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1、北京市西城区2018-2019学年度第一学期期末试卷高三英语本试卷共10页，共120分。考试时长100分钟。考生务必将答案答在答题卡上，在试卷上作 答无效。第一部分：知识运用(共两节，45分)第一节阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。(共10小题；每小题L5分，共15分) 在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正 确形式填空。AFor most of her life , Anna Mary Roberts worked very hard making a living on a farm. She began to paint 1 her seventi
2、es. She displayed her artworks in her town at age eighty. The paintings 2 (notice) by an art collector, 3 recognized Annas remarkable talent. He bought all the paintings on display. Later, three of her paintings were exhibited in a well-known art museum in New York City. Soon, people around the worl
3、d 4 (hear) of Anna and her delightful artworks. People loved looking at the old-fashioned scenes that Anna had created.答案1. in2. were noticed3. who 4. heard【解析】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲了 Anna Mary Roberts在七十岁时，开始画画，她的作品被人们所喜爱。 【1题详解】考查介词。in her seventies这个固定结构表示“在她七十岁的时候”，所以填in。【2题详解】考查时态语态。前边主语paintings为可数名词复数
4、形式，故谓语动词也用复数形式，时态应该与前后句 保持一致，用一般过去；句意上为她的画被一位收藏家注意到，用被动语态，所以填were noticed。【3题详解】考查非限制性定语从句。3recognized Annas remarkable talent.是一个非限制性定语从句,先行词是an art collector,关系词在从句中作主语，指人，所以填who。【4题详解】考查时态语态。句子中缺少谓语动词，并且时态跟前后句保持一致，句意为全世界的人很快就听说了她和 她的作品，所以用一般过去时的主动形式，所以填heard。backpacked on. To encourage Adam, they
5、 took one of his shirts with them and took photos of it along the way, which they sent to him.A few days passed and Adam was feeling better. The doctors cleared him to return to the backcountry! Finally, Adam finished the trek with his crew. He is now one of the only Boy- Scouts with hemophilia to h
6、ave ever participated in and pleted a Philmont Trek.What encouraged Adam to take on this challenge despite the risk? ”I thought it would be fun and a good thing to do as long as I was prepared. And my parents have always encouraged me to not let hemophilia be the only factor in ANY decision.34. What
7、 has stopped Adam from participating in some Scouting activities over the years?A. Inadequate trek experience. B. His fear of the wilderness.C. Lack of camping skills. D. His health condition.35. On the 3rd day of the Philmont Trek,A. Adam needed medical attentionB. the team was caught in the heavy
8、rainC. two doctors hiked all the way to find AdamD. the rest of the boys backpacked on with Adams shirt36. Why did Adam participate in this challenging activity?A. He had a love for it.B. He was eager to be a leader.C. He wanted to set a record.D. His parents decided for him.37. Which of the followi
9、ng words can best describe Adam?A. Athletic and ambitious.B. Considerate and fearless.C. courageous and determined.D. Confident and knowledgeable.【答案】34.D35. A 36. A 37. C【解析】【分析】这是一篇故事类阅读。文章讲了十五岁的童子军Adam克服重重困难，不畏艰险，完成了一项挑战。【34题详解】 细节理解题。答案定位在第三段 Because of his condition, Adam has had to miss some S
10、couting activities over the years 及上文 Adam has hemophilia, . can cause severe bleeding from even a slight injury.可知，由于Adam患了血友病，他不得不错过一些童子军活动，所以是健康问题阻止了亚 当参加一些童子军活动，故选D。【35题详解】细节理解题。答案定位在第四段 Adam told the adult leaders about his back and that he was starting to not feel well. They made the decision
11、to call Philmont base camp to seek medical attention. 可知，在第三天Adam受伤了，并把这一情况告诉了成年的领队，于是他们决定回到大本营去治疗。由此可 知在第三天，Adam需要医疗照顾，故选A。【36题详解】细节理解题。答案定位在文章最后一段 I thought it would be fun and a good thing to do as long as I was prepared.可知，Adam参加挑战是因为他觉得挑战很有乐趣并且是件美好的事情，故选A。【37题详解】推理判断题。答案定位在最后一段 What encouraged
12、Adam to take on this challenge despite the risk? nI thought it would be fun and a good thing to do as long as I was prepared. And my parents have always encouraged me to not let hemophilia be the only factor in ANY decision.Adam解释是自己的决心和父母的鼓励，让自己不畏危险完成这项挑战。由此推断出Adam是一个勇敢和意 志坚定的人，故选C。【点睛】推理判断题要求考生在理解
