02语法讲义长难句完整版 (1).pdf

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1、考考 研研 语语 法法(英(英 语语 一)一)第一部分:简单句第二部分:长难句第二部分:长难句第三部分:长难句分析n.+v.n.+v.n.+v.n.+v.conj.conj.conj.简单句并列句 复合句第一章:并列句第一章:并列句一、并列句的构成一、并列句的构成多个简单句+并列连词表示顺接的并列连词含义 andbothand“和”(两者都)notonlybutaswellnotonlybutalsonotonlybut“不但而且”(意思同“和”)(一)表示顺接的并列连词Thefinancialfallouthasbegun,andthepoliticalfalloutmaynotbefarb

2、ehind.(2007,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3)表示转折的并列连词含义 but yet“但是”(二)表示转折的并列连词Theenvironmentisobviouslyimportant,butitsrolehasremainedobscure.(2002,Translation)表示选择的并列连词含义 oreitheror“或者”(二选一)neithernor“既不也不”(两个都不选)(三)表示选择的并列连词表示因果的并列连词含义for“因为”so“所以”(四)表示因果的并列连词Reporterstendtobepartofabroadlydefine

3、dsocialandculturalelite,sotheirworktendstoreflecttheconventionalvaluesofthiselite.(2001,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3)二、并列句的省略二、并列句的省略Theprogramkeepstrackofyourprogressandprovidesdetailedfeedbackonyourperformanceandimprovement.(2014,UseofEnglish)thepeoples diedoutorbecameassimilatedandlosttheirnat

4、ivelanguages.(2004,ReadingComprehension,PartB)Butmostwomentodayarecopingwithalotofobligations andfeelingthestrain.(2008,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1)thefederalgovernmentmustsupportjobtrainingprograms,raisetheminimumwage,andfundmorelowcosthousing.(2006,UseofEnglish)Humilityrequiresyoutorecognizewe

5、aknessinyourownargumentsandsometimesalsotoacceptreasonsontheoppositeside.(2019,ReadingComprehension,PartB)并列句并列句练习练习Weneitherunderstandnorrespecteachother.(2019,ReadingComprehension,PartB)Theycrosschecksourcesandprefernewsfromdifferentperspectives.(2018,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2)theeditorwould

6、acceptthepaperforpublicationordeclineit.(2008,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2)Formerlyitlastedthreedays,butbythe1980sitmorecommonlylastedadayandahalf.(2016,UseofEnglish)InEurope,taxesaccountforuptofourfifthsoftheretailprice,soevenquitebigchangesinthepriceofcrudehaveamoremutedeffectonpumppricesthanin

7、thepast.(2002,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3)并列句并列句 考场攻略考场攻略攻略:找到并列句省略的部分Youcanbecomealawyerinthreeyearsandamedicaldoctorinfour.(2011,ReadingComprehension,PartB)Hevisitedthecasino,lostthe$20andleft.(2006,ReadingComprehension,PartB)第二部分第二部分 长难句长难句第二章:复合句主句从句 第一节第一节 名词性从句名词性从句 第二节 定语从句 第三节 状语从句宾语从句宾语

8、从句(一)宾语从句的含义(一)宾语从句的含义(二)宾语从句的写法(二)宾语从句的写法1.陈述句变宾语从句Thesefiguresareconservative.Dr.Wormacknowledges(that)thesefiguresareconservative.(2006,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3)Webelieveconsumersshouldhavemorecontrol.(2013,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2)2.特殊疑问句变宾语从句Wheredidweputthekeysjustamomentago?Wesu

9、ddenlycantrememberwhereweputthekeysjustamomentago.(2014,UseofEnglish)3.一般疑问句变宾语从句Areotherclientsgoingtoabandonme,too?Idontknowifotherclientsaregoingtoabandonme,too(2004,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3)Shouldadvertisersassumethatpeoplearehappytobetrackedandsentbehaviouralads?(2013,ReadingComprehensio

