2023年三级英语语法重点.pdf

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1、三级英语语法重点第 一 节 动 词 的 时 态:讲1 2种特别关注:1、一般现在时的特殊用法;2、一般过去时;3、过去进行时4、现在完毕时5、过去完毕时;6、将来完毕时;7、现在完毕进行完毕时:8、过去完毕进行时。一、一般现在式:a 特殊用法:在时间状语、条件状语从句(if,unless)中表达将来的动作:八A.时间状语(bef o re,after;unt i I 1 ,as soona s,when):They wi l l go home for w i nter voca t io n as soo n a s t h ey _ f i n ish_t h eir exams.A Wh

2、e n the mixtu r e _ i s heated z it w i 1 I gi v e o ff a p o werful f orce.34.“When a re you going t o vis i t y our uncle i n Ch i cago?z,As soon as D.we comp 1 ete our work f o r t om o rrow.(03/I l试 AA AB.条件状语(if,unless):W e1 I go f ishin g i f w eather is goo d to morrow.D,改为is fr e e。when引导的时间

3、状语从句中要用般现在时表达将来。2 0 2 3年试题AI cant g o to y o u r b i r t h d ay p arty u n less m y f a th e r agrees.4 除非我爸爸批准,否则我去不了你的生日会二、般过去时:(要掌握常用不规则动词的过去式及过去分词形式,40个左右)1、简朴陈述去过的动作或状态:wou 1 d d o A 2、used to do s th 过去经常做(现在不做了);be used to d oin g 习惯于做(现在还在做)We used t o s wim in th e ri v er w h en we w e re

4、i n t h e country s i d e.A 我们过去常在河里游泳。(现在不了)The old m a n is u sed t o g e tt i ng u p ea r 1 y i n the morni ng,老人习惯早起 3A、It i s.time since+从句引导的时间状语从句中,s in c e后谓语动词用一般过去时(自从以来)A 54.N o one can possibly recall any de t ail a b o u t the meet i ng.It is at Ie a s tfive years since i t C.tookplace.

5、20 2 3A 卷三、一般将来时1、w川(sh all)+原形动词:表达将来的动作或状态。例:He w i II c ome and help y o u.他会来帮助你的。2A、be goin g to+动词原形:表达立即就要发生的事情或打算好要做的事。例:Are yo u goi n g to attend the I e c ture?你打算去听这个演讲吗?3.be to +动词原形:强调按安排或计划 命令规定 命中注定的动作The Th i rd Ring Road is t o b e op e n t o t r a f f i c before N a ti o nal Da y.

6、三环路将在国庆节前通车。You a re to do y o u r homew o r k.你必须先做作业 A Your plan i s t o f ai1 .你的计划注定失败小、用某些动词的现在进行时表达根据计划、安排而将于近期(将来)发生的事情,代表动词:go,come,start,st o p,ar r ive,leave,play 等w e a re lea v ing f or Beijin g t o morrow.我们明天动身去北京。5A、一般现在时表达将来(见前一、一般现在时A A四、现在进行时1A、表达说话时(现阶段)正在进行的动作。A The teach er is t

7、 alk i ng w i th h i s s tu d e n ts.这位老师正在同他的学生交谈A 表达现阶段正在进行的动作,但此刻并不一定在进行。A I am att e n d i ng a conference i n Beijing.我正在北京参与-一个会议。2、表达经常或反复发生的动作,但往往带有欣赏、厌恶等的感情色彩He i s always th i nki ng of oth e r s f i r s t.他总是先为别人着想。(欣赏)Why a r e y o u a 1 ways I e av i ng t h ings b e hind.你怎么总是丢三落四的(厌恶)3

8、 描述某人时的表现,通常用动词b e的进行时态A S he is being fr i en d 1 y to day.她今天很友善。(平时不这样)五、过去进行时 was/we r e doing表达在过去某一段时间正在进行的动作。常需用表达过去的时间状语或通过上下文来判断时间。Ife lla n d h u r t myself whi 1 e I _ A.wa s pl a yin g_ te n n is.(98年 43题)重点:w h e n 和 whi 1 e 的区别when表达时间上的点,引导的句子用一般过去时A whil e表达连续的一段时间,引导的句子用过去进行时A A六、现在

