h asbec o m e a n at i o n al ep i d em i c.Ev er y h o u r o f ev er y d ay abo u t t h r ee Am er i c an s o n av er ag ear e k i l l ed by d r u n k en d r i v er s,ad d i n g u p
2、t o an i n c r ed i bl e 250,000 o v er t h e p as td ec ad e.A d r u n k en d r i v er i s u s u al l y d efi n ed as o n e w i t h a 0.10 bl o o d al c o h o l c o n t en t o r r o u g h l yt h r ee beer s,g l as s es o f w i n e o r s h o t s o f w h i s k y d r u n k w i t h i n t w o h o u r s.
3、Heav y d r i n k i n gu s ed t o be an ac c ep t abl e p ar t o f t h e Am er i c an m ac h o i m ag e an d ju d g es w er e l en i en ti n m o s t c o u r t s,bu t t h e d r u n k en s l au g h t er h as r ec en t l y c au s ed s o m an y w el l-p u bl i c i z edt r ag ed i es,es p ec i al l y i n
4、v o l v i n g y o u n g c h i l d r en,t h at p u bl i c o p i n i o n i s n o l o n g ers o t o l er an t.Tw en t y s t at es h av e r ai s ed t h e l eg al d r i n k i n g ag e t o 21,r ev er s i n g a t r en d i n t h e1960s t o r ed u c e i t t o 18.Aft er New Jer s ey l o w er ed i t t o 18,t h
5、 e n u m ber o f p eo p l ek i l l ed by 18-20-y ear-o l d d r i v er s m o r e t h an d o u bl ed,s o t h e s t at e r ec en t l y u p p ed i tbac k t o 21.Refo r m er s,h o w ev er,fear r ai s i n g t h e d r i n k i n g ag e w i l l h av e l i t t l e effec t u n l es sac c o m p an i ed by ed u
6、c at i o n al p r o g r am m es t o h el p y o u n g p eo p l e t o d ev el o p r es p o n s i bl eat t i t u d es abo u t d r i n k i n g an d t eac h t h em t o r es i s t p eer p r es s u r e t o d r i n k.To u g h n ew l aw s h av e l ed t o i n c r eas ed ar r es t s an d t es t s an d i n m an
7、 y ar eas al r ead y,t o a m ar k ed d ec l i n e i n fat al i t i es.S o m e s t at es ar e al s o p en al i z i n g bar s fo r s er v i n gc u s t o m er s t o o m an y d r i n k s.A t av er n i n Mas s ac h u s et t s w as fi n ed fo r s er v i n g s i x o rm o r e d o u bl e br an d i es t o a c
8、 u s t o m er w h o w as o bv i o u s l y i n t o x i c at ed/an d l at er d r o v eo ff t h e r o ad,k i l l i n g a n i n e-y ear-o l d bo y.As t h e fat al i t i es c o n t i n u e t o o c c u r d ai l y i n ev er y s t at e,s o m e Am er i c an s ar e ev enbeg i n n i n g t o s p eak w el l o f
9、t h e 13 y ear s n at i o n al p r o h i bi t i o n o f al c o h o l t h at beg ani n 1919,w h i c h Pr es i d en t Ho o v er c al l ed t h e n o bl e ex p er i m en t”.Th ey fo r g et t h at l eg alp r o h i bi t i o n d i d n，t s t o p d r i n k i n g,bu t en c o u r ag ed p o l i t i c al c o r r
10、 u p t i o n an d o r g an i z edc r i m e.As w i t h t h e bo o m i n g d r u g t r ad e g en er al l y,t h er e i s n o eas y s o l u t i o n.1.Dr u n k en d r i v i n g h as bec o m e a m ajo r p r o bl em i n Am er i c a bec au s e.A)m o s t Am er i c an s ar e h eav y d r i n k er sB)Am er i c
11、an s ar e n o w l es s s h o c k ed by r o ad ac c i d en t sC)ac c i d en t s at t r ac t s o m u c h p u bl i c i t yD)d r i n k i n g i s a s o c i al l y ac c ep t ed h abi t i n Am er i c a2.W h y h as p u bl i c o p i n i o n r eg ar d i n g d r u n k en d r i v i n g c h an g ed?J A)Det ai l
12、ed s t at i s t i c s ar e n o w av ai l abl e.B)Th e n ew s m ed i a h av e h i g h l i g h t ed t h e p r o bl em.C)Ju d g es ar e g i v i n g m o r e s ev er e s en t en c es.D)Drivers are more conscious of their image.3.Statistics issued in New Jersey suggested thate A)many drivers were not of l
13、egal agee B)young drivers were often bad driversc c)the level of drinking increased in the 1960se D)the legal drinking age should be raised4.Laws recently introduced in some states have.J A)reduced the number of convictionsJ B)resulted in fewer serious accidentsJ C)prevented bars from serving drunke