10、n,PartAText2)(二)宾语从句的写法总结 Dr.Wormacknowledgesthatthesefiguresareconservative.Wesuddenlycantrememberwhereweputthekeysjustamomentago,.Idontknowifotherclientsaregoingtoabandonme,too(三)宾语从句的位置(三)宾语从句的位置Thismayalsoexplainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmells.(2005,UseofEnglish)userscouldtelladvertise

11、rsthattheydidnotwanttobefollowed.(2013,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2)Thisandothersimilarcasesraisethequestionofwhetherthereisstillalinebetweenthecourtandpolitics.(2012,UseofEnglish)hefeltcertainthathenevercouldhavesucceededwithmathematics.(2008,ReadingComprehension,PartC)(三)宾语从句的位置:非谓语动词从句Youmight

12、evenbetemptedtoassumethathumanityhaslittlefuturetolookforwardto.(2013,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3)宾语从句后置,宾语从句后置,it 形式宾语形式宾语Thatkindofactivitymakesitlesslikelythatthecourtsdecisionswillbeacceptedasimpartialjudgments.(2012,UseofEnglish)表语从句表语从句(一)表语从句的含义(一)表语从句的含义(二)表语从句的写法(二)表语从句的写法Partoftheissue

13、isthatairportshaveonlysomuchroomforscreeninglanes.(2017,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1)ForWilliams,theseactivitiesbecomewhathecalls“electronicheroin.”(2006,ReadingComprehension,PartB)主语从句主语从句(一)主语从句的含义(一)主语从句的含义(二)主语从句的写法(二)主语从句的写法Thattheseasarebeingoverfishedhasbeenknownforyears.(2006,ReadingCompr

14、ehension,PartAText3)Whatmotivatedhim washiszealfor“fundamentalfairness”(2014,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1)Andwhetherthecommunitysworkcontributesmuchtoanoverallaccumulationofknowledgeisdoubtful.(2013,ReadingComprehension,PartB)(三)主语从句的位置(三)主语从句的位置Itdidnotmatterwhatwasdoneintheexperiment.(2010,Useo

15、fEnglish)Itisdone+主语从句(表达人们对一件事的观点看法)Thisyear,itwasproposedthatthesystembechanged:.(2013,ReadingComprehension,PartB)Itis+adj./n.+主语从句(表达对一件事的评价)Itisnotyetclearhowmuchmoreeffectiveairlinesecurityhasbecome.(2017,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1)Second,itissurelyagoodthingthatthemoneyandattentioncometos

16、cienceratherthangoelsewhere.(2014,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3)同位语从句(一)同位语从句的含义(二)同位语从句的写法EvidencethattheLoveLifeprogramproduceslastingchangesislimitedandmixed.(2012,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1)ThereisnoreasonwhyeveryonecannotbewelcomedonMaunaKeatoembracetheirculturalheritageandtostudythestar

17、s.(2017,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2)(三)同位语从句的位置抽象名词后:idea,opinion,fact,evidence,question,doubt,reason,theory,belief,possibility,chance,hope,contention,guaranteePartofthefameofAllensbookisitscontentionthat“Circumstancesdonotmakeaperson,theyrevealhim.”(2011,ReadingComprehension,PartC)名词性从句名词性从句 练习

18、练习InitslatestsurveyofCEOpay,TheWallStreetJournalfindsthat“asubstantialpart”ofexecutivepayisnowtiedtoperformance.(2019,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1)Partoftheissueisthatthegovernmentdidnotanticipatethesteepincreaseinairlinetravel.(2017,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1)Theideathat“housingcrisis”equal

19、s“concretedmeadows”ispurelobbytalk.(2016,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2)Askanyonenewlyunemployedwhattheywantandtheanswerisalways:ajob.(2014,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1)However,ithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetoacertainsmellatfirstcansuddenlybecomesensitivetoit.(2005,UseofEnglish)Butwhatw

