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1、Unit 2 Space InvadersWatch the video and answer the following questions.How is the“getting through the door”movement understood by many people?Audiovisual supplementCultural informationMany view this apparently light-hearted tussle as a sign that Arafat and Barak were getting on well.Arafat and Bara
2、k are struggling to get through the door after the other party in order to show“I am in control”.2.What is the hidden message behind the scene?Body language is very important,but often complex and easily misunderstood.3.What does this story tell us?Audiovisual supplementCultural informationFrom Secr
3、et of Body LanguageVoiceover:But body language is often complex,and easily misunderstood.Here,President Clinton leads the Israeli and Palestinian leaders Ehud Barak and Yasser Arafat up before the press during peace negotiations.Its all smiles for the cameras,but behind the faade of bonhomie,theres
4、a power struggle going on.Clinton jokingly explains that none of them will take any questions.Clinton:We promise to each other we will answer no question and offer no comments,so I have to set a good example.Voiceover:The body language then reveals just why that works.Expert A:Wow.Its almost a physi
5、cal fight.Audiovisual supplementCultural informationVoiceover:Many view this apparently light-hearted tussle as a sign that Arafat and Barak were getting on well.Think again.Expert A:There is a great meaning behind who goes through the door first.Now of course here in the West,letting someone throug
6、h the door first doesnt really matter.Polite maybe.But in the Middle East,it has significant cultural impact.Expert B:The host,the power person,says,“Im in control.Ill help you through the door.Ill show you the way.”Arafat:Thank you.Thank you.Voiceover:Throw in the fear and tension present in most M
7、iddle East negotiations,and suddenly,the desire of Audiovisual supplementCultural information both Arafat and Barak not to go through that door before the other starts to make sense.Expert C:This is a classic example in its extreme way of how the last man through the door is the winner.So Barak reac
8、hes for Yasser Arafat.Arafat literally grasps his arm,moves on,and starts waggling his finger at Barak,who,then,Barak,uses this opportunity as a wrestling match to move around,to actually be behind Arafat,and then literally grasps Arafat,holds him by the arm,and shoves him through the door.Expert B:
9、So youve got fear and power struggle,showing in big big big big bold body language with it.Audiovisual supplementCultural informationPersonal space can be imagined as a kind of bubble surrounding a person that protects his or her privacy and which other people may not normally enter.Allowing somebod
10、y to get very close and enter your personal space may be a sign of trust or love.On the other hand,intruding others personal space can be rather offensive.The amount of space people need to feel around them varies with various factors,such as culture,sex,familiarity between people,crowdedness of the
11、 situation,etc.For example:Audiovisual supplementCultural information people from cultures that like a lot of personal space feel awkward and embarrassed when somebody comes too close to them;people of the same sex may sit or stand closer to each other than to somebody of the opposite sex;strangers
12、and casual acquaintances usually need more space than friends and members of the same family who know each other well;in a noisy street people may need to stand closer than they would normally,simply in order to hear each other.Audiovisual supplementCultural information大家有疑问的，可以询问和交流大家有疑问的，可以询问和交流可以
13、互相讨论下，但要小声点可以互相讨论下，但要小声点可以互相讨论下，但要小声点可以互相讨论下，但要小声点 In the text,the writer first points out the fact that nowadays people are more concerned about themselves and want to have a larger personal space than decades ago,and then he analyzes the causes of space invasion.The text can be divided into three
14、parts.Part I(Paragraphs 1 2):The writer calls the readers attention to the invasion of personal space by relating an experience of how his personal space was invaded.Rhetorical featuresStructural analysisPart II(Paragraphs 3 7):The writer analyzes some likely causes of the shrinkage of personal spac
15、e,and attributes the invasion of personal space to the general decline of good manners.Rhetorical featuresStructural analysisPart III(Paragraphs 8 9):The author presents his view about the essence of personal space,i.e.it is psychological,rather than physical,and urges people to“expand the contracti
16、ng boundaries of personal space”.A vivid and accurate description of the behaviour of the space invaders and those whose personal space is being invaded is achieved by a delicate selection of verbs.Some of the examples are as follows.Rhetorical featuresStructural analysis a man started inching towar
17、d me (Paragraph 1)In elevators,people are wedging themselves in just before the doors close.(Paragraph 3)In movie theatres these days,people are staking a claim to both armrests,annexing all the elbow room.(Paragraph 7)Verbs and verbal phrases used to describe the behaviour of space invaders:Verbs a
