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1、中文2490字Digital printingPhil GreenDigital printing is currently the most rapidly growing print sector, and one which is opening up new possibilities of short-run color work. It is also enabling entirely different relationships between the purchaser and supplier of printed products and making possible
2、 all kinds of new products.The conventional printing processes described earlier in this chapter are mature technologies. The technological development of these processes will continue, but will tend to deliver only incremental improvements in performance. Digital printing, by comparison, is still a
3、t an early stage in its development and will continue to develop rapidly, opening up new markets and making increasing inroads into the conventional process.In the medium term at least, it is highly unlikely that digital printing will entirely replace the conventional processes. This is for two fund
4、amental reasons:l The cost of colorants used makes unit prices too high to compete on longer runs; l Modern printing equipment is designed around production economies of scale, with high speeds, large formats and inline processes such as folding and coating, and it will be some time before manufactu
5、rers build digital presses that can compete on high production volumes.The strength of digital printing is therefore largely in shorter print runs. However, the short-run market is expanding fast as print runs for all types of product are falling, and new products are made possible by integrated dig
6、ital production. A direct cost comparison between digital and conventional printing may not be relevant in every case as digital printing can often provide a better solution to a communication problem, adding value and generating savings elsewhere in the production cycle, for example, in administrat
7、ion or distribution costs. This logic also applies to the print buyers when thinking of incorporating digital printing into their own operations, adding them to their existing design and prepress operations. To take a example in retailing, instore printing facilities linked to install and run than p
8、urchasing from external suppliers, but the marketing benefits may outweigh the additional costs.The point at which digital and conventional printing breaks even tends to be at a run length of around 1000 copies(more for black and white and less for color). Run lengths that do not fall automatically
9、into the province of conventional or digital will be decided by the added value of the process: for digital printing this includes distributed printing and the ability to vary the image with each copy, while for conventional processes such as litho it will include the higher quality levels, the grea
10、ter range of substrates that can be printed, and the availability of inline processes such as coating.Digital printing technologiesDigital printers currently fall into four basic types:l Page printers that print flat sheets of paper, usually in A4 format but sometimes up to A3 (these range from desk
11、top printers to high-speed copier/printers like DocuTech, and include high-quality continuous tone printers used mostly for proofs and presentation materials);l Large-format devices that print on continuous rolls, mainly for short-run posters;l Overprinting heads for adding product codes (mainly for
12、 packaging) that are mounted onto conventional presses or finishing equipment, or on packaging lines; l Reel-fed machines that print at speeds comparable to conventional printing presses.A digital printer has two fundamental components: a marking engine that transfers colorant to the paper, and a fr
13、ont-end that prepares the data used to drive the marking engine. The front end will include a RIP and a memory buffer. The page data is transferred directly to the front end without the need for films and plates, so there are large potential savings in costs.Because the digital printing device is dr
14、iven by data and requires no plates, the image can be changed for each successive print. This variable image printing concept has great potential interest to publishers and advertisers who are interested in tailoring their communications more closely to what is known about their audience, often in c
