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1、人体解剖学电子复习题第11章中枢神经系统（Anatomy of the human anatomy chapter 11 the central nervous system）1. Neuron: also known as nerve cell, is the basic structure and functional unit of the nervous system, consisting of the cell body and the bulge.Synapses: a specialized contact area between the neuron and the neu
2、ron and the effector, which can be divided into electrical synapses and chemical synapses according to the way the nerve is transmitted.3. Nerve conduction beam: a bundle of nerve fibers that begin, travel, and function in the central nervous system, known as nerve conduction bundles (fiber bundles)
3、.Nerve fibers: the axons of neurons and the surrounding branches are often surrounded by myelin and nerve membranes called nerve fibers. It can be divided into two types: medullary and non-medullary.White matter: in the central nervous system, where nerve fibers gather, the color is white and white,
4、 called white matter.6. Gray matter: in the central nervous system, neuronal cells and dendritic agglomeration, dark and gray, called gray matter.Cortex: the gray matter on the surface of the cerebellum is called the cortex.8. Nucleus of the nerve: in the central nervous system, the morphological an
5、d functional neuronal cells cluster into a mass that is dispersed in white matter called a nucleus.9. Ganglia: in the peripheral nervous system, the cell bodies of the neurons cluster together, forming a knot structure called ganglion. There are sensory ganglion and visceral ganglion.Nerves: in the
6、peripheral nervous system, nerve fibers cluster into bundles and outsource the membranes called nerves.11. Reticular structure: in the spinal cord, brain stem and other places, there is a mixture of grey and white matter, called reticular structure.12. Limbic system: in the hemispheres of the cerebr
7、al hemisphere, the interlocking rings of the clasp, hippocampus, hook, and hippocampus are called marginal leaves. Limbic lobe and with its adjacent cortical (insula, temporal pole and orbital back to back, etc.) and subcortical structures (the amygdala, the hypothalamus, the midbrain tegmentum and
8、nuclear group of thalamus before) on the structure and function has a close relationship between each other, known as the limbic system.13. Internal sac: in the endbrain, the structure between the thalamus, caudate nucleus and the bean nucleus.14. The brain sickle: the dura of the cerebral longitudi
9、nal fissure, which appears as a sickle, called the brain sickle.15. Cerebellum: the epidural of the cerebellum in the transverse fissure of the brain.16. Medial hilus: the nucleus of a thin nucleus and a wedge nucleus and the fibers are intersected to the right side, and the medial mound is referred
10、 to as folded upward.18. Cerebellum: bulging of the anterior medial side of the cerebellum, close to the occipital foramen.Corpus callosum: the fibers of the new cortex of the cerebral hemisphere on both sides of the brain, located at the base of the hemisphere.21. Dural sinuses: the lining of the d
11、ura is lined with endothelium and contains venous blood30. Pyramidal tracts: descending fiber bundles from the motor cortex of the cerebral cortex, which manage the random movement of skeletal muscles in the trunk and limbs, divided into cortical spinal cord and cortical nuclei.31. Cortical nuclei:
12、the fibrous bundles that were issued and stopped at the base of the brain stem in front of the middle of the middle of the middle of the central region and managed to exercise the skeletal muscles of the head.32. Cortical spinal cord: the motor center issues and stops the anterior angular movement c
13、ells, and manages the fiber bundles of the skeletal muscle movement of the trunk and limbs.Short-answer questionsWhat parts of the brain consist of? What is brain stem?A: the brain can be divided into six parts: the telencephalon, the interbrain, the midbrain, the brain bridge, the medulla and the c
14、erebellum. The medullary medullary, the cerebellum, and the midbrain are combined with the brain stem.5. What are the brain nuclei? What is the brain nerve associated with the medulla?A: the nucleus of the medullary nucleus has a trigeminal nucleus, solitary nucleus, lower secretion of salivary nucl