13、原文表面文字信息的基础上，做出一定的判断和推理，从而得出文章 的隐含意义和深层意义。推理判断题属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题，做这类题目时，同学们应严格 依据作者所陈述的细节、事实以及作者的措词、态度和语气等，找出能够表露作者思想倾向和感情色彩的 词语，然后利用自己已获得的相关知识进行推理判断，从而得出符合逻辑的结论。小题4,答案定位在最 后一段 What encouraged Adam to take on this challenge despite the risk? nI thought it would be fun and a good thing to do as long a
14、s I was prepared. And my parents have always encouraged me to not let hemophilia be the only factor in ANY decision.Adam解释是自己的决心和父母的鼓励，让自己不畏危险完成这项挑战。由此推断出 Adam是一个勇敢和意志坚定的人，故选C。CBe nice to mice and they may return the favour.Only one drug of every ten successfully tested in laboratory animals ends up
15、 working in people. One reason, of course, is that mice are not men. Another, though, might have to do with the fact that while human patients are afforded all manner of creature forts, their animal proxies （代替物）.Although medical sciences favourite creatures relish temperatures of a little over 30 ,
16、 laboratories routinely keep them at five or ten degrees below that. This is not in order to abuse the beasts but. rather, because when kept warm they are unmanageably aggressive.The downside is that they have to eat more than they otherwise would, in order to keep their bodies warm. That changes th
17、eir physiology （生理）.And that in turn changes the way they metabolise （新陈代谢）drugs, with possibly confusing results. Joseph Garner, of Stanford University , thinks the answer is to keep the labs cool, but let mice deal with the low temperatures a? they do in their natural habitat: not by eating more b
18、ut by building nests.So far, though, no one has a clear idea of how much nesting material is needed to keep mice happy. Dr Garner and his colleagues therefore decided to find out. They havejust reported their results in the Public Library of Science. Dr Gamer and his team let each of their mice , 36
19、 males and as many females from three types monly used in trials, wander free in two cages connected by a narrow tube. One cage was kept constant at one of six temperatures between 20 and 35 The other was maintained at 200 C but was supplied with up to ten grams of very small pieces of paper, which
20、the mice could use to weave a nest.The idea was to check whether the animals would rather build a nest in the cooler cage or move to the warmer one, possibly pulling nesting material along with them little by little. The researchers found that the mices preferences varied slightly between types, as
21、well as between sexes （with females fond of higher temperatures, possibly because of their thinner protective layer of fat）, confirming that there is no single set of conditions in which all mice feel cosy.In general, though, with little nesting material around, the mice laboriously carried pieces o
22、f paper over to the warmer spot, one or two at a time. But leave at least six grams of paper in the chilly cage, and many mice will prefer instead to brave the cold and build a nest there.That seems a small price to pay for better drug trials.38. What does the underlined word nrelish* in Paragraph 3
23、 probably mean?A. Resist.B. Enjoy.C. Avoid.D. Maintain.39. Mice eating more than they normally do may lead toA. better management of their behaviorB. their different body response to drugs.C. A slowdown in their metabolism.D. A confusion in their mind.40. Dr Garner and his team found thatA. mice kee
24、p warm by moving pieces of paperB. female mice better beat the cold than male miceC. mice tend to fight the cold under certain conditionsD. different types of mice prefer very different temperatures41. To have a better drug trial, researchers need to.A. provide little food B. use other animal proxie
25、sC. raise the lab temperature D. prepare enough nesting material【答案】38.B39. B 40. C 41. D【解析】【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲了善待老鼠，它们也许会报答你的恩惠。【38题详解】词义猜测题。答案定位在第三段 Although medical science s favourite creatures relish temperatures of a little over 30, laboratories routinely keep them at five or ten degrees below