15、onjunction with sophisticated marketing databases.Digital printing systems that operate at high speeds or high resolutions require dedicated front ends and large memory buffers, but low-end devices such as desktop printers can make use of software-based printer drivers that sit on the users host com
16、puter.The most widely-used technologies in marking engines are ink jet, laser and dye sublimation.Ink jetInk jet printers deploy an array of nozzles to project ink droplets onto the paper surface. The nozzles are relatively cheap to produce, and wider arrays that can image a moving web of paper are
17、currently in development. Ink jet print heads are found in all the types of digital printer listed earlier, and dominate the large-format and overprinting markets. They can print on the widest range of substrates (including cheaper grades such as part mechanicals).LaserLaser printers transfer toner
18、to the paper surface electro-statically. An image is created on a photoconductive surface by adding or removing an electrical charge, and toner is attracted to the charged areas on this imaging surface (laser printers are perhaps more accurately known as electrostatic printers, since other energy so
19、urces such as electron beams can also be used to alter the conductive properties of the imaging surface). Most systems use dry toner powder, but liquid toner systems are also available and deliver much better print quality: smaller particle sizes yield higher print resolution, and gloss resins can b
20、e incorporated to make the finish more like that of a conventional print. Laser printers are mainly found in page printers and reel-fed printers.Dye sublimationDye sublimation printers vaporize a waxy colorant and transfer it to the paper surface. The unit cost of prints made by this process are ext
21、remely high, and as a result its use is restricted largely to one-off prints for proofing or presentation purposes. Quality can be extremely high, comparable to a glossy photographic print.With all the digital printing systems there is a trade-off between resolution and speed. The more device pixels
22、 there are to be imaged on a page, the slower the print speed will be in pages per minute.Digital workflow-the mainstream of developspeedy development of digital processing and internet information exchange All-digital workflows are on their way. They will soon replace the traditional analogue imagi
23、ng and reliable digital performance in graphical processing, proofing, output, and transfer. It will also enable no-film involved Computer-To-Plate system to take the lead. Multi-media documental output is no longer a dream anymore. Pre-press production line has becoming more integrated, professiona
24、l and diversified. The main development trends of application software are openness, cross-platform functions, intelligence and standardization of documentation format.The implementation of digital workflow is the irresistible trend development in printing industry. Maturing printing technologies su
25、ch as CopyDot scanning, digital proofing, computer-to-plate, and digital workflow gradually remove the obstacles to the implementation of digital technologies. Advanced output technology, together with intelligentization of digital workflow management will also improve the efficiency of digital prin
26、ting operation.The digital technology process has almost replaced the traditional technology. The design and pictures can be transferred by network or through electronic medium. The corporation of pan-region, pan-country, pan-continent will be a common thing. We can offer the need, exchange informat
27、ion, remote proofing, and production tracking etc. The product can be designed in somewhere of the world, and printed in another place of the world.Direct-to-pressOne of the success stories of digital printing is Heidelbergs Quickmaster DI, which uses digital imaging on an otherwise conventional pre
28、ss design. Machines have been installed in a large number of bureau-type operations, and deliver many of the advantages of digital printing at the quality and cost associated with litho.Anew production modelThe traditional model of print production can be summarized as print a large enough quantity
