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1、美国文学史整理一、Colonial America 殖民时期1、 New England:Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut、2、 Doctrines of Puritanism清教American Puritanism stressed predestination(命运神定), original sin(原罪), total depravity (彻底得堕落), and limited atonement (有限得赎罪)from Gods grace、3、 Writing s
2、tyle:fresh, simple and direct and with a touch of nobility; the rhetoric is plain and honest、4、 Life style:hard work, thrift, piety, and sobriety、5、 Main writer: Thomas Paine 托马斯潘恩work:mon Sense (1776) 常识American Crisis (17761783)美国危机The Rights of Man人权The Age of Reason理性时代Benjamin Franklin(本杰明富兰克林)
3、Poor Richards Almanac 穷查理历书Autobiography 富兰克林自传 Thomas Jefferson 托马斯杰弗逊 Declaration of Independence (1776)独立宣言二、American Romanticism (early period) 浪漫主义前期1、Characteristics:A rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism、 反对理性主义得客观性。Feelings, intuitions and emotions were more important for romanti
4、cs than reason and mon sense、 感受、直觉与情感重于理性与常识。An emphasis on individualism; placing the individual against the group, against authority、强调个人主义,将个人与团体,反对权威。Stress on the close relationship between man and nature、 强调人与自然之间得密切关系。Fascination with the wild, the irregular, the indefinite, the remote, the
5、mysterious, and the strange 疯狂得迷恋,不规则,不定,远程,神秘,奇怪Cherishing a strong interest in the past, especially the medieval、 对过去有强烈得兴趣,特别就是中世纪。2、Features:New experience in the American Romanticism、A deep influence from the American Puritanism、The “newness” of the Americans as a nation、3、writers and works:Hen
6、ry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利瓦兹沃思朗费罗A Psalm of Life (1838) 人生礼赞Voices of the Night (1839) 夜吟The Song of Hiawatha (1855) 海华沙之歌The Courtship of Miles Standish (1858) 迈尔斯斯坦迪什得求婚Tales of a Wayside Inn (1863) 路边客栈得故事Washington Irving 华盛顿欧文A History of New York (1809) 纽约外史The Sketch Book (18191820) 见闻札记“The
7、Legend of Sleepy Hollow” 睡谷得传说 “Rip Van Winkle” 瑞普凡温克尔 (The cognomen of Crane was not inapplicable to his person、)Bracebridge Hall (1822) 布雷斯布里奇田庄Tales of a Traveller (1824) 旅客谈James Fennimore Cooper 詹姆斯费尼莫尔库柏Leatherstocking Tales 皮袜子故事集The Pioneer 拓荒者The Prairie 大草原The Spy 间谍三、New England Transcend
8、entalism (新英格兰超验主义)1、Oversoul(超灵)was an allpervading power goodness, omnipresent and omnipotent、(简答) Individualism individual was the most importanta fresh view of nature symbolic of the Spirit or God、 2、writers and works: Ralph Waldo Emerson 艾默生Nature (1836)论自然 The American Scholar (1837) 论美国学者Divi
9、nity School Address (1838) 神学院演说SelfReliance (1841) 论自助Representative Men (1850) 代表人物The Transcendentalist 超验主义者The OverSoul 论超灵Henry David Thoreau 梭罗Walden; or Life in the Woods (1854)瓦尔登湖;或林中生活四、American Romanticism (later period) 浪漫主义后期我们可以把超验主义产生之前得那一段称为前期浪漫主义,而把19世纪30年代之后得文学称为后期浪漫主义。前期浪漫主义就是以欧文
