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1、本科生毕业设计（论文）专业外文翻译原 文： Belt Conveying Systems Development Of Driving System 译 文： 带式输送机及其牵引系统 Belt Conveying Systems Development of driving systemAmong the methods of material conveying employed，belt conveyors play a very important part in the reliable carrying of material over long distances at compe
2、titive costConveyor systems have become larger and more complex and drive systems have also been going through a process of evolution and will continue to do soNowadays，bigger belts require more power and have brought the need for larger individual drives as well as multiple drives such as 3 drives
3、of 750 kW for one belt(this is the case for the conveyor drives in Chengzhuang Mine)The ability to control drive acceleration torque is critical to belt conveyors performanceAn efficient drive system should be able to provide smooth，soft starts while maintaining belt tensions within the specified sa
4、fe limitsFor load sharing on multiple drivestorque and speed control are also important considerations in the drive systems design. Due to the advances in conveyor drive control technology，at present many more reliableCost-effective and performance-driven conveyor drive systems covering a wide range
5、 of power are available for customers choices. 1 Analysis on conveyor drive technologies1.1 Direct drives Full-voltage startersWith a full-voltage starter design，the conveyor head shaft is direct-coupled to the motor through the gear driveDirect full-voltage starters are adequate for relatively low-
6、power, simple-profile conveyorsWith direct fu11-voltage startersno control is provided for various conveyor loads anddepending on the ratio between fu11- and no-1oad power requirements，empty starting times can be three or four times faster than full loadThe maintenance-free starting system is simple
7、，low-cost and very reliableHowever, they cannot control starting torque and maximum stall torque；thereforethey arelimited to the low-power, simple-profile conveyor belt drives.Reduced-voltage startersAs conveyor power requirements increase，controlling the applied motor torque during the acceleration
8、 period becomes increasingly importantBecause motor torque 1s a function of voltage，motor voltage must be controlledThis can be achieved through reduced-voltage starters by employing a silicon controlled rectifier(SCR)A common starting method with SCR reduced-voltage starters is to apply low voltage
9、 initially to take up conveyor belt slackand then to apply a timed linear ramp up to full voltage and belt speedHowever, this starting method will not produce constant conveyor belt accelerationWhen acceleration is completethe SCRs, which control the applied voltage to the electric motor are locked
10、in full conduction, providing fu11-line voltage to the motorMotors with higher torque and pullup torque，can provide better starting torque when combined with the SCR starters, which are available in sizes up to 750 KWWound rotor induction motorsWound rotor induction motors are connected directly to
11、the drive system reducer and are a modified configuration of a standard AC induction motorBy inserting resistance in series with the motors rotor windingsthe modified motor control system controls motor torqueFor conveyor starting，resistance is placed in series with the rotor for low initial torqueA
12、s the conveyor accelerates，the resistance is reduced slowly to maintain a constant acceleration torqueOn multiple-drive systemsan external slip resistor may be left in series with the rotor windings to aid in load sharingThe motor systems have a relatively simple designHowever, the control systems f
13、or these can be highly complex，because they are based on computer control of the resistance switchingToday，the majority of control systems are custom designed to meet a conveyor systems particular specificationsWound rotor motors are appropriate for systems requiring more than 400 kW DC motorDC moto
14、rsavailable from a fraction of thousands of kW ，are designed to deliver constant torque below base speed and constant kW above base speed to the maximum allowable revolutions per minute(r/min)with the majority of conveyor drives, a DC shunt wound motor is usedWherein the motors rotating armature is
15、connected externallyThe most common technology for controlling DC drives is a SCR device which allows for continual variable-speed operationThe DC drive system is mechanically simple, but can include complex custom-designed electronics to monitor and control the complete systemThis system option is
16、expensive in comparison to other soft-start systemsbut it is a reliable, cost-effective drive in applications in which torque,1oad sharing and variable speed are primary considerationsDC motors generally are used with higher-power conveyors，including complex profile conveyors with multiple-drive sys