29、of a product to make unit costs economic, and then distribute to the end-user. Digital technologies make it possible to completely rethink the way in which visual communications are produced and distributed.Print-on-demandBecause the amount of prepress work and press make-ready are minimal when comp
30、ared with conventional printing, production costs are almost entirely variable, with a very small fixed element. This means that they become cost-effective to print copies as they are needed, instead of producing for stock.Distribute, then printPrinted products are usually distributed over a wide ge
31、ographical area, and it can sometimes be more cost-effective to distribute the pages in digital form for local reproduction.Distribute electronically For items whose function is information rather than marketing, end-users will often accept the end product in electronic form (on disc or CD): the pag
32、es can be printed individually as required. This allows the originator of the product to focus on its content instead of its reproduction.Alternatively, it may be possible to use an online distribution medium such as the World Wide Web, and create pages that are intended for viewing on screen rather
33、 than reproduced on paper.Variable image printing As each page is imaged separately, and there is no physical printing plate, it is possible to change some or all of the page with each successive print. This enables, for example, each communication to be personalized for its intended recipient, and
34、groups of readers can then be targeted with information appropriate to their interests, their social background or their geographical location. 数字印刷费尔 格林数字印刷是当前印刷行业发展最快的部分。其中一个原因是他实现了彩色印刷的经济性。他使得印刷品的消费者和供应商之间建立了完全不同的关系。传统印刷技术是相当成熟的技术，并将继续进步，但将只倾向于只提供增值的改进。与传统印刷相比，数字印刷刚刚起步，并将快速发展，开辟新的市场，不断冲击传统印刷。但是，最
35、终在信息时代数字印刷不大可能取代整个传统印刷。这有两个根本的原因：1.单张印品所使用色料（油墨）的价格较长版活高出很多。2.现代印刷设备是围绕印刷产品的经济性而设计的，要求速度高.规格大.能在线进行折页.涂布等。在制造商生产出可以在线完成大批量产品的数字印刷机前，传统印刷技术将长期存在。数字印刷技术的优势在于短版活。然而短版市场快速扩张，更如能印刷各种印刷品的印刷机快速减少，新的产品将通过与数字印刷技术的结合而产生。一个直接的消费变化并不是与任何情况都相关的，比如数字印刷技术对于连接问题提供了一种更好的解决方法。在生产的整个过程中，有些地方增加了成本，有些地方则节约成本。例如在管理和拆版的费用
36、。当考虑要将数字印刷作为其操作的一部分，实现在线设计和印前处理时，这种逻辑也被印刷机购买者所采用。拿零售商为例，必将出现印刷设备与核心价格及市场数据库联系起来，这样就可以在短时间内生产出新卖点的材料进行安装运行，而不是从其他供应商处购买，市场利润将可能超过传统工艺的成本。数字印刷的卖点在于生产1000个左右印品（黑白地较多，彩色少）。印数由印刷流程的附加费用决定：如数字印刷中就包括分类印刷和个性印刷。而对于传统工艺如胶印则包括较高质量要求，大量片基需求，在线涂布等。数字印刷技术数字印刷机通常有四种类型：l 单张纸印刷机，幅面通常为A4，也有的达到A3（此范围从桌面打印机到高速印刷机如DocuT
37、ech,包括通常用来打样和印刷图象稿件的高质量的连续调印刷机）l 卷筒纸印刷机等大型设备，主要为速递服务者所用。l 套加印设备，用于传统印刷或作为最后一道工序，给印刷品（通常为包装印刷）加印代码。l 卷筒纸印刷机，印速可与传统印刷机相比。一台数字印刷机由两部分组成：一套印刷装置，将油墨转移到纸张上；一套印前系统，为印刷提供数据资料。该印前系统包括RIP和记忆缓冲器。数据页面直接传输到印前系统，不需要菲林和印版，因此省却了大量的印前费用。由于数字印刷机用数字形式取代了印版，在连续印刷中就可以改变图象。这种“可变数据”印刷的概念对于印刷商和广告业者有着潜在的影响，他们经常在生产中使用高度复杂的市场
38、数据库，针对人们的兴趣及时对图文进行修改。高速或高分辨率的数字印刷系统配有先进的印前装置和大容量的记忆缓冲器。而低档设备如桌面打印机可以利用电脑软件进行工作。现在应用最广泛的技术是喷墨打印，激光打印和染料升华技术。喷墨技术喷墨打印机配置了一排喷嘴，将墨滴喷射到纸张表面。制造喷嘴是相当便宜的，而能够连续绘图的宽排喷嘴也在不断发展中。很早以前，各种型号的喷墨打印机出现并系列化，主宰着套印市场，而且他们的承印物范围是最广泛的。激光技术激光打印机以带电的方式将色剂转移到纸张表面。通过增加或转移电荷使图象呈现在一光导面上，带相反电荷的色料被吸附在光导面有图文的地方。（激光打印机更确切的说应该称为静电转移
39、印刷机，其它能源如电子束也可以用来改变图象表面的传导特性）大多数机器使用干粉色料，也有些使用液体油墨（同样是可变的，印刷质量更高）：油墨粒子的微小尺寸产生高的分辨率而与有光泽的树脂融合一体，更使得数字印刷品与传统印品相差无几。激光打印主要用于单张纸或卷筒纸印刷机。染料升华技术染料升华印刷机通过将蜡质的色料蒸发而转移带纸张上。由于其单张成本较高，在应用上有一定限制，大多用于单张打样或以赠送为目的的印刷。质量很高，可与有光泽的光传导印刷相媲美。对所有的数字印刷机而言，在分辨率和速度之间要进行权衡。系统的象素越高，其印速越低。数字化工作流程-发展主流数字化工作流程正在稳步推进,他们将取代模拟式图象和
40、桌面处理系统.采用全数字化工作流程,你将得到高分辨率的,可靠的数字化操作的体验,包括图文处理,打样,输出及传输等.它也将使无胶片的直接制版(CTPlate)处于主导地位.多媒体文件输出不再是一个神话.印前工艺生产线更趋于集成化,专业化,多元化,开放式,跨平台化,智能化和文件格式标准化成为应用软件的发展趋势.推行数字化工艺流程是印刷业发展的必然趋势.随着网点拷贝扫描技术,数字化打样,计算机直接制版和数字化工艺流程等技术的发展完善,阻碍数字化技术推广的因素逐步消失.先进的输出技术加上工作流程智能化管理,使得数字化印刷的运作更加高效.数字化技术在印前领域已基本取代了传统工艺,印前设计及图片等可通过网
41、络或电子媒介传递,印前业的跨地区,跨国,跨洲的协作可成为普遍的现象,我们可以通过网络进行交流.我们可以提出业务需求,交换信息进行远程打样及跟踪生产等.产品可在世界的某个地方完成设计制作,然后可方便的到任何其他地方进行印刷.直接印刷数字印刷中的一个成功范例是海德堡的快霸DI，它将数字图文成像于经过改装的传统印刷设备上。机器中设定了大量的标准格式的操作方式，吸收了数字印刷机高质量的优点，而成本与胶印相当。一种新的生产模式印刷生产的传统模式是生产足够大量的印刷品来实现单件印品的经济性，然后将其分散销售给用户。按需印刷由于减少了大量的印前工作和印刷准备工作，除一部分费用是固定的，几乎大部分成本都是可变的。这就意味着在很多时候不需要积存大量存货，因此在成本上是很划算的。先分发，再印刷印刷产品经常在全世界范围内进行销售，先将版面以电子文档形式分发到各地再分别进行生产，就会取得显著的经济效益。电子商业销售这种行为是依靠电子传媒而不是市场。终端用户通过电子形式（disc 或CD）获得最终产品：这种页面可以按照个人的意愿进行印刷。这就帮助创作者将精力集中在作品的内容上，而不是生产复制品上。 你可以使用在线销售网络，可以制作成页面以便于浏览信息而不是把他们复制到纸张上。可变图象印刷由于每一页面都是独立成象，也不需要印版，就可以很方便的改变部分或全部图文。