15、eus, hypochondria, vaginalis dorsal nucleus, subnerve nucleus, hypoglossal nerve nucleus. These brain nuclei are mainly associated with brain nerves in the 5th, 9th and 12th.What are the nerve nuclei of the brain bridge? Which pairs of brain nerves are associated with it?Answer: the nerve nucleus of
16、 the brain bridge has trigeminal nerve brain bridge (main) nucleus, trigeminal nerve motion nucleus, show nucleus, facial nerve nucleus, upper secretion saliva nucleus, vestibular nucleus, cochlear nucleus. The brain bridge is associated with 5 to 8 pairs of brain nerves.Which of the brain is associ
17、ated with the brain? How many pairs of brain nuclei?A: the middle brain is associated with the brain nerve.The nucleus of the brain nucleus is the nucleus of the nucleus, the nerve nucleus, the nerve nucleus and the nucleus of the trigeminal nerve.What are the non-brain nuclei of the brain bridge an
18、d midbrain?A: the non-brain nucleus of the cerebral bridge has the nucleus of the brain bridge, and the non-cerebral nucleus of the middle brain has the red nucleus, the dark matter, the upper mound nucleus, the lower core and the preface region.9. What are the functions of ancient, old and new cere
19、bellum? What are the main symptoms of ancient cerebellar syndrome and new cerebellar syndrome?A: the ancient cerebellum regulates the bodys balance and maintains the position, the old cerebellum maintains the muscle tone and maintains the posture, the new cerebellum can coordinate the voluntary move
20、ment. The new cerebellar syndrome is the balance disorder, the new cerebellar syndrome is the ataxia of the ataxia, the muscle tension is reduced and the fine action happens to shake.10. What parts of the brain are involved? What is the internal cavity?A: the interbrain includes the thalamus (dorsal
21、 thalamus), the upper thalamus, hypothalamus, the posterior thalamus and the hypothalamus. The inner cavity of the interbrain is the third ventricle.11. What are the various parts of the upper thalamus and the posterior thalamus?A: the upper thalamus consists of the REINS, REINS and pineal bodies. T
22、he posterior thalamus is composed of the medial geniculate body and the lateral geniculate body.12. Which parts of the hypothalamus? What is the central part of the hypothalamus?A: the hypothalamus includes suprachiasmatic, optic, grey nodules, funnels and papillary bodies. The hypothalamus is the s
23、ubcortical lower center of the autonomic (plant) nerve (the front is the parasympathetic center and the posterior is the sympathetic center).Which channels do the hemispheres differentiate from? Which of the frontal lobes?A: the cerebral hemisphere is divided into frontal, parietal lobe, temporal lo
24、be, occipital lobe and island leaves by means of the central sulcus, lateral sulcus and occipital sulcus. The frontal gyrus, frontal gyrus, frontal gyrus and frontal gyrus are in the frontal lobe.14. What are the main types of parietal lobes and temporal lobes?Answer: there is a central back, top, a
25、nd lower lobule in the parietal lobe, and the lower lobe is divided into the upper and the corners. There are temporal, middle, lower, and transverse gyrus in the preleaves.15. What are the parts of the cortical cortex, the old cortex and the neocortex?Answer: the hippocampal and dentate gyrus belon
26、g to the paleocortex. The olfactory bulb, olfactory tract, olfactory triangle, and the anterior part of the hippocampus belong to the old cortex; The rest belonged to the neocortex, about 96% of the total cortex.16. Test the functional orientation of the cerebral cortex.Answer: the movement center i
27、s in front of the central front and the front of the central side of the central lobe: the sensory center is in the back of the center and the posterior lobe of the central lobe; The visual center (visual area) is located in the occipital cortex, which is surrounded by the distance. The auditory cen
28、ter (auditory area) is located in the temporal gyrus. In the language center (language area), the motor language (speech) center is in l / 3 after the inferior frontal gyrus, and the auditory language (obedient) center is one third after the frontal gyrus. The visual language (reading) centers in th
29、e angular gyrus and the writing center in the back of the forehead.What are the structures of the basal ganglia of the brain?A: the caudate nucleus, the bean shaped nucleus, the screen nucleus and the amygdala.What is a striatum? What is the new striatum, the old striatum? What does the striatum do?