26、that.可 知虽然医学中最喜欢的生物偏爱待在稍高于30摄氏度的环境里，但它们却常被控制在比这低5到10摄氏 度的实验室中。结合句意前后形成对比，因此这种生物在30C环境下最合适。A. resist抵抗；C. avoid避 免；D.maintain维持，均不符题意，故选B。39题详解】细节理解题。答案定位在第四段 That changes their physiology （生理）.And that in turn changes the way they metabolise （新陈代谢）drugs, with possibly confusing results 可知这样动物的生理机能 就
27、会有所改变，因此会影响到药物在动物体内的代谢，结果也是混乱的。由此可知老鼠如果吃的比正常情 况下多，会导致不同的生理反应，从而影响药效，故选B。【40题详解】细节理解题。答案定位在倒数第二段 But leave a least six grams of paper in the chilly cage, and many mice will prefer instead to brave the cold and build a nest here.如果在温度较低的笼子里 放至少六克纸条，那么很多老鼠宁愿忍受寒冷，在那里筑窝，可知老鼠在特定环境下会抵抗寒冷，故选C。41题详解】推理判断题。答案
28、定位在最后一段That seems a small price to pay for better drug trials,用六克 纸条就能让药物试验有更好的效果，这似乎是个很小的代价，可知研究员应该准备足够的筑巢材料，使药 物试验效果最佳，故选D。【点睛】细节理解题的解题思路：细节理解题就是我们常见的wh-题，它们大多是根据文章中的具体信息如事实、例证、原因、过程、论述 等进行提问的。抓住文段中的事实和细节是做好该题型的关键，也是做好其它类型问题的基础。该题型几 乎都可以在文章中直接找到与答案有关的信息，或是其变体。在一篇短文里大部分篇幅都属于这类围绕主 体展开的细节。做这类题一般采用寻读法
29、，即先读题，然后带着问题快速阅读短文，找出与问题和选项有 关的词语或句子，再对相关部分进行分析对比，找出答案。例如小题3,答案定位在倒数第二段But leave a least six grams of paper in the chilly cage, and many mice will prefer instead to brave the cold and build a nest here如果在温度较低的笼子里放至少六克纸条，那么很多老鼠宁愿忍受寒冷，在 那里筑窝，可知老鼠在特定环境下会抵抗寒冷，故选C。DWhen Steve Jobs took to the stage in 20
30、08 to announce the second iPhone and, just as importantly, the then-brand new App Store, he was selling consumers one simple thing: choice. Whether you wanted to play games , read the news , watch videos, or do a thousand other things, there was something for whatever your heart desired.Then a funny
31、 thing happened. Logging into the App Store today is a bit like going Into a shopping mall armed only with a coupon （优惠券）for one thing: Theres so much choice; it might just be easier to give up than choose.It isnt just consumers who are burdened, though. Too much content of all kinds is also startin
32、g to have economic effects. When there are millions of apps available, It bees more and more difficult to charge $ 5 or $10, so over time, a dollar or two has bee the norm. A large amount of choice causes pressure, pushing prices down and driving us all a bit crazy in the process.So what is the way
33、forward? It may well be to turn less choice itself into the marketing strategy. There are already signs this is happening. Firstly, content panies are looking to prevent their offerings from getting lost in the tons of stuff. Most obvious is Disney , which is slowly pulling its films and shows off Y
34、ouTube to open its own streaming service next year. The point is to narrow the focus so that those seeking Disney cartoons will have one place to go, rather than being around various services.Yet if that represents a careful first step, there are more extreme options, too. Consider the idea of a win
35、e club; From the tens of thousands of bottles each year, subscribers pay someone to select the most interesting or rare offerings. Perhaps what es next for digital content is something similarcarefully selected offerings from trusted sources that end up putting choice in the hands of someone else in
36、 order to get rid of the anxiety of choosing.Up until this point, too much choice in digital media has had only one solution: the algorithm （运算法贝！|）. But we*ve seen the trouble with algorithms like those on YouTube. They feed you only what youve already said you like, not things you may not yet know
37、 youre into. Worse, they have a tendency to serve up disturbing content. The way forward cant simply be more or better algorithms.Instead , its time for digital panies to start thinking about how to put limits on things: on how much we can usea device, or what we have available to choose from.To be
38、sure, its the opposite of free market, which is supposed to work on offering more choice. But perhaps it isnt such an unusual reaction. Alter all, free markets are supposed to respond to consumer demand.And as we move further into the digital revolution, what people are asking for is clear: Less.42.