14、n customersJ D)specified the amount drivers can drink5.W hy is the problem of drinking and driving difficult to solve?J A)Alcohol is easily obtained.J B)Drinking is linked to organized crime.J C)Legal prohibition has already failed.J D)Legislation alone is not sufficient.D B D B D2Los Angeles-Bill J
15、oy is not a Luddite.He is not afraid of new technology.As founderand chief scientist of the Silicon Valley Company,he has been on the vanguard ofthe high tech revolution for 20 years.But recently Joy took a glimpse into the futureand it scared him to death.What he saw was a world in which humans hav
16、e beeneffectively supplanted by machines;a world in which super powerful computers withat least some attributes of human intelligence manage to replicate themselves anddevelop their own autonomy and people become superfluous and risk becoming extinct.I t m i g h t be ar g u ed t h at t h e h u m an
17、r ac e w o u l d n ev er be fo o l i s h en o u g h t o h an d o v eral l t h e p o w er t o t h e m ac h i n es.Bu t w h at w e d o s u g g es t i s t h at t h e h u m an r ac e m i g h teas i l y p er m i t i t s el f t o d r i ft i n t o a p o s i t i o n o f s u c h d ep en d en c e o n t h e m
18、ac h i n est h at i t w o u l d h av e n o p r ac t i c al c h o i c e bu t ac c ep t al l o f t h e m ac h i n es，d ec i s i o n s.As s o c i et y an d t h e p r o bl em s t h at fac e i t bec o m e m o r e an d m o r e c o m p l ex an d m ac h i n esbec o m e m o r e an d m o r e i n t el l i g en
19、 t,p eo p l e w i l l l et m ac h i n es m ak e m o r e o f t h ei rd ec i s i o n s fo r t h em.Ev en t u al l y a s t ag e m ay be r eac h ed at w h i c h t h e d ec i s i o n sn ec es s ar y t o k eep t h e s y s t em r u n n i n g w i l l be s o c o m p l ex t h at h u m an w i l l be i n c ap a
20、bl eo f m ak i n g t h em i n t el l i g en t l y.At t h at s t ag e t h e m ac h i n es w i l l be i n effec t i v e c o n t r o l.Peo p l e w o n t be abl e t o ju s t t u r n t h e m ac h i n es o ff,bec au s e t h ey w i l l be s o d ep en d en to n t h em t h at t u r n i n g t h em w o u l d a
21、m o u n t t o s u i c i d e.Pr ev i o u s l y,Jo y h ad d i s m i s s ed s u c h s c en ar i o s as s c i-fi fan t as y,bu t t h en h e l i s t en edt o fr i en d s w h o w er e ex p er t s i n r o bo t i c s an d r eal i z ed t h at t h i s br av e n ew w o r l d w asm u c h c l o s er t h an an y
22、o f u s m i g h t i m ag i n e-as c l o s e as 30 y ear s aw ay.Th e fu r t h ert h at Jo y d u g i n t o t h e c u t t i n g ed g e o f r es ear c h i n t h e n ew t ec h n o l o g i es 一 r o bo t i c s,g en et i c en g i n eer i n g an d Nan t ec h n o l o g y -t h e m o r e h o r r i fi ed h e be
23、c am e.No t o n l yd i d h e s ee s c en ar i o s i n w h i c h r o bo t s w o u l d l i k e t o t ak e o n a l i fe o f t h ei r o w n an dex t er m i n at e t h e h u m an r ac e,bu t al s o h e beg an t o s ee w ay s i n w h i c h o t h er s t ap l eso f s c i-fi h o r r o r m i g h t c o m e t o
24、 p as s.S p ec i fi c al l y,r o bo t s,en g i n eer ed o r g an i s m,an dNan bo t s s h ar e a d an g er o u s am p l i fy i n g fac t o r:t h ey c an s el f-r ep l i c at e.A bo m b i sbl o w n o n l y o n c e-bu t o n e r o bo t c an bec o m e m an y,an d q u i c k l y g et o u t o f c o n t r o
25、 l.I t h i n k i t i s n o ex ag g er at i o n t o s ay w e ar e o n t h e c u s p o f t h e fu r t h er p er fec t i o no f ex t r em e ev i l,an ev i l w h o s e p o s s i bi l i t y s p r ead s w el l bey o n d t h at w h i c h w eap o n so f m as s d es t r u c t i o n beq u eat h ed t o t h e n