10、等人将美国文学提高到欧洲水平为特征,后期浪漫主义则就是以超验主义激励而起得“文艺复兴”文学兴起,并最终产生了独立得美国文学为标志。 1、 High Romantics in fictionNathaniel Hawthorne 霍桑 TwiceTold Tales (1837) 尽人皆知得故事Mosses from an Old Manse (1846) 古屋青苔The Scarlet letter (1850) 红字The House of Sever Gables (1851) 有七个尖角阁得房子Blithedale Romance (1852) 福谷传奇The Marble Faun (
11、1860) 玉石雕像Our Old House (1863) 我们得故居Herman Melville 赫尔曼麦尔维尔MobyDick (1851) 白鲸 (pp113118)Pierre (1852) 皮埃尔Typee (1846)泰比Omoo (1847)奥穆Mardi (1849)玛迪2、High Romantics in poetryEdgar Allan Poe 艾伦坡Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque (1840) 怪诞故事集“The Raven” (1845) 乌鸦“Annabel Lee ” (1849) 安娜贝尔李Walt Whitman
12、 沃尔特惠特曼Leaves of Grass 草叶集Features in Whitmans poems:Organic form :extremely long, not constrained by the number of beats in a line、Thought rhythm: does not move in terms of beats, but in terms of thoughts、 Parallelism:The parallel lines say the same thing but use different words、Cataloguing techniq
13、ue:long lists of images, sights, sounds, smells, taste, and touch、 Free verse (自由诗)Emily Dickinson 艾米丽狄金森Theme:Religion & faith Beauty & truth Life & death Nature friendship love & marriageWork:I died for beautyFeatures:frequent use of dashes(破折号), sporadic capitalization of nouns(零星得名词), convoluted
14、 and ungrammatical phrasing(措辞费解不合文法),offrhymes(压尾韵), broken meters, bold and unconventional and often startling metaphors(大胆得隐喻), and aphoristic wit(警句)、五、The Age of Realism 美国现实主义文学at the later part of the 19th century、 simply fidelity to actuality in its representation in literature、based on the
15、accurate of human experiences、 It insists on precise description, authentic action and dialogue, moral honesty, and a democratic openness in subject matter and style、 is inclusive of naturalism, regionalism and local color writing、 feature:objective and realWriters and works:Howells Their Wedding Jo
16、urney (1872) 结婚旅行Henry James 亨利詹姆斯The American (1877) 一个美国人Daisy Miller (1878) 黛西密勒The Portrait of a Lady (1881) 贵妇画像 The Art of Fiction (1884) “小说得艺术”The Bostonians (1886) 波士顿人The Tragic Muse (1890) 悲惨得缪斯 The Wings of Dove (1902) 鸽翼The Ambassadors (1903) 专使The Golden Bowl (1904) 金碗六、Regionalism & L
17、ocal Colorism(乡土文学与地方色彩文学)presents a locale which is distinguished from the outside world、 describes the exotic and the picturesque、glorifies the past、attempts to show things as they are、stresses the influence of setting on character、Dialect peculiarities are the defining characteristicWriters and w
18、orks: Mark Twain 马克吐温 “the Lincoln of literature”The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) 汤姆索亚历险记The Prince and the Pauper (1882) 王子与贫儿Life on Mississippi (1883) 密西西比河上The Gilded Age (1873, with Charles D、Warner) 镀金时代The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885) 哈克贝利费恩历险记 Feature:use Vernacular language、 loc
19、al colorStyle: unpretentious, colloquial, poetic、 Harriet Beecher Stowe 哈里特比彻斯托Uncle Toms Cabin (1852) 汤姆叔叔得小屋 Francis Bret Harte 弗朗西斯布雷特哈特The Lost Galleon (1867) 沉船The Luck of Roaring Camp (1870) 咆哮营里得幸运儿Mrs、 Skaggss Husbands (1873) 斯凯葛夫人得丈夫们 An Heiress of Red Dog (1879) 红狗得女继承人七、American Naturalis