17、tems，booster tripper systems needing belt tension control and conveyors requiring a wide variable-speed range12 Hydrokinetic coupling Hydrokinetic couplings，commonly referred to as fluid couplingsare composed of three basic elements; the driven impeller, which acts as a centrifugal pump；the driving
18、hydraulic turbine known as the runner and a casing that encloses the two power componentsHydraulic fluid is pumped from the driven impeller to the driving runner, producing torque at the driven shaftBecause circulating hydraulic fluid produces the torque and speed，no mechanical connection is require
19、d between the driving and driven shaftsThe power produced by this coupling is based on the circulated fluids amount and density and the torque in proportion to input speedBecause the pumping action within the fluid coupling depends on centrifugal forcesthe output speed is less than the input speedRe
20、ferred to as slipthis normally is between l% and 3%Basic hydrokinetic couplings are available in configurations from fractional to several thousand kW Fixed-fill fluid couplingsFixed-fill fluid couplings are the most commonly used soft-start devices for conveyors with simpler belt profiles and limit
21、ed convex/concave sectionsThey are relatively simple,1ow-cost,reliable,maintenance free devices that provide excellent soft starting results to the majority of belt conveyors in use today Variable-fill drain couplingsDrainable-fluid couplings work on the same principle as fixed-fill couplingsThe cou
22、plings impellers are mounted on the AC motor and the runners on the driven reducer high-speed shaftHousing mounted to the drive base encloses the working circuitThe couplings rotating casing containsbleed-off orifices that continually allow fluid to exit the working circuit into a separate hydraulic
23、 reservoirOil from the reservoir is pumped through a heat exchanger to a solenoid-operated hydraulic valve that controls the filling of the fluid couplingTo control the starting torque of a single-drive conveyor system，the AC motor current must be monitored to provide feedback to the solenoid contro
24、l valveVariable fill drain couplings are used in medium to high-kW conveyor systems and are available in sizes up to thousands of kW The drives can be mechanically complex and depending on the control parametersthe system can be electronically intricateThe drive system cost is medium to high, depend
25、ing upon size specified Hydrokinetic scoop control driveThe scoop control fluid coupling consists of the three standard fluid coupling components：a driven impeller, a driving runner and a casing that encloses the working circuitThe casing is fitted with fixed orifices that bleed a predetermined amou
26、nt of fluid into a reservoirWhen the scoop tube is fully extended into the reservoir, the coupling is l00 percent filledThe scoop tube, extending outside the fluid coupling，is positioned using an electric actuator to engage the tube from the fully retracted to the fully engaged positionThis control
27、provides reasonably smooth acceleration ratesto but the computer-based control system is very complexScoop control couplings are applied on conveyors requiring single or multiple drives from l50 kW to 750 kW. 13 Variable-frequency control(VFC) Variable frequency control is also one of the direct dri
28、ve methodsThe emphasizing discussion about it here is because that it has so unique characteristic and so good performance compared with other driving methods for belt conveyor VFC devices Provide variable frequency and voltage to the induction motor, resulting in an excellent starting torque and ac
29、celeration rate for belt conveyor drivesVFC drivesavailable from fractional to several thousand(kW ), are electronic controllers that rectify AC line power to DC and，through an inverter, convert DC back to AC with frequency and voltage contro1VFC drives adopt vector control or direct torque control(
30、DTC)technology，and can adopt different operating speeds according to different loadsVFC drives can make starting or stallingaccording to any given S-curvesrealizing the automatic track for starting or stalling curvesVFC drives provide excellent speed and torque control for starting conveyor beltsand
31、 can also be designed to provide load sharing for multiple driveseasily VFC controllers are frequently installed on lower-powered conveyor drives，but when used at the range of medium-high voltage in the pastthe structure of VFC controllers becomes very complicated due to the limitation of voltage ra
32、ting of power semiconductor devices，the combination of medium-high voltage drives and variable speed is often solved with low-voltage inverters using step-up transformer at the output，or with multiple low-voltage inverters connected in seriesThree-level voltage-fed PWM converter systems are recently
33、 showing increasing popularity for multi-megawatt industrial drive applications because of easy voltage sharing between the series devices and improved harmonic quality at the output compared to two-level converter systems With simple series connection of devicesThis kind of VFC system with three 75