26、 at i o n-s t at es,o n t o a s u r p r i s i n g an d t er r i bl eem p o w er m en t o f ex t r em e i n d i v i d u al s.W e ar e bei n g p r o p el l ed i n t o t h i s n ew c en t u r yw i t h n o p l an,n o c o n t r o l,n o br ak es.Jo y c o n c l u d es.Hav e w e al r ead y g o n e t o o far
27、d o w n t h e p at h t o al t er c o u r s e?I d o n t bel i ev e s o,bu t w e ar en t t r y i n g y et,an dt h e l as t c h an c e t o as s er t c o n t r o l -t h e fai l-s afe p o i n t -i s r ap i d l y ap p r o ac h i n g.1.Ac c o r d i n g t o t h e p as s ag e,t h e w o r d Lu d d i t e”(i n
28、p ar ag r ap h 1,l i n e 1)m ean s?J A)t h e n am e o f a p l ac e w h er e s c i en c e i s u n d er d ev el o p ed.J B)t h e n am e o f a c o u n t r y.J C)t h e n am e o f an o r g an i z at i o n w h i c h ai m s t o ad v o c at e d ev el o p i n g t h e n ewt ec h n o l o g y.J D)t h e n am e o
29、 f a p ar t y w h i c h p r o t es t at d ev el o p i n g s c i en c e.2.Fr o m t h e p as s ag e,w e k n o w t h at i t i s t h at s c ar ed Bi l l Jo y t o d eat h?A)r o bo t s h av e been p r ac t i c al l y r u n n i n g t h e w o r l d.B)h u m an s ar e ac t u al l y at t h e m er c y o f t h e
30、 m ac h i n es.J C)h u m an s ar e fac i n g a fat al s i t u at i o n t h at t h e m ac h i n es ar e o u t o f c o n t r o lg r ad u al l y an d t h e m ac h i n es w i l l o v er w h el m t h e w h o l e w o r l d.J D)h u m an s w i l l be ex i l ed fr o m t h e ear t h by t h e m ac h i n es an
31、d t h ey h av e t o ex p l o r ean o t h er fi x ed s t ar.3.W h at d o es t h e s en t en c e d o n，t bel i ev e s o,bu t w e ar en，t t r y i n g y et (i n t h el as t p ar ag r ap h,l i n e 5)i n d i c at e?J A)I t i s h i g h t i m e fo r u s t o g i v e an en d t o t h e n ew t ec h n o l o g i
32、es.J B)W e s h o u l d c eas e t o ex p l o r e t h e p er i l o u s Nan t ec h n o l o g y.J C)Hu m an s h av e t o d ev o t e t h em s el v es t o s av e t h e w h o l e w o r l d by c o n t ai n i n g an dw r ec k i n g t h e m ac h i n es.J D)I t i s r i g h t t i m e fo r h u m an s t o d o m i
33、 n at e t h e h i g h d ev el o p i n g t ec h n o l o g yeffec t i v el y an d h an d l e i t s k i l l fu l l y.4.Bi l l Jo y r eal i z ed t h e s i t u at i o n t h at .J A)t h e d ay w h en t h e w o r l d c o n t r o l l ed by t h e m ac h i n es i s ju s t r o u n d t h e c o r n erJ B)t h e h
34、 u m an w o r l d i s o n t h e ed g e o f an ex c eed i n g d an g erJ C)t h e m ac h i n es i n t h e fu t u r e w i l l be as p er i l o u s as t h e m as s d es t r u c t i o n D)h u m an s ar e n o w o n t h ei r w i t s en d5.W h i c h o f t h e fo l l o w i n g c an bes t d es c r i be t h e
35、au t h o r s at t i t u d e t o w ar d s t h e fu t u r er el at i o n s h i p bet w een h u m an s an d m ac h i n es?C A)Op t i m i s t i c.u B)Pes s i m i s t i c.e oCo n fi d en t.c D)I n d i ffer en t.DCDBB3Th e s t u d y o f p h i l o s o p h i es s h o u l d m ak e o u r o w n i d eas fl ex i
36、 bl e.W e ar e al l o f u s ap tt o t ak e c er t ai n g en er al i d eas fo r g r an t ed,an d c al l t h em c o m m o n s en s e.W e s h o u l dl ear n t h at o t h er p eo p l e h av e h el d q u i t e d i ffer en t i d eas,an d t h at o u r o w n h av e s t ar t edas v er y o r i g i n al g u es
37、 s es o f p h i l o s o p h er s.A s c i en t i s t i s ap t t o t h i n k t h at al l t h e p r o bl em s o f p h i l o s o p h y w i l l u l t i m at el y bes o l v ed by s c i en c e.I t h i n k t h i s i s t r u e fo r a g r eat m an y o f t h e q u es t i o n s o n w h i c hp h i l o s o p h er
38、 s s t i l l ar g u e.Fo r ex am p l e,Pl at o t h o u g h t t h at w h en w e s aw s o m et h i n g,o n e r ay o f l i g h t c am e t o i t fr o m t h e s u n,an d an o t h er fr o m o u r ey es an d t h at s eei n gw as s o m et h i n g l i k e feel i n g w i t h a s t i c k.W e n o w k n o w t h