20、m 美国自然主义文学美国文学自然主义者认为,人同时受制于(are controlled)自然环境与社会环境,因而遗传因素(laws of heredity)与社会环境(environment)就是人得命运不可抵抗得决定力量。她们认为,在受制于不以人得意志为转移得非道德力量得世界中,宣扬道德得地位就是毫无意义得。more inclusive and less selective than realism、 比现实主义更具包容性,选择却更少Determinism governs everything 决定论支配一切It daringly opened up the seamy underside
21、of society and such topics as divorce, sex, adultery, poverty, and crime、It conceives of man as controlled by his instincts or his passions, or by his social and economic environment and circumstances、1、 writers and works: Stephen Crane 斯蒂芬克莱恩The Red Badge of Courage (1895) 红色英勇勋章 Frank Norris 弗兰克诺里
22、斯McTeague (1899) 麦克提格 Theodore Dressier 西奥多德莱塞An American Tragedy (1925) 美国悲剧 Sister Carrie (1900) 嘉莉妹妹Jennie Gerhardt (1911) 珍妮姑娘The Financier (1912) 金融家The Titan (1914) 巨人The Stoic (1947) 斯多葛The Genius (1915) 天才 Jack London 杰克伦敦Martin Eden (1909) 马丁 伊登 The Son of the Wolf (1900) 狼之子The Call of the
23、 Wild (1903) 野性得呼唤The Sea Wolf (1904) 海狼White Fang (1906) 白獠牙“Love of Life” (1907) 热爱生命 Upton Sinclair 厄普顿辛克莱The Jungle 屠场八、Modern American Poetry 美国现代诗歌feature:fragmentation(分散,碎片) streamofconsciousness(意识流得) a break with the pastwriters and works: Ezra Pound 庞德Des Imagists 意象派诗选 Cantos 诗章Cathay 华夏
24、 “Hugh Selwyn Mauberley” 休赛尔温毛伯利 T、 S、 Eliot 托马斯斯特尔那斯艾略特The Waste Land (1922) 荒原Family Reunion (1950) 大团圆 Robert Frost 罗伯特弗罗斯特A Boys Will (1913) 少年得心愿North of Boston (1914) 波士顿以北After Apple Picking (1914) 摘苹果之后Mountain Interval (1916) 山间洼地New Hampshire (1923) 新罕布什尔WestRunning Brook (1928) 西流得溪涧A Fur
25、ther Range (1936) 又一片牧场A Witness Tress (1942) 一株见证得树“Mending Wall” “修墙” “The Road Not Taken” “没有走过得路” Carl Sandburg 卡尔桑德伯格In Reckless Ecstasy 肆无忌惮得狂想Cornhuskers 辗米机 The American Songbag 美国歌袋Smoke and Steel 烟与钢 The Prairie Years 草原得年代Good Morning, America 早上好,美国 The People, Yes 人民,好 九、Modern American
26、 Fiction 美国现代小说1、The Lost Generation (迷惘得一代)Writers and works: Ernest Hemingway 海明威He was famous for his novels and short stories written in his spare, laconic, yet intense prose with short sentences and very specific details、Almost all his stories deal with the theme of courage in face of tragedy、T
27、hey reveal mans impotence and despairing courage to assert himself against overwhelming odds、The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only oneeighth of it being above water、 (一座冰山在海面上移动就是很壮观得,因为只有八分之一露出水面。)The Old Man and the Sea (1952) 老人与海 The Sun Also Rises (1926) 太阳照常升起A Farewell to Arms
28、(1929) 永别了,武器For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940) 丧钟为谁而鸣In Our Time (1925) 在我们得年代里The Torrents of Spring (1926) 春潮Men without Women (1927) 没有女人得男人Winner Take Nothing (1933) 胜者无所得To Have and to Have Not (1937) 贫与富Style:Hemingways style is noted for its simplicity、 In diction, he focus on nouns and verbs an