9、完毕时 have/h asdone(过去分词)S、表达过去到现在这段时间完毕完毕并对现在有影响的动作或状态,常和just,already,s o far,y et,u p to now,up to thep resent,rece ntly,lately,in t h e past f ew yea r s 连用。A I h ave se een t he film.我看过这个电影。(我了解电影的内容)A 2、表达过去开始一直延续到现在的动作、状态、经历或习惯等,通常和延续性动词连用:st a y,study,1 ive,to be,te a ch,work.,常用 since,e v en

10、s i nee引导的短语或从句,或由f o引导的短语连用。He has lived here for 30 yea r s.他住在这儿已经三十年了(现在还住在这儿)H a ve you even been to T i b et?你去过西藏吗?C o应改为ha v e h ad d i f f iculty。由 于 ever s ince引导句子的时候,从句用过去时,4 主句要用现在完毕时。(2 023年试题)外、固定句式:it is the first/seco n d/la s 11 i me that+延续性动词过去完毕时It i s the f i r st t ime th a t

11、I h a ve m e t J a ne.那是我第一次见到简。2。)It i s 3years si nee I left S hangh a i,我离开上海已经三年了。4、现在完毕时和一般过去时Jone has lived La n d o n for 1 0 years.现在还住Jon e 1 ived Land o n for 1 0 yea rs.曾经住,现在不在了A七、过去完毕时 had d o ne1、表达在过去的某时刻或动作之前已经完毕了的动作(即过去的过去)。可用by,u p till,before,afte r,when等介词或连词引导的短语或从句表达。A when I a

12、rrived he h a d Ie f t.我到那他刚走40 A、W h en I went to visit Mrs.Smith la s t week,I was told she D.hadleft to w d ays bef ore.(0311 试 A)2、没有时间状语时,时间先后收上下文表达:A I di d n,t know he h ad mo v ed out.我不知道他已经搬家了3、特殊用法:(1 )和 before 连用,表达 还没来得及 就.Sh e we p t be f ore I had rea 1 iz e d wha t wash appeni n g.我还

13、没明白怎么回事之前她就哭了(2)It w a s the f i r st/sec o nd/I a st t i me th a t+过去完毕时It wa s t he f i r s t t ime(that)they h a d tried fo r e j g n food.这是他们第一次吃西餐。4、常用在 no so oner.than.,h a rdl y/scare e ly/bar e 1 y.when.,一就句型之中,句子到装。A I had no s ooner r eturned than he c a lied.A A 八、将来完毕时:表达在将来某一时间以前已完毕或发生

14、的动作By the en d of next month,he w ill have b een here fo r 10 year s.到下个月为止,他在这住了 2 0 2 3 了2张、I _ D.s h a ll have fini s he d _ w r i t i ngthe a r tic 1 e by t he time you ge t.(0 0)30A.By next year he A.has worked in New Y o rk fo rfiv e ye ars.(041 1 A)A 九、现在完毕进行时:表达从过去某时一直延续到现在的动作have/has be e n

15、 doin gWe have b e e n w a it in g for you f o r an hour.我们等了你一小时了。(动作到此为止,不连续下去)A I have b e en learni ng English f or 10 ye ars.从 我学英语2023 了。(还要继续学下去)十、过去将来时:表达相对于过去的将来,多见于间接引语出现在阅读或完型中A 形式:woulddo或 wa s/were go i ng to doHe s a id th at he would w atch his ca r th e neXt d a y.他说明天要洗车。He s a id t

16、hat he was go i ng to wa t ch his c ar the n e x t day.4十一、过去完毕进行时:表达过去某一时刻以前一直延续的的动作had been do i ng They ha d be e n w a iting fo r a n hour before the bus c a me.64.Even thou g h S e dat h as been stu dy i ng English for three y e a rs bef or e c ame to the United S tates,It i s s ti 1 I difficul

