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1、Stephen William Hawking Early life Graduate school Theory of singularity Publications Honors and commitments Stephen William Hawking was born on 8 January 1942(300 years after the death of Galileo)in Oxford,England.When he was eight,his family moved to St.Albans,a town about 20 miles north of London
2、.At the age of eleven,Stephen went to St.Albans School and then on to University College,Oxford;his fathers old college.After three years and not very much work,he was awarded a first class honours degree in Natural Science.Stephen Hawking at 19,coxing for an Oxford rowing eight.The year was 1961.Ha
3、wking claimed he became involved with rowing because he was bored studying physics.Stephen then went on to Cambridge to do research in Cosmology.After gaining his Ph.D.he became first a Research Fellow and later on a Professorial Fellow at Gonville and Caius College.After leaving the Institute of As
4、tronomy in 1973,Stephen came to the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics.The onset of Hawkings graduate education at Cambridge marked a turning point in his life.It was then that he embarked upon the formal study of cosmology,which focused his study.And it was then that he was f
5、irst stricken with Lou Gehrigs disease,a weakening disease of the nervous and muscular system that eventually led to his total confinement in a wheelchair.My dreams at that time were rather disturbed.Before my condition had been diagnosed,I had been very bored with life.There had not seemed to be an
6、ything worth doing.But shortly after I came out of hospital,I dreamt that I was going to be executed.I suddenly realised that there were a lot of worthwhile things I could do if I were reprieved.Another dream,that I had several times,was that I would sacrifice my life to save others.After all,if I w
7、ere going to die anyway,it might as well do some good.But I didnt die.In fact,although there was a cloud hanging over my future,I found,to my surprise,that I was enjoying life in the present more than before.I began to make progress with my research,Hawking married his first wife Jane Wilde in 1965.
8、His marriage was an important step in his emotional life.Marriage gave him,he recalled,the determination to live and make professional progress in the world of science.Professor Hawking married his second wife Elaine Mason at Cambridge registry office in September 1995.Mason had become his nurse aft
9、er his split from Wilde.Hawking divorced for the second time in 2006.Research and theories A singularity is a place in either space or time at which some quantity becomes infinite(without an end).Such a place is found in a black hole,the final stage of a collapsed star,where the gravitational field
10、has infinite strength.Hawking demonstrated that our universe had its origins in a singularity.In the beginning all of the matter in the universe was concentrated in a single point,making a very small but tremendously dense body.Ten to twenty billion years ago that body exploded in a big bang that in
11、itiated time and the universe.Hawkings research led him to study the characteristics of the best-known singularity:the black hole.A black holes edges,called the event horizon,can be detected.Hawking proved that the surface area(measurement of the surface)of the event horizon could only increase,not
12、decrease,and that when two black holes merged the surface area of the new hole was larger than the sum of the two original.Hawkings continuing examination of the nature of black holes led to two important discoveries.The first,that black holes can give off heat,opposed the claim that nothing could e
13、scape from a black hole.The second concerned the size of black holes.As originally conceived,black holes were immense in size because they were the end result of the collapse of gigantic stars.1988：A brief History of Time 1993：Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays 2005：A briefer History of
14、 Time 2001:The Universe in a Nutshell 2002：On The Shoulders of Giants.HONORS Hawkings work in modern cosmology and in theoretical astronomy and physics is widely recognized.He became a fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1974 and five years later was named to a professorial chair at Cambridge U
15、niversity that was once held by Sir Isaac Newton(16421727).Beyond these honors he has earned a host of honorary degrees,awards,prizes,and lectureships from the major universities and scientific societies of Europe and America.By the end of the twentieth century Stephen Hawking had become one of the
16、best-known scientists in the world.His popularity includes endorsing a wireless Internet connection and speaking to wheelchair-bound youth.He also had a special appearance on the television series Star Trek.The Queen meets Hawking in 2006 at a Buckingham Palace reception for representatives of the B
17、ritish scientific community.Stephen Hawking given Presidential Medal of Freedom by Barack ObamaNelson Mandela meets Hawking in Johannesburg in May 2008.Hawking was in Africa to lend his support to plans to create the continents first postgraduate centres for advanced maths and physics after the British government refused to provide funding.