39、 Too much choice of content on the market results inA. the shutdown of paniesB. the anxiety of consumersC. the poor quality of productsD. the slowdown of economy43. What is mainly talked about in Paragraphs 4 and 5?A. Why content panies open their own streaming services.B. Whether content panies sho
40、uld cut their offerings.C. Where content panies should post their offerings.D. How content panies narrow the consumers* focus.44. For consumers, the algorithm will probablyA. make a better choice for them. B. help to remove disturbing contentC. fail to offer what they possibly like D. change their i
41、nterest in digital media45. What is the authors attitude towards limiting the choice consumers have?A. Approving.B. Skeptical.C. Opposing.D. Neutral.【答案】42. B43. D 44. C 45. A【解析】 这是一篇议论文。文章主要讲了随着我们进一步推进数字革命，人们的要求是明确的:更少。【42题详解】 细节理解题。答案定位在第三段段 It isn t just consumers who are burdened, though.及 A la
42、rge amount of choice causes pressure, pushing prices down and driving us all a bit crazy in the process. 可知，各种类型内容选择过多可能导致的后果，不仅仅是让消费者感到负担，而且会导致压力，让价格下 降，故选B。【43题详解】段落大意题。答案定位在第四段 So what is the way forward? It may well be to turn less choice itself into the marketing strategy. There are already sig
43、ns this is happening.可知,该段在阐述未来应 对的方法是什么，很可能是将较少的选择作为营销策略，并且也有迹象表明这正在发生；故选D。【44题详解】 细节理解题。答案定位在第六段But we ve seen the trouble with algorithms like those on YouTube.They feed you only what you ve already said you like, not things you may not yet know you re into.可知，运算法则造成的问题，是他们只给你提供你已经说过的你喜欢的东西，而不是你可
44、能还不知道 你喜欢的东西，故选C。【45题详解】 推理判断题。答案定位在最后一段 And as we move further into the digital revolution, what people are asking for is clear: less.可知，随着我们进一步进入数字革命，人们的要求十分清晰，即要少的选择。故可得知，作者对于限制消费者选择的态度是支持的，故选A。第二节（共题，每小题二分，共十分）根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，选项中有两项为多余选项。What makes a good apology? What is the righ
45、t way to say were sorry that doesnt merely relieve our guilt or get us out of hot water, but best serves the person we hurt? There is more to saying sorry than just saying sorry”.46 They include expressing regret, explaining what went wrong, acknowledging responsibility, offering to repair the situa
46、tion, and requesting forgiveness.That may seem like a lot to remember, but acknowledgement of responsibility turned out to be the most important piece. Of course, not all the ruined situations are created equal. 47 Here are a few key tips.Have perfect timing. Did you totally ruin the situation? A li
47、ttle cool-off time could help. 48 .But if the other party is angry at your wrong doing, it may be more effective to wait because their anger may prevent them from being receptive to an apology. Waiting can help you too. The best time to apologize is when one feels ready to sincerely apologize.49 Exp
48、erts agree that face-to-face apologies beat phoned-in, e-mailed, or handwritten ones. Facial expressions, gestures, and the tone of voice have all been shown to be important channels that convey sincerity. Anyone can type I feel really ashamed,* but if you say it live, its obvious whether or not you mean it.Explain; dont excuse. Because admitting to being wrong is painful and can make people worried that theyre a bad person, they often water down their apology with excuses. Examples include n I certainly apologize if I offended anyone and Im sorry, but you started it