17、t fo r him to e xpresshims elf.(0 3O4A)B.has bee n 改为 had beenA十二、将来完毕进行时:表达将来某一时刻以前一直进行的动作。By nex t mon th he w i II have been wo rking i n out fa c tory f o r 30 y ear s.到下个月他在我们工厂工作3 0年了。A 41.By the time you a r r iv e this e v ening,D.I wi 1 I have been study!n g for two h o use.(04 1 1 A第二节被动语态

18、 t 0 do sth.一般集中在挑错题中特别关注:不定式的被动式,由积极变被动时t 0的特殊解决相关知识:A、及物动词和不及物动词A 及物动词:后面可直接加宾语(名词、动名词、人称代词的宾格、数词)不及物动词:后面不可直接加宾语,+介词+宾语A 有些动词在不同的句子中既可作及物动词,也可作不及物动词。w a ter4 9 .These pa r t-time s t u den t s e x pect to to o f f e r some jobs on campus d urin g t he c oming s u mm e r v a c a tion.(040 4 A)答:A,

19、改为t。beoffedo offer为及物动词,后面必须有宾语,若后面宾语,应是被动句B、行为动词与系动词行为动词:表达实际动作,涉及表达思维活动的词:want,think等系动词:表达主语的性质、状态和特性,be动词、可放在形容词前的某些动词:get、run、turn smel1等一、何种情况下可使用被动语态:1,强调动作的接受者。A Th e ki t ch e n i s share d b y the thre e of u s.厨房是我们三人用。A Football i s play e d o ve r o f t he world.世界各地都踢足球。2 ,不知道或没必要说明的执行

20、者是谁。A The d a t a h a ve been c om p u teri z ed fo r two years now.A 这些数据已经由计算解决两年了。A These b oo k s a re writtenfo r c h ild r e n.这些书是儿童读物A 3,出于礼貌、措辞婉转等因素不方便、不乐意说明动作的执行者。I was told that y o u are v e ry lazy.我听人说你很懒。A The c arwas damaged.车撞坏了。小,避免变换主语,以求行文流畅。He app e are d on th e s t age a nd wa

21、s warmly ap p la u s ed by the audience.他出现在舞台上时,观众的热烈鼓掌。会二、使用被动高不成低不就需要注意的问题1,不定式的被动式 to be done当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式表达的动作的接受者,用被动式He asked t o b e sent to work i n Tibet.他规定派去西藏工作I want to d o some shopping t o mor r ow.A its a n honou r for me to b e invit e d t o s p e ak here t o day.很荣幸被邀请A Are you

22、goin g to the m eeti ng tobe held at 6:00?你要参与6 点的会吗?22.The famou s n o v e l is sa i d _ C.to have b e en t ra n s lat e d _ in to Ch i本句是动词不定式的完毕、被动式。当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式表达的动作的对象时(或是动作的承受者时),不定式一般要用被动式。不定式的完毕式所表达的动作发生在谓语动作或状态之前。如:H e is notlik e lyto hav ebe e n t o 1 d thees u It.这 个 结 果 也 许 还 没 有 告 诉他。

23、2 0 23 年 17A.We shall ask f o rsamplesAandhen we ca n mak e our decisi o n.(0 311)A.t obe S e ntB.bein g sentD.to havebeen sent1 8.T h e fo r e stf ir ec a u se d by t h e v o Ic a no i sdi f fi c u 1 t to beC(0311)A.p u t Of fB.pu t awayC.put outD.put up34.T h e questionCat t h e m eet i ng to m o

24、r ro w isv e r y im p or t a n(0411)A.t o di s cu s sB.bein g d i s cusse dto b e d iscussedD.wil 1 bediscussedC.2,某些动词由积极变被动时不定式符号t。的解决7 个感观动词 see,watch,obs。rve,not i ce,listen to z he a r,fell/3 个使役动词let,h av e 让,make56 A.The te acher has h is stud ents a c o m p os i t i o neve r y oth e r we e k

25、.(2 023)A.t o write B.writte n C.w ritin g D.writeD。have sb d o s th 让某人做某事。have此处为使役动词,后面接宾补的时候省to5 8.T h e m i d d le-a g ed man was see n o ut of th e h o use o n theafter n oon o f th e murders A.cameB.come C.t o com c D.h a ve come A C o感官动词feel,hear;see,watch等后面接宾补的时候,要用无to不定式。但假如句子是主语的补足语的话,要