18、nd verbal phrases used to describe the reaction of those whose space is being invaded:I minutely advanced toward the woman in front of me.(Paragraph 1)who absent-mindedly shuffled toward the white-haired lady ahead of him.(Paragraph 1)Rhetorical featuresStructural analysisPractice:Please find more e
19、xamples to illustrate the authors careful choice of verbs.Detailed readingSPACE INVADERS Richard Stengel 1 At my bank the other day,I was standing in a line snaking around some tired velvet ropes when a man in a sweat-suit started inching toward me in his eagerness to deposit his Social Security che
20、ck.As he did so,I minutely advanced toward the woman reading the Wall Street Journal in front of me,who,in mild annoyance,began to sidle up to the man scribbling a check in front of her,who absent-mindedly shuffled toward the white-haired lady ahead of him,until we were all hugger-mugger against eac
21、h other,the original lazy line having collapsed in on itself like a Slinky.Detailed reading2 I estimate that my personal space extends eighteen inches in front of my face,one foot to each side,and about ten inches in back though it is nearly impossible to measure exactly how far behind you someone i
22、s standing.The phrase“personal space”has a quaint,seventies ring to it(“Youre invading my space,man”),but it is one of those gratifying expressions that are intuitively understood by all human beings.Like the twelve-mile limit around our national shores,personal space is our individual border beyond
23、 which no stranger can penetrate without making us uneasy.3 Lately,Ive found that my personal space is being invaded more than ever before.In elevators,people are wedging themselves in just before the doors close;on the street,pedestrians are zigzagging through the human traffic,jostling others,refu
24、sing to give way;on the subway,riders are no longer taking pains to carve out little zones of space between themselves and fellow-passengers;in lines at airports,people are pressing forward like fidgety taxis at red lights.Detailed reading4 At first,I attributed this tendency to the“population explo
25、sion”and the relentless Malthusian logic that if twice as many people inhabit the planet now as did twenty years ago,each of us has half as much space.Recently,Ive wondered if its the season:T-shirt weather can make proximity more alluring(or much,much less).Or perhaps the proliferation of coffee ba
26、rs in Manhattan the number seems to double every three months is infusing so much caffeine into the already jangling locals that people can no longer keep to themselves.Detailed reading5 Personal space is mostly a public matter;we allow all kinds of invasions of personal space in private.(Humanity w
27、ouldnt exist without them.)The logistics of it vary according to geography.People who live in Calcutta have less personal space than folks in Colorado.“Dont tread on me”could have been coined only by someone with a spread.I would wager that people in the Northern Hemisphere have roomier conceptions
28、of personal space than those in the Southern.To an Englishman,a handshake can seem like trespassing,whereas to a Brazilian,anything less than a hug may come across as chilliness.Detailed reading6 Like drivers who plow into your parked and empty car and dont leave a note,people no longer mutter“Excus
29、e me”when they bump into you.The decline of manners has been widely lamented.Manners,it seems to me,are about giving people space,not stepping on toes,granting people their private domain.7 Ive also noticed an increase in the ranks of what I think of as space invaders,mini-territorial expansionists
30、who seize public space with a sense of manifest destiny.In movie theatres these days,people are staking a claim to both armrests,annexing all the elbow room,while at coffee shops and on the Long Island Railroad,individuals routinely commandeer booths and sets of facing seats meant for foursomes.Deta
31、iled reading8 Ultimately,personal space is psychological,not physical:it has less to do with the space outside us than with our inner space.I suspect that the shrinking of personal space is directly proportional to the expansion of self-absorption:people whose attention is inward do not bother to lo
32、ok outward.Even the focus of science these days is micro,not macro.The Human Genome Project is mapping the universe of the genetic code,while neuroscientists are using souped-up M.R.I.machines to chart the flight of neurons in our brains.Detailed reading9 In the same way that the breeze from a butte
33、rflys wings in Japan may eventually produce a tidal wave in California,I have decided to expand the contracting boundaries of personal space.In the line at my bank,I now refuse to move closer than three feet to the person in front of me,even if it means that the fellow behind me starts breathing dow