20、eforget isthathappinessismorethanpleasurewithoutpain.(2006,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4)名词性从句名词性从句 考场攻略考场攻略攻略 1:找到从句Butitsobviousthatamajorityofthepresidentsadvisersstilldonttakeglobalwarmingseriously.(2005,ReadingComprehension,PartA,Text2)Anawarenessthattheywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobeeno

21、ughtoalterworkersbehaviorbyitself.(2010,UseofEnglish)攻略 2:判断从句Onthecontrary,constraintsonimprovingproductivityexplainwhyeducationisntdevelopingmorequicklytherethanitis.(2009,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3)Whorfdevelopedtheideathatthestructureoflanguagedeterminesthestructureofhabitualthoughtinasocie

22、ty.(2004,Translation)第二部分 长难句第二章:复合句主句从句 第一节 名词性从句 第二节第二节 定语从句定语从句 第三节 状语从句定语从句定语从句一一.定语从句的概述定语从句的概述先行词=关系词Lawisadisciplinewhichencouragesresponsiblejudgment.Lawisadiscipline.Adisciplineencouragesresponsiblejudgment.二二.定语从句的写法定语从句的写法先行词关系词事/物which/that人who/whom/that人物(表示人或物的所有关系,“某人的某物的”)whose时间when

23、地点where原因why1.先行词是事物,关系词选择 whichthatTeachersneedtobeawareoftheemotional,intellectual,andphysicalchangesthatyoungadultsexperience.(2003,UseofEnglish)Furthermore,thelegalsystemandtheevents_ _occurwithinitareprimarysubjectsforjournalists.(2007,Translation)2.先行词是人,关系词选择 whowhomthatInFrance,shareholdersw

24、hoholdontoacompanyinvestmentforatleasttwoyearscansometimesearnmorevotingrightsinacompany.(2019,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1)Retailers_ _mastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropemaywellexpecttorakeinsubstantialprofitsthereby.(2010,ReadingComprehension,PartB)3.先行词是人物,表示人或物的所有关系,关系词选择 whoseItalsople

25、dgedtonotdeployAIwhoseusewouldviolateinternationallawsorhumanrights.(2019,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3)This,forthoseasyetunawareofsuchadisadvantage,referstodiscriminationagainstthose_ surnamesbeginwithaletterinthelowerhalfofthealphabet.(2004,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2)Itisdifficulttothepoint

26、ofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageoffortytoimagineatime_ _highqualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbigcitynewspapers.(2010,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1)4.先行词是时间,关系词选择 whenItisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageoffortytoimagineatimewhenhighqualityartscritic

27、ismcouldbefoundinmostbigcitynewspapers.(2010,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1)5.先行词是地点,关系词选择 whereToday,we live in a world where GPS systems,digital maps,and other navigation apps areallavailableonoursmartphones.(2019,UseofEnglish)6.先行词是原因,关系词选择 whyTheotherreasonwhycostsaresohighistherestrictiveguild

28、likeownershipstructureofthebusiness.(2014,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2)关于定语从句关系词的注意事项:定语从句的关系词每一个都作成分,包括 that。whom 指人,只能作宾语使用。关系词在定语从句中作宾语(动宾或介宾)时,都可以省略。关于定语从句的关系词的几点注意:关系词在定语从句中作宾语时,都可以省略。Arehumansactuallyawareoftheworldtheylivein?(2009,UseofEnglish)补充:特殊的关系词 whereby=bywhichThedefinitionalsoexcl

29、udesthemajorityofteachers,despitethefactthatteachinghastraditionallybeenthemethodwherebymanyintellectualsearntheirliving.(2014,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2)三三.定语从句的分类定语从句的分类 限定性定语从句HewillcallhisfriendwhoisworkinginLondon.Hewillcallhismother,whoisworkinginLondon.非限定性定语从句 先行词范围明确非限定性定语从句 先行词范围明确Ifi

30、tistryingtoupsetGoogle,whichreliesalmostwhollyonadvertising,ithaschosenanindirectmethod.(2013,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2)This trend,which we believe is still in its infancy,effectively began with retailers and travelproviderssuchasairlinesandhotelsandwillnodoubtgofurther.(2011,ReadingComprehens