26、加上t O o(2 0 2 3)%A,短语动词的被动语态。动词后面接个介词或副词构成短语,将其当作个及物动词。A The chi 1 dren arewell looked a fter.这些孩子得到了很好的照顾。(介)The m e eting h a s be e n pu t o ff till next w e ek.会议被推迟到下周。(副)注意:不是所有短的语动词都有被动语态,判断:相连的介词或副词不能折开张*,带情态动词的被动语态:情态动词+be+过去分词。A Bad thi n gs som e tim e s c a n b e tu rn e d in togood ones

27、.坏事有时可变好事5,被动语态后可接从句或w+不定式A He was told that hi s fat h e r was s ic k.他被告知他父亲病 了A A as s i st a nt of the s hop was as k ed whe re to fi nd the m a na g er.A A 6 ,特殊句型 be s a jd/repor t e d to h a ve done 据说/据报道22 4.Th e fam o us nov eI is said into Ch i ne s e.A.to have translated B.t o be transla

28、 t e C.to have been t r a nslated D.to translate 答C。本句是动词不定式的完毕、被动式。当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式表达的动作的对象时(或是动作的承受者时),不定式一般要用被动式。不定式的完毕式所表达的动作发生在谓语动作或状态之前。如:He is not 1 i k e 1 y to h ave bee n told t he resu 1 t,这个结果也许还没有告诉他。(20 2 3)A 7,ge t+动词过去分词构成被动语态,多用于口语或非正式书面语中A He had some pi c ture s ta ken i n the park.他

29、在公园里照了几张像。(别人给他照的4 8.I have taken man y p h oto s.Im going t o get t he film.A A.beingdev e I o p ed B.developing C.developed D.to be devel oped答:C o过去分词在动词have,g e t两词后面作宾补时,经常表达这个动作不是由主语完毕的,而是由别人完毕的。(2 02 3)第三节情态动词情态动词用来表达能力、允许、许诺、也许、劝告、意愿等概念或态度,无人称变化,在句子中和动词原形一起构成谓语。着重测验情态动词接完毕时的用法。、m ust+have do

30、ne 表达对过去发生的事情的有把握的猜测。5班.I be 1 ie v e he _a n acc i de n t z oth e rwise he wou 1 d ha v e a r r i ve d on time.(D,0 1 )A.w o u 1 d hav e had B.could h ave had C.should have had D.m u st ha v ehad47.Som e th i n g mu s t ha v e hap P ened on their wa y he r e.0 r they_by now.(02 A.s hould have arriv

31、e d B.shou 1 d a r r ive C.woul d have arrivedD.wou 1 d a r r i v e答:c。第一句是m ust+h a ve+过去分词的结构,表达对过去事实的推测。Theroad is we t.It mu st h a v e ra in e d last night.路是湿的,昨晚上肯定下雨了。因此我们可以推断:这是一个和过去的事实相反的虚拟语气。should+have+过去分词的结构,表达对过去动作的责备、批评。如:You s h o uld have gone o v er you门esso ns.你应当把功课复习好的。但是此句只是一个

32、表达和过去的事实相反的虚拟句子,并没有责备的意思。本句意思:路上肯定出事了,否则他们现在已经到了。因此对的答案应是C.3 5.Sin c e th i s r o a d is wet and si i p p e r y t his m o rning,i t la s t ni g ht.(Cz0411)A.m u st rain B.was ra i ning C.mus t haverained D.ma y ra inA may+have d o n e对过去发生的事情的较有把握的猜测,也许2A 2.I cant find ther ec o rder i n the room.11

33、 C may have been taken b y some body.(0311)4 二、should(o u ght t o)+have d o n e具有对过去的动作的责备、批评意思 肯定表达应当做的事情而没有做2A 6、Pm sorry I could n g e t in to u ch with him b e f orehe lef t,I h im e a r 1 ier.(2023)A.had a t el e phone B.have pho n ed C.sh o u 1 d hav e phonedD.should be ph o ned3 6、You oug h t