34、0 kW /23kV inverters has been successfully installed in ChengZhuang Mine for one 27-km long belt conveyor driving system in following the principle of three-level inverter will be discussed in detail 2 Neutral point clamped(NPC)three-level inverter using IGBTs Three-level voltage-fed inverters have
35、recently become more and more popular for higher power drive applications because of their easy voltage sharing features1ower dv/dt per switching for each of the devices，and superior harmonic quality at the outputThe availability of HV-IGBTs has led to the design of a new range of medium-high voltag
36、e inverter using three-level NPC topologyThis kind of inverter can realize a whole range with a voltage rating from 23 kV to 41 6 kV Series connection of HV-IGBT modules is used in the 33 kV and 41 6 kV devicesThe 23 kV inverters need only one HV-IGBT per switch. 21 Power section To meet the demands
37、 for medium voltage applicationsa three-level neutral point clamped inverter realizes the power sectionIn comparison to a two-level inverterthe NPC inverter offers the benefit that three voltage levels can be supplied to the output terminals，so for the same output current quality，only1/4 of the swit
38、ching frequency is necessaryMoreover the voltage ratings of the switches in NPC inverter topology will be reduced to 1/2and the additional transient voltage stress on the motor can also be reduced to 1/2 compared to that of a two-level inverter The switching states of a three-level inverter are summ
39、arized in Table 1UV and W denote each of the three phases respectively；P N and O are the dc bus pointsThe phase U，for example，is in state P(positive bus voltage)when the switches S1u and S2u are closed，whereas it is in state N (negative bus voltage) when the switches S3u and S4u are closedAt neutral
40、 point clamping，the phase is in O state when either S2u or S3u conducts depending on positive or negative phase current polarity，respectivelyFor neutral point voltage balancing，the average current injected at O should be zero22 Line side converter For standard applicationsa l2-pulse diode rectifier
41、feeds the divided DC-link capacitorThis topology introduces low harmonics on the line sideFor even higher requirements a 24-pulse diode rectifier can be used as an input converterFor more advanced applications where regeneration capability is necessary, an active frontend converter can replace the d
42、iode rectifier, using the same structure as the inverter 2. 3 Inverter controlMotor Control. Motor control of induction machines is realized by using a rotor flux. oriented vector controller. Fig. 2 shows the block diagram of indirect vector controlled drive that incorporates both constant torque an
43、d high speed field-weakening regions where the PW M modulator was used. In this figure, the command flux.is generated as function of speed. The feedback speed is added with the feed forward slip command signal,the resulting frequency signal is integrated and then the unit vector signals(cose and sin
44、 e)are generated. The vector rotator generates the voltage Vs and Angle e commands for the PW M as shown.PWM Modulator. The demanded voltage vector is generated using an elaborate PWM modulator. The modulator extends the concepts of space-vector modulation to the three-level inverter. The operation
45、can be explained by starting from a regularly sampled sine-triangle comparison from two-level inverter. Instead of using one set of reference waveforms and one triangle defining the switching frequency, three-level Modulator uses two sets of reference waveforms Uand U and just one triangle. Thus, ea
46、ch switching transition is used in an optimal way so that several objectives are reached at the same time.Very low harmonics are generated. The switching frequency is low and thus switching losses are minimized. As in a two-level inverter, a zero-sequence component can be added to each set of refere
47、nce waveform s in order to maximize the fundamental voltage component. As an additional degree of freedom, the position of the reference waveform s within the triangle can be changed. This can be used for current balance in the two halves of the DC-link.3 Testing resultsAfter Successful installation
48、 of three 750 kW /2. 3 kV three-levelinverters for one 2. 7 km long belt conveyor driving system in Cheng zhuang Mine. The performance of the whole VFC system was tested. Fig. 3 is taken from the test, which shows the excellent characteristic of the belt conveyor driving system with VFC controller.4 Conclusions Advances in conveyor drive control technology in recent years have resulted in many more reliable. Cost-effective and performance-driven conveyor drive system choices for users.Among these choices,theVariable frequency control (VFC) method shows promising use in the future for long