31、ion,PartAText3)(一)限定性定语从句与同位语从句的区别n.+从句同位语从句限定性的定语从句解释说明 n.修饰限定 n.抽象 n.后任意 n.后(抽象或不抽象的 n.后都行)区别 1:从句前若为不抽象的 n.,则可判断是定语从句n.+that 从句(that 不作从句的成分)区别 2:n.+that 从句(that 作从句的成分)同位语从句中关系词都不能省略区别 3:n.省略关系词的从句Onepossibleresponseisforclassicalperformerstoprogramattractivenewmusicthatisnotyetavailableonrecord

32、.(2011,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1)The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of thosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.(2008,UseofEnglish)weunconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorweseeeveryday.(2012,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1)(二)特殊的非限定性定语从句(修饰整句话)Afewgenerativer

33、ulesarethensufficienttounfoldtheentirefundamentalstructureofalanguage,whichiswhychildrencanlearnitsoquickly.(2012,Translation)Nevertheless,asanybiographerknows,apersonsearlylifeanditsconditionsareoftenthegreatestgifttoanindividual.(2011,Translation)(三)介词提前的定语从句Furthermore,humanshavetheabilitytomodif

34、ytheenvironmentwhichtheylivein.Furthermore,humanshavetheabilitytomodifytheenvironmentinwhichtheylive.(2003,Translation)mercialgenetictestingisonlyasgoodasthereferencecollectionstowhichasampleiscompared.(2009,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2)定语从句定语从句练习练习 themostrecentgradeorthehighestgradeistheonlyone

35、thatcountsincalculatingastudentsoverallGPA.(2019,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2)Inthisasinmuchelse,thosewhowishtoinfluencethefuturemustprepareforit.(2017,ReadingComprehension,PartC)Groundsurveysallowarchaeologiststopinpointtheplaceswheredigswillbesuccessful.(2014,ReadingComprehension,PartB)Thebrain

36、findsitbesttokeepsmellreceptorsavailableforunfamiliarandemergencysignalssuchasthesmellofsmoke,whichmightindicatethedangeroffire.(2005,UseofEnglish)Furthermore,humanshavetheabilitytomodifytheenvironmentinwhichtheylive.(2003,Translation)定语从句定语从句 考场攻略考场攻略攻略 1:不必纠结于从句的种类攻略 2:非限定性定语从句可以省略不看攻略 3:找到定语从句和先行

37、词 thereexistsnolanguageordialectintheworldthatcannotconveycomplexideas.(2005,ReadingComprehension,PartA,Text4)第二部分 长难句第二章:复合句主句从句 第一节 名词性从句 第二节 定语从句 第三节第三节 状语从句状语从句状语从句状语从句一、状语从句的概述一、状语从句的概述(一)状语从句的含义(二)状语从句的写法WhentheUnitedStatesbuiltitsindustrialinfrastructure,itdidnthavethecapitaltodoso.(2001,Read

38、ingComprehension,PartAText2)(三)状语从句的位置Astheeconomypicksup,opportunitieswillaboundforaspiringleaders.(2011,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2)Opportunitieswillaboundforaspiringleaders,astheeconomypicksup.Opportunities,astheeconomypicksup,willaboundforaspiringleaders.Astheeconomypicksup,opportunitieswill

39、aboundforaspiringleaders.Opportunitieswillaboundforaspiringleaders,astheeconomypicksup.Opportunities,astheeconomypicksup,willaboundforaspiringleaders.二、状语从句的分类二、状语从句的分类(一)时间状语从句when/while/asbefore/after since/untilassoonasbythetimeeachtime/everytimethenexttimeIn1995theUnitedStatescanlookbackonfiveye