34、 to B to have report ed the m a tte r to the m a nagerth e day b e f ore yeste r day.否认式表达不该做的事情做了They shoul d not have left s o so o n.他们不应当这么早就走的She w a s v e ry unh a p py.You ou g ht not to ha v e h urt her fe e I i ng.她当时够难受了你不应当再伤害她A三、would(not)have d one表达过去没有完毕的动作,多和虚拟语气连用,不含批评意思45A.Ma ry sa

35、id to m e,Had Iseen y o u r b a g,I it to y o u.(D,0404A.will ret u rn B.must retu r n C.c o uld r e t urn D.wo u Id have retu r ned四、co u I d+h ave don e表达过去存在的某种也许性,但这种也许性由于客观条件限制没能实现。表达对过去能做而未做的事情感到惋惜,遗憾。A You could have made a more d e t a i led p la n.你本可以做出更详尽的计划。A H e coul d h a ve joined us,

36、bu t h e d id n tg e t o u r in v i t ation in t im e.他本来可以参与我们的,但是他没有收到我们的请贴,第 四 节 虚 拟 语 气(每次考试一般占4-5 分)所表达的条件主线不也许实现或实现的也许性很小,称为虚拟条件句。虚拟条件句,主句与从句中谓语动词的形式可分为下面三类 假设类型 条件从句动词的时态 结果主句的动词的时态与现在事实相反 if+过去式(be只用we r e不用w as)wo u Id/s hou 1 d/m i g h t/c ould+动词原型与过去事实相反i f ha d+去过度词woul d/s h o u 1 d/mi

37、ght/c o u 1 d+have+过去分词A与将来事实也许相反 if were to+动词原形if s houId+动词原形 w o uld/s hou 1 d/m i g h t/cou 1 d+动词原型一、在条件句中的应用:I f he had time,h e would c ome.假如有时间,他一定来。(已通过去)A A.现在事实I wou 1 d certai n ly go ifI ha d time.假如我有时间当然去。AI f he wereh ere,he mi g h t help you.假如他在这也许帮能你。1A、I wou I d ask G eo rge t

38、o lend us th e mon e yh i m.GC,9 5年)A.had k no w nB.havek nownC.k newD.knowi f IB.过去事实5 9、I f Bo bw it hus,h e w OUldhave h a da goo dtime.(C,9 5 年)A.w o u Id comeB.w o u 1 d h a ve comeC.hadcom eD.carnet C.将来事实we w o u ld s t a te a t homei t should r an t omo r row.If Iwere to do the ex a mi nat i

39、 on I would i t s o me otheway.注意A条件从句中,假如具有be动词、助动词、情态动词,had,sh o u Id或动词to h a v e,可省略if,要倒装,即把这些词放到主语前面。1 .you were busy,I wo u I d nt h a ve bot hered y ou w i th my qu e st i o ns.(B,9 6 年)A.If I rea 1 i z e d B.Had I re alized C.Did I have r e a li z ed t ha t D.A s Irea 1 ized57.Had t he wea

40、t h er b e e n g o od,th e childr e n _o ut fo r a wa 1k.(20 2 3)A.had g o neB.coul d ha ve gone C.would go D.went答:B.当虚拟语气中具有we r e,had,sho uld,w o uld等词时,可以省略i f,把这些词放在主语之前。S h o uld I meet he r,I wo u i d tel 1 he r.万一我见到他,我会告诉他的。Wer e I i n yo u r po s iti o n,I w o u 1 d do i t bette.假如我处在你的位置上

41、,我会做的更好。Hadthey made prep a rat i o nsz th ey wou Id h a v e succ e eded.假如他们准备了的话,他们应当能成功的。本句为和过去的事实相反的虚拟语气,因此选B。32A.the advice o f hisf riend s,he wo u Id n o t ha v e suffer e d such a he a vy I o s s in h isbusiness.(D,040 4)A A.I f he took B.I f he s hould ta k e C.Were he to t a ke D.Had he t