30、A: the caudate nucleus and the bean - shaped nucleus are known as striatum. The caudate nucleus and the shell are called the new striatum; The white ball is called the old striatum. The striatum is an important part of the extrapyramidal system, and its function is to maintain muscle tension and coo
31、rdinate the movement of skeletal muscle.19. Which fiber bundles are passed in each part of the inner capsule? What is the sensation and movement disorder of the body part of the right inner capsule?Answer: internal capsule forelimbs have bridge beam, internal capsule knees are mainly of the cortex,
32、internal capsule hind limbs are by the former in turn back to the thalamus, listen to the radiation and radiation, the radiation is on the outside of the corticospinal tract, and pillow temporal bridge beam. Injury to the right inner capsule: sensory disturbance: a deep sensory barrier in the left h
33、alf of the body; 2. Binocular vision with lateral half - bias. Motor disorder: hard paralysis on the side and lower limb.20. The location and division of the lateral ventricle.A; The lateral ventricle is located in the hemisphere of the brain, which can be divided into the central part (in the parie
34、tal lobe), the anterior horn (in the upper lobe), the posterior horn (in the occipital lobe), and the lower Angle (the temporal lobe).21.Compare the similarities and differences between the trunk and the deep, shallow sensory pathway.A: the similarities: the level I and II levels have the same posit
35、ion; To pass through the posterior extremity of the capsule; The fibers of the left and right are all emitted by I - grade neurons; The fibers of the grade I neurons all reach the posterior middle, upper and central lobe of the central lobe, and the projection positioning of the various parts of the
36、 body is basically the same. Differences: the position of the class I neurons is different; The level I fiber is different in the spinal position, and the depth of the fiber in the deep part of the fiber is up to the posterior cord. The fibers in the shallow part are intersected in front of the whit
37、e matter, and the fibers of the deep are intersected at the intersections of the medial mound of the medullary medullary. There are also differences in the projection area, and the deep division is projected to the front of the center, the upper part and the front of the central side of the central
38、lobe.22. What is the transmission pathway of the superficial sensory conduction pathways of the head?Answer: head facial skin, mucous membrane touch the pain of temperature sensors to trigeminal nerve, trigeminal ganglia to trigeminal nerve sensory root, brainstem trigeminal sensory nucleus (pons tr
39、igeminal nerve, spinal nucleus) and the medulla oblongata and pons in cross - trigeminal thalamus beam - thalamic ventral medial nucleus and internal capsule after hind legs to the cerebral cortex after the lower back.23. Try to describe the name and location of the visual conduction path sensor and
40、 the tertiary neuron.Answer: is its receptors in the retina of the light-sensitive rod and cone cells, the first level neurons for bipolar cells in the retina, secondary neurons is ganglion cells, the third level of neuron cell bodies in the lateral geniculate body.24. Where does the visual conducti
41、on road intersect? What is the feature?A: the cross-section of the hypothalamus in the suprachiasmatic cross is characterized by the intersecting of the fibrous intersecting of the retinal nose and half of the retinal nose. The temporal side is half uncrossed, and the lateral side of the cross. Ther
42、efore, the left side of the bundle contains fibers from the left half of the retinal retina, and the right side of the bundle contains fibers from the right half of the retina.25. What happens to the retina after the outside light reaches the retina?Answer: retinal and optic nerve and optic chiasma
43、and optic tract - to the arm - the area before the roof - both oculomotor nerve deputy nuclear - parasympathetic preganglionic fibers oculomotor nerve and the ciliary ganglion - parasympathetic postganglionic fibre - pupillary sphincter and the ciliary muscle.26. When the right side of the optic ner
44、ve, the right side of the eye, and the right side of the eye are damaged, what are the clinical symptoms?A: when the right optic nerve is damaged, the right eye vision is completely blind, and the right eye is directly reflected off the light, the indirect light reflection is present, and the left e
45、ye indirectly reflects off the light reflection. On the right, the right eye, the direct and indirect light reflection, the right eye ball movement disorder. On the right side of the beam injury, there were two eyes left field of vision.27. What are the clinical symptoms when the central and lateral
46、 parts of the cross are respectively damaged?A: when the cross central part of the eye is damaged, the optic temporal vision of the binocular is blind. When the lateral side of the cross-lateral side of the lesion is seen, there is a hemianopsia of the lateral eyeball.28. Where are the upper and low
47、er neurons of the side muscles, one side of the tongue, and the upper and lower extremities under management of the eye?Answer: the facial muscle: the upper neuron is located at the lower part of the opposite center of the opposite side, and the lower neuron is located in the lower half of the later
48、al nucleus. Tongue muscle: the upper nerve cell is located in the lower part of the center of the test, and the lower neuron is located in the inferior lingual nucleus. The upper extremity muscle: the upper nerve cell is located in the middle of the opposite center of the opposite center, and the lo
49、wer neuron is located in the anterior horn of the same side. Lower extremity muscle: the upper nerve cell is located at the front of the lateral center of the opposite center and the anterior central lobe of the central lobe, and the lower neuron is located in the anterior horn of the same lateral lu