40、arsofsolidgrowthwhileJapanhasbeenstruggling.(2000,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1)Asthebrainfades,werefertotheseoccurrencesas“seniormoments.”(2014,UseofEnglish)CartersiftedthroughrubbleintheValleyoftheKingsforsevenyearsbeforehelocatedthetombin1922.(2014,ReadingComprehension,PartB)Grammar,punctuation

41、,andspellingcanwaituntilyourevise.(2008,ReadingComprehension,PartB)Assoonasthatreportruns,wellsuddenlyget500newinternetsignupsfromUkraine(2003,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1)(二)地点状语从句whereNow,rivalswillbechargingsalestaxwheretheyhadntbefore.(2019,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4)(三)原因状语从句becausesinc

42、easnowthatOurlegalsystemwasdesignedtosetlawapartfrompoliticspreciselybecausetheyaresocloselytied.(2012,UseofEnglish)Sincedesireandwillaredamagedbythepresenceofthoughtsthatdonotaccordwithdesire,Allenconcluded:“Wedonotattractwhatwewant,butwhatweare.”(2012,UseofEnglish)(四)结果状语从句so thatsuch thatsothatIn

43、deed,homelessnesshasreachedsuchproportionsthatlocalgovernmentscantpossiblycope.(2006,UseofEnglish)Wedefinesuchsoldmediaasownedmediawhosetrafficissostrongthatotherorganizationsplacetheircontentorecommerceengineswithinthatenvironment.(2011,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3)Transitionsshouldconnectonepar

44、agraphtothenextsothattherearenoabruptorconfusingshifts.(2008,ReadingComprehension,PartB)(五)目的状语从句sothatinorderthatInDecember2010America sFederalTradeCommission(FTC)proposedaddinga“donottrack”(DNT)optiontointernetbrowsers,sothatuserscouldtelladvertisersthattheydidnotwanttobefollowed.(2013,ReadingComp

45、rehension,PartAText2)(六)条件状语从句ifonceaslongas/solongasIfconnectionscanbebought,abasicpremiseofdemocraticsociety.isundermined.(2017,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4)Onceadiscoveryclaimbecomespublic,thediscovererreceivesintellectualcredit.(2012,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3)Ifyouseeaconversationasafig

46、htorcompetition,youcanwinbycheatingaslongasyoudontgetcaught.(2019,ReadingComprehension,PartB)(七)让步状语从句although/thoughevenif/eventhoughwhilehoweverAlthoughsadnessalsoprecedestears,evidencesuggeststhatemotionscanflowfrommuscularresponses.(2011,UseofEnglish)Afterall,ithasanadbusinesstoo,whichitsayswill

47、complywithDNTrequests,thoughitisstillworkingouthow.(2013,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2)Noneofthesewillbeeasybutyoucanstartevenifothersrefuseto.(2019,ReadingComprehension,PartB)(八)比较状语从句thanasButphonesrunonbatteries,andbatteriescandiefasterthanwerealize.(2019,UseofEnglish)Inthegeneralpopulationtoda

48、y,atthisgenetic,environmentallevel,weveprettymuchgoneasfaraswecango,(2008,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3)(九)方式状语从句asasifDuringmostofhiswalkinglifehewilltakehiscodeforgranted,asthebusinessmantakeshisethics.(2006,ReadingComprehension,PartC)Beethovensmusictendstomovefromchaostoorderasiforderwereanimpe

49、rativeofhumanexistence.(2014,ReadingComprehension,PartC)注意 as状语从句状语从句 练习练习Whenthispracticefirststarteddecadesago,itwasusuallylimitedtofreshmen,togivethemasecondchancetotakeaclassintheirfirstyeariftheystruggledintheirtransitiontocollegelevelcourses.(2019,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2)Thehistoryofth

50、eEEOBbeganlongbeforeitsfoundationswerelaid.(2018,ReadingComprehension,PartB)theoldandinfirm“haveadutytodieandgetoutoftheway”,sothatyounger,healthierpeoplecanrealizetheirpotential.(2003,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4)theyredealingwithsomanymorethingsthattheybecomewornoutfromitmorevisiblyandsooner.(2

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