42、a ken4 A条件从句有时可以用介词短语代替。有时一个假设的情况不用条件从句表达,而用其它方式来表达,这样的句子叫含蓄条件句。常用with,w i thout,but f o r oWe coul d n I have a c h ieved s o m uch w ith o ut your hel p.要不是你们帮忙我们不会取得这么大的成绩36.But fo r my cla ss mate s help,I the w o rk in tim e.(D,04 0 4)A.d i d not f i nish B.c ou 1 d not f in i s h C.wil 1 not f

43、 i n ish D.wou 1 d not h ave finis h e d A 3 2.With o u t he a t and sunl i g h t,p 1 a n ts on theearth well.(Az 0411 A.wou 1 d not grow B.will not grow C.ha d n o t g r own D.wou Id not be g rown条件从句有时可以用介词短语代替。有时个假设的情况不用条件从句表达,而用其它方式来表达,这样的句子叫含蓄条件句。常用with,without,bu t fo r oWe co u 1 dnt have ac

44、h i e ve d so m uch without your help,A 要不是你们帮忙我们不会取得这么大的成绩3 6.But f or my c 1 a s sma t e s h e lp,I th e work i n time.(D,0404)A A.d id not finish B.could not fi ni s h C.will not fi n ish D.would not h ave fi n i sh e d3 2.Wi t h out he a t and sun light,pl a n t s on t h e e ar t h well.(A,041 1

45、)A A.would no t grow B.wi 1 1 n o t g row C.had no t grown D.would not be grow nA A二、以wish(tha t)引导的表达愿望的宾语从句,虚拟语气中时态类似在非真实条件从句中时态的应用一时态后移,引导从句的th a t可以省略A表达现在或将来的愿望相反的用过去时:主语+w i s h+从句(过去 时)wereI w i sh(that)I we r e as y oung a s yo u.我真希望和你们同样年青A I w i sh(that)I knew his add r ess.我真希望知道他的地址与将来的

46、愿望相反即愿望难以实现(用过去将来时),I wi s h I c o u ld be of m o re use in the future.我希望我将来有点用处。表达与过去没有实现的愿望用过去完毕时:A 主语+wish+从句(主语+过去完毕时)A Iwish e d h e hadnt m a de the bi g mis t ak e.他要是不犯那个大错误,该有多好!32.Pet e r wishe s th at h e _ law i n stead of 1 ite r a tu r e when he w a s i n college.(C,2 0 23A A.cou Id s

47、 t ud y B.s t u d i ed C.had s tudi e d D.wou 1 d studyA 5 3.I di d nt g o to th e p a rty,but Id o w is h I t h ere.(C,2 023卜 A.we r e B.woul d be C.had b ee n D.w i II be A三、以 s u gge s tz p rop o s e z order,command,dema n d,re q u ire,reques t,i n sis t,d es ire,a d v is e,a sk等词后引导的宾语从句,从句结构为s

48、ho u 1 d+动词原形,s h o u ld可省略A They re q ue s ted that the students(s h o u ld)learn the seco nd lang u ag e.他们规定学生要学第二外语。1 Th e d octor advised tha t Mr.Mal a n a n o p erati o n ri g h t away s o asto save his li f e.A.had B.would have C.have D.was going to h a v e(C,9 8 年)5 8、His mo t her in s iste

49、 d th a t h e th e c oatwhe n go i ng out.(A,99 年)A A.p ut on B.pu t s onC.to p ut D.p ut t i ng onA 答案:D。应改为 h a ve。suggest,in sist,order,demand,request,command,re q uire等动词引导宾语从句时,(2 0 23)A 51.We stron g ly s ugge s ton as s o on as possi b I e.答案:C,改为be told,要用虚拟语气,谓语动词要Shou 1that Sm i th is to 1

50、 d abou td(可以省略)+原形动词。his p hys i ca 1 con d iti(20 2 3/11)42A At b e fo r e g o in gTheback toA.to g e tB.getdoctor advised her t ha tw o rk.C.g e tsD.g o t(B,sheen o u g h res0401)A四、在某些主语从句中的虚拟语气A(1)I t is.t h a t引导的主语从句中,从句的谓语动词要用should+原形动词,should可以省略。sugge s t,pro po se,ord e r,r equire,desire

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