39、at t h e l i g h t c o m es fr o m t h es u n,an d i s r efl ec t ed i n t o o u r ey es.W e d o n，t k n o w i n m u c h d et ai l h o w t h e c h an g esi n o u r ey es g i v e r i s e t o s en s at i o n.Bu t t h er e i s ev er y r eas o n t o t h i n k t h at as w el ear n m o r e abo u t t h e p
40、 h y s i o l o g y o f t h e br ai n,w e s h al l d o s o,an d t h at t h e g r eatp h i l o s o p h i c al p r o bl em s abo u t k n o w l ed g e ar e g o i n g t o be p r et t y fu l l y c l ear ed u p.Bu t i f o u r d es c en d an t s k n o w t h e an s w er s t o t h es e q u es t i o n s an d o
41、 t h er s t h at p er p l exu s t o d ay,t h er e w i l l s t i l l be o n e fi el d o f w h i c h t h ey d o n o t k n o w,n am el y t h e fu t u r e.Ho w ev er ex ac t o u r s c i en c e,w e c an n o t k n o w i t as w e k n o w t h e p as t.Ph i l o s o p h y m ay be d es c r i bed as ar g u m en
42、 t abo u t t h i n g s o f w h i c h w e ar e i g n o r an t.An d w h er e s c i en c eg i v es u s a h o p e o f k n o w l ed g e i t i s o ft en r eas o n abl e t o s u s p en d ju d g m en t.Th at i so n e r eas o n w h y Mar x an d En g el s q u i t e r i g h t l y w r o t e t o m an y p h i l o
43、 s o p h i c al p r o bl em st h at i n t er es t ed t h ei r c o n t em p o r ar i es.Bu t w e h av e g o t t o p r ep ar e fo r t h e fu t u r e,an d w e c an n o t d o s o r at i o n al l y w i t h o u ts o m e p h i l o s o p h y.S o m e p eo p l e s ay w e h av e o n l y g o t t o d o t h e d u
44、 t i es r ev eal ed i n t h ep as t an d l ai d d o w n by r el i g i o n,an d g o d w i l l l o o k aft er t h e fu t u r e.Ot h er s ay t h att h e w o r l d i s a m ac h i n e an d t h e c o u r s e o f fu t u r e ev en t s i s c er t ai n,w h at ev er effo r t sw e m ay m ak e,Mar x i s t s s ay
45、 t h at t h e fu t u r e d ep en d s o n o u r s el v es,ev en t h o u g h w e ar ep ar t o f t h e h i s t o r i c al p r o c es s.Th i s p h i l o s o p h i c al v i ew c er t ai n l y d o es i n s p i r ep eo p l e t o v er y g r eat ac h i em en t s.W h et h er i t i s t r u e o r n o t,i t i s
46、p o w er fu l g u i d et o ac t i o n.W e n eed a p h i l o s o p h y,t h en,t o h el p u s t o t ac k l e t h e fu t u r e.Ag n o s t i c i s m eas i l ybec o m es an ex c u s e fo r l az i n es s an d c o n s er v at i o n.W h et h er w e ad o p t Mar x i s m o r an yo t h er p h i l o s o p h y,w
47、 e c an n o t u n d er s t an d i t w i t h o u t k n o w i n g s o m et h i n g o f h o w i td ev el o p ed.Th at i s w h y k n o w l ed g e o f t h e h i s t o r y o f p h i l o s o p h y i s i m p o r t an t t o Mar x i s m,ev en d u r i n g t h e p r es en t c r i t i c al d ay s.1.W h at i s t
48、h e m ai n i d ea o f t h i s p as s ag e?J A)Th e m ai n i d ea o f t h i s p as s ag e i s t h e ar g u m en t w h et h er p h i l o s o p h y w i l lu l t i m at el y be s o l v ed by s c i en c e o r n o t.J B)Th e i m p o r t an c e o f l ear n i n g p h i l o s o p h i es,es p ec i al l y t h
49、e h i s t o r y o f p h i l o s o p h y.C)Th e d i ffer en c e bet w een p h i l o s o p h y an d s c i en c e.D)A discuss about how to set a proper attitude towards future.2.The example of what Plato thought in the passage shows that.J A)the development of science really can solve a great many of t
50、he problems onwhich philosophers still argueJ B)Plato knew nothing about PhysicsJ C)the scientists have achieved a lot in terms of light theoryJ D)different people have different ways of perception3.What field can our descendants know?J A)The origin of human beings.B)Some questions that perplex us t