34、n my neck.Detailed readingIs“personal space”a term of the seventies?Is it out of date nowadays?Why or why not?(Paragraph 2)“Personal space”was a term popularly used in the seventies but seldom mentioned nowadays.However,it doesnt mean that it is out of date.People,whatever periods they are in,need p
35、ersonal space,which is not to be penetrated.The only problem is that the world is becoming so crowded that it is impossible for people to protect their personal space as well as they used to do.Detailed readingWhat does the author mean by saying“personal space is mostly a public matter”?(Paragraph 5
36、)Personal space,first of all,is the space you expect and are expected to keep between you and other people in public places in order to maintain an appropriate interpersonal relationship.Edward T.Hall in TheDetailed readingHidden Dimension,for example,describes the social values applied by Americans
37、 to certain distances between people as falling into four main categories:“Intimate distance(0 1&1/2 feet),Personal distance(1&1/2 4 feet),Social/Consultative distance(4 10 feet),and Public distance(10 or more feet).”Do you agree with the writers view that the contraction of the outer,personal space
38、 is proportional to the expansion of the inner-space of modern man?(Paragraph 8)Yes,people in the present society tend to be more self-centered,concentrating on their private affairs and ignoring the outer world around them.They say they have no time or energy to care about others in a society of fa
39、st tempo.As a matter of fact,they do not want to bother about it.Detailed readingGroup discussionsTopic A:Is personal space important to you?Why or why not?Topic B:According to your observation,does personal space vary in different places/relations/cultures?Give examples.Detailed readingsnake:v.move
40、 in a twisting waye.g.The train was snaking its way through the mountains.Detailed readingSynonym:meanderinch:v.move very slowly and carefullyDetailed readinge.g.Howard inched forward in the crowd.He inched his way through the narrow passage.in mild annoyance:with a little anger or impatience mild:a
41、.not very great in degreee.g.We looked at each other in mild astonishment.Detailed readingSynonym:slightsidle:v.walk in a timid manner,esp.sideways or obliquelyDetailed readinge.g.A man sidled up to me and asked if I wanted a ticket for the match.scribble:1)v.write or draw(sth.)carelessly or hurried
42、ly e.g.He scribbled a note to his sister before leaving.She scribbled down her phone number and pushed it into his hand.Throughout the interview,the journalists scribbled away furiously.Detailed readingSynonym:scrawl2)n.U,sing.careless and untidy writinge.g.How do you expect me to read this scribble
43、?shuffle:v.walk by dragging ones feet along or without lifting them fully from the ground Detailed readinge.g.He slipped on his shoes and shuffled out of the room.A fat woman was shuffling along with a pushchair.Collocations:shuffle sth.off:avoid talking or thinking about sth.because it is not consi
44、dered importantshuffle out of sth.:try to avoid some unpleasant task by acting dishonestlye.g.He shuffled the question off and changed the topic.e.g.I mistrust the way in which they shuffle out of sustained efforts.Slinky:n.A Slinky(“机灵鬼”，一种用软弹簧做成的会翻跟头的玩具)is a coil-shaped spring invented by mechanic
45、al engineer Richard James in Philadelphia,Pennsylvania.Slinkys come in various sizes and shapes.They can“walk”down stairs as the coils stretch and reform as gravity moves them down each step,the springs momentum causing it to spill end over end from one step to the next.Detailed readingring:n.a qual
46、ity,or an impression of having the quality that is mentionede.g.Her story had a ring of truth about it.The books he mentioned had a familiar ring about them.Detailed readinggratifying:a.giving pleasure or satisfaction e.g.The new plan may be gratifying to the President.Detailed readingDerivations:gr
47、atify v.;gratification n.Detailed readingpenetrate:v.succeed in forcing a way through(sth.)e.g.They penetrated into the territory where no man had ever gone before.The suns radiation penetrates the skin.The people sitting close to me wedged me into the corner.Open the door wide and wedge it with a p
48、ad of newspaper.e.g.Detailed readingwedge:v.force into a narrow space;fix sth.in position by using a wedge or sth.elseDetailed readingzigzag:We zigzagged up the hill.The narrow path zigzags up the cliff.e.g.1)v.move forward by going at an angle first to one side,then to the other2)n.a line or patter
49、n that looks like a series of letter Ws as it bends to the left and then to the right again The path descended the hill in zigzags.e.g.3)a.only before nouna zigzag line/path/patterne.g.Detailed readingcarve out:establish or create sth.through painstaking effortWith months of strenuous work,the artis
50、t carved out a flower of ivory.Years of failures and setbacks have taught him and carved out a career for him.e.g.Detailed readingpress:v.push,move,or make(ones way)strongly,esp.in a crowdHe pressed his way through the crowd.So many people pressed round the famous actress that she couldnt get to her