29、d reduces the use of adjectives, especially plicated adjectives、 In sentence structure, he uses coordinated clauses to avoid subordinated clauses that would imply vague judgments、 F、 Scott Fitzgerald 弗朗西斯斯科特基菲茨杰拉德The Great Gatsby (1925) 了不起得盖茨比This Side of Paradise (1920) 人间天堂Flappers and Philosophe
30、rs (1920) 新潮女郎与哲学家The Beautiful and the Damned (1922) 美丽得与倒霉得Tales of the Jazz Age (1922) 爵士乐时代得故事 All the Sad Young Men (1926) 所有悲伤得年轻人Tender is the Night (1934) 夜色温柔The Last Tycoon (1941) 最后一个巨头 2、others Sherwood Anderson 舍伍德安德森Winesburg, Ohio (1919) 小镇畸人Poor white (1920) 穷白人Horses and Men (1923)
31、马与人The Triumph of the Egg (1921) 鸡蛋得胜利Death in the Woods (1933) 林中之死Windy McPhersons Son (1916) 饶舌得麦克斐逊得儿子 Willa Cather 薇拉凯瑟The Song of the Lark (1915) 云雀之歌My Antonia (1918) 我得安东尼亚O Pioneers! (1913) 啊,拓荒者！A Lost Lady (1923) 失踪得女士The Professors House (1925) 教授之家Death es for the Archbishop (1927) 大主教之
32、死Shadows on the Rock (1931) 岩石上得阴影 Sinclair Lewis 辛克来刘易斯Babbitt (1922) 巴比特 John Steinbeck 约翰斯坦贝克The Grapes of Wrath (1939) 愤怒得葡萄The Moon is Down (1942) 月亮下去了The Winter of Our Discontent (1961) 我们不安得冬天The Pastures of Heaven (1932) 天堂牧场In Dubious Battle (1936) 胜负未决Of Mice and Man (1937) 鼠与人 John Dos P
33、assos 约翰多斯帕索斯The Trilogy U、 S、 A (1937) 美国三部曲The Adventures of a Young Man (1939) 一个年轻人得冒险Three Soldiers (1921) 三个士兵Manhattan Transfer (1925) 曼哈顿中转站 1919 (1932) 一九一九The Big Money (1936) 赚大钱Number One (1943) 第一号The Grand Design (1949) 伟大得计划District of Columbia (1952) 哥伦比亚特区十、 The Southern Renaissance
34、 美国南方文学(Southern Renaissance、)1、Themes:Chevalier heritage、骑士遗产Agrarian virtue、 农业推崇Plantation aristocracy、种植园农场得贵族生活Lost cause、 失去得事业White supremacy、 白人至上得传统Purity of Southern womanhood、 南方女性得纯洁2、 Writers and worksWilliam Faulkner 威廉福克纳The Yoknapatawpha Saga (约克纳帕塔法世系 )The Sound and the Fury (1929)
35、喧嚣与骚动Absalom, Absalom! (1936) 押沙龙,押沙龙！Intruder in the Dust (1948) 尘土中得入侵者Sartoris (1929) 沙托里斯 As I Lay Dying (1930) 我弥留之际Sanctuary (1931) 圣殿 Light in August (1932) 八月之光The Hamlet (1940) 村子 Go Down, Moses (1942) 去吧,摩西The Town (1957) 小镇 “The Bear” “ 熊”Feature:successfully advanced some modern literary
36、 techniques: Stream of consciousness、 (interior monologue) 意识流multiple point of view 多角度得talk about the violence and evil in all human beingsHis prose varies from colloquial, regional, to formal diction and cadences of American speech、 Thomas Wolfe 托马斯沃尔夫Look Homeward, Angel (1929) (novel) 天使,望乡Of T
37、ime and the River (1935) (novel) 时间与河流From Death to Morning (1935) (stories) 从死亡至早晨The web and the Rock (1939) (manuscript novel) 蛛网与岩石You Cant Go Home Again (1940) (manuscript novel) 有家归不得The Hills Beyond (1941) 远山 Katherine Anne Porter 凯瑟琳安波特The Flowering Judas 开花得犹大树 The Jilting of Granny Weatherall 被背弃得老祖母Pale Horse, Pale Rider 苍白得马,苍白得骑手Learning Tower and Other Stories 斜塔与其她故事Ship of Fools 傻瓜得船 Eudora Welty 尤多拉韦尔蒂Death of a Traveling Salesman (1936) 旅行推销员之死Delta Wedding (1946) 三角洲得婚礼Carson McCullers 卡森麦卡勒斯The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter (