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1、1 高考英语必背语法知识总结(精华)(名师总结表格必背语法,事半功倍效果,建议下载保存)(绝对精品文档,价值很高,值得下载打印收藏)基本语法表格人称代词和物主代词人称代词主格I we you you she he it they these 宾格me us you you her him it them those 物 主 代 词(的)物主性my our your your her his its their these 名词性mine ours yours yours hers his its theirs those 反身代词自己myself ourselves yourself your
2、selves herself himself itself themselves themselves 动词有 5 种形式原形第三人称单数(+s/es)过去时(+ed)现在分词(+ing)过去分词(+ed)play plays played be+playing have/has/had+played watch watches watched watching watched do does did doing done buy buys bought buying bought think thinks thought thinking thought teach teaches toug
3、ht teaching tought 动词有 4 个种类实义动词like;read;watch;sit;buy肯定句直接用;变成否定句和疑问句,就必须用助动词do/does/did 来帮忙“三类动词”助动词do/does/did 主要用来帮助实义动词变成否定句或疑问句Be 动词be 原形 am/is/are现在时 was/were过去时 being进行时 been 完成时情态动词can could能够;will would打算、将要;shall should打算、将要、应该;may might可以、也许;must必须;need 需要;have to 不得不;ought to应该注意:助动词和情
4、态动词后面的动词只能用原形。2 句子从功能上有 4 种分类种类名称用法1陈述句(1)肯定句I like English.(2)否定句在“三类动词”后+not I can t speak English没“三类动词”,用 do/does/did帮忙I don t like English2疑问句(1)一般疑问句把“三类动词”放在句子的开头,末尾加问号“?”Can you speak English?没“三类动词”,用 do/does/did帮忙Do you like English?(2)特殊疑问句疑问词+“三类动词”放在句子的开头,末尾加问号“?”What do you like?疑问词:wh
5、at;who;whose;where;when=what time;why;which;how;how old;how long;how soon;how far;how much;how many;how often(3)反义疑问句提问时:前后相反(前面肯定,后面否定;前面否定,后面肯定)I like English,dont you?回答时:前后一致(用什么问,就用什么答)Yes,I do.No,I dont.3祈使句用动词原形放在句首,表示“建议、命令、要求”某人做某事Do it by yourself.4感叹句(1)How 引导How+形容词How beautiful!=How bea
6、utiful she is!How+形容词+a/an+可数名词How beautiful a girl!多美的女孩!(2)What 引导What+a/an+形容词+可数名词What a beautiful girl!多美的女孩!What+形容词+不可数名词What fine weather!=How fine the weather is!注意事项分清实义动词和“三类动词”变化句子时,“三类动词”直接用,如果是实义动词,只能用助动词帮忙,注意人称和时态的一致性.助动词和情态动词后面的动词永远只能用原形.(看下面的例子,had 在 did 后面变为原形have)have/has/had单独使用是
7、实义动词,变句子时,需要助动词do/does/did帮忙;在完成时态中,是助动词,则直接使用。(need 和 dare 的用法也类似,不过两个词只在否定句和疑问句中做情态动词,其他情况做实义动词)I had breakfast at 7:00 this morning.(had实义动词)I had played computer before you came back home.(had助动词)I didnt have breakfast at 7:00 this morning.I had not played computer before you came back home.Did
8、you have breakfast at 7:00 this morning?Had you played computer before I came back home?What did you do at 7:00 this morning?What had you done before I came back home?When did you have breakfast?When did you play computer?Who had breakfast at 7:00 this morning?Who had played computer before you came
9、 back home?可数名词的复数构成举例1 在名词后面加s fathers,books,Americans,Germans,apples,bananas 3 2 以 s,x,sh,ch,th结尾的,加es boxes,glasses,dresses,watches,wishes,faxes,foxes 3 以辅音字母加y 结尾的变y 为 i 再加 es baby-babies,family-families,duty-duties,comedy-comedies,4 以元音字母加y 结尾的直接加s day-days,boy-boys,toy-toys,key-keys,way-ways 5
10、 以 o 结尾加 s(外来词);但如是辅音加o 的加 es radios,photos tomatoes 西红柿,potatoes 马铃薯6 以 f 或 fe 结尾的变 f 为 v 再加 es knife-knives,half-halves,shelf-shelves,leaf-leaves,yourself-yourselves 7 一般只有复数,没有单数的有clothes;wages;people,crew,staff,police;pants,shorts,shoes,spectacles=glasses,gloves,socks,trouses;scissors;(由两部分组成的东西
11、)8 特殊形式的有child-children,foot-feet,tooth-teeth,goose-geese,mouse-mice,sheep-sheep;man-men,woman-women,policeman-policemen,Englishman-Englishmen 9 合成词的复数一般只把后面一个词变为复数action movie-action movies,pen pal-pen pals;10 如果是由 man 或 woman所组成的合成词的复数,则前后两个词都要变为复数man doctor-men doctors,woman teacher-women teacher
12、s 11 既可以是单数也可以是复数的一些集合名词police 警察局,警察;class 班,同学;family 家,家庭成员;organization机构;army 军队;data 数据;jury 陪审团;audience 观众;enemy 敌人;media 媒体;bacteria 细菌;navy 海军;committee 委员会;flock 羊群12 单复数相同fish,sheep,deer鹿子,Chinese,Japanese 13 单复数意思不同fish 鱼fishes 鱼的种类,paper 纸papers 报纸,卷子,论文work 工作works 作品,工厂glass 玻璃glasse
13、s 玻璃杯,眼镜orange 桔子水oranges 橙子light 光线lights 灯cloth 布clothes 衣服people 人peoples 民族time 时间times 时代,次数chicken 鸡肉chickens 小鸡water 水waters 水域;公海wood 木板;woods 树林14 常用的不可数名词water,milk,fruit,meat,food,paper,air,weather,rice,ice,furniture家具sheep 羊肉,fish 鱼肉(动物表示肉类)注:一般而言,抽象名词都是不可数名词,只有单数形式,没复数形式;但抽象名词具体化后,则由不可数
14、名词变成可数名词。Would you like to have a walk(swim,bath,talk)with me?have a look,have a try.It is a waste of time reading such a novel.She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings.Physics is a science.动词的第三人称单数的变化(即主语是现在时第三人称单数时,谓语动词+s/es)与以上规则相同。归纳;以辅音字母 y 结尾的,变y 为 i:动词+ed 形容词+er/est 名词+es 以重读闭音
15、节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母,双写末尾的辅音字母:动词+ed 形容词+er/est 动词+ing 4 名词所有格(某人/物“的”东西)构 成举 例1 单 数:在 后 面 加 b r o t h e rs,M i k e s,t e a c h e r 2 复 数:以s 结 尾 的 直 接 在s 后 加,不 以 s 结 尾 的,加 T e a c h e r s D a y教 师 节c l a s s m a t e s b o o k s同 学 们 的 书 籍C h i l d r e n s D a y六 一 节W o m e ns D a y 三 八 节3 由 a n d并 列 的 几 个
16、 名 词,如 是 共 同 拥 有 同 一 人 或 物,只 在 最 后 一 个 名 词 后 加 ,如 是 各 自 拥 有,则 分 别加。M i k e a n d B e ns r o o m迈 克 和 本 的 房 间(共 住 一 间)M i k e s a n d B e n s r o o m s迈 克 和 本 的 房 间(各 自 的 房 间)M i k e a n d B e ns m o t h e r迈 克 和 本 的 妈 妈(两 兄 弟)M i k e s a n d B e n s m o t h e r s迈 克 和 本 的 房 间(两 家 人)4 动 物 和 没 生 命 的 东
17、 西 用 o f 所 有 格,不 用 所有 格a m a p o f C h i n a;t h e n a m e o f h e r c a t;t h e d o o r o f t h e b e d r o o m 说 明 所有 格=o f 所 有 格,但 前 后 顺 序 相 反T o m s b o o k =t h e b o o k o f T o m H u a i h u as w e a t h e r =t h e w e a t h e r o f H u a i h u a 一 般 而 言,人 用 所有 格,动 物 和 没 生 命 的 东 西 用o f 所 有 格抽
18、 象 名 词 具 体 化一 般 而 言,抽 象 名 词 是 不 可 数 名 词,只 有 单 数 形 式,没 复 数 形 式,不 能 和 冠 词 连 用;但 抽 象 名 词 具 体 化 后,则 由 不 可 数 名 词 变 成可 数 名 词,因 而 有 单 复 数 变 化,也 可 以 和 冠 词 连 用。下 面 是 高 中 阶 段 常 用 的 一 些 抽 象 名 词 具 体 化:1 a t t r a c t i o n (U)吸 引,吸 引 力;(C)有 吸 引 力 的 人 或 事 物.T h e i d e a o f t r a v e l i n g t o t h e m o o n h
19、 a s l i t t l e a t t r a c t i o n f o r m e.到 月 球 上 旅 行 的 想 法 对 我 没 有 什 么 吸 引 力.T h e c i t y s b r i g h t l i g h t s,t h e a t r e s,a n d m o v i e s a r e g r e a t a t t r a c t i o n s.城 里 明 亮 的 灯,戏 院,电 影 等 有 巨 大 的 吸 引 力.O n e o f t h e m a i n a t t r a c t i o n s o f t h e j o b i s t h
20、 e h i g h s a l a r y.这 份 工 作 最 吸 引 人 的 是 薪 水 高.2 a t m o s p h e r e (U)大 气;(C)气 氛T h e a t m o s p h e r e e n c o m p a s s t h e e a r t h.大 气 包 围 着 地 球。I t h a s a n o s t a l g i c a t m o s p h e r e.这儿 有 一 种 怀 旧 的 气 氛。I l i k e t h e a t m o s p h e r e h e r e.我 喜 欢 这 儿 的 气 氛。3 b e a u t y
21、 (U)美,美 丽;(C)美 丽 的 人 或 事 物S h e w a s a f a m o u s b e a u t y i n h e r y o u t h.她 年 轻 时 是 个 有 名 的 美 人.T h a t n e w c a r i s a n a b s o l u t e b e a u t y.那 辆 新 车 漂 亮 极 了.4 c o m f o r t (U)安 慰,慰 藉,宽 恕;(C)令 人 感 到 安 慰 的 人 或 事 物T h e n e w s b r o u g h t c o m f o r t t o a l l o f u s.这 消 息 给
22、 我 们 大 家 带 来 了 安 慰.H i s h u s b a n d w a s a g r e a t c o m f o r t t o h e r w h e n s h e w a s i l l.她 生 病 时,她 丈 夫 对 她 是 个 极 大 的 安 慰.5 d a n g e r (U)危 险,风 险;(C)危 险 的 人,危 险 因 素 C h i l d r e n s l i v e s a r e i n d a n g e r e v e r y t i m e t h e y c r o s s t h i s r o a d.孩 子 们 每 次 过 这 条
23、 马 路 都 面 临 着 生 命 危 险.o u t o f d a n g e r 脱 离 危 险P o l i c e s a i d t h e m a n w a s a d a n g e r t o t h e p u b l i c.警 方 说 这 个 男 子 对 公 众 是 个 危险。H o w d o e s n a t u r e f o r m a d a n g e r t o p e o p l e i n t h e w o r l d?自 然 现 象 是 如 何 对 全 球 人 类 造 成 威 胁 的?5 6 death (U)死,死亡;(C)死亡的人 Air p
24、ollution alone causes about three million deaths every year.仅空气污染就造成了每年近三百万人死亡.If the hurricane had happened during the daytime,there would have been many more deaths.若飓风发生在白天,那么死亡的人会多的多.7 delight (U)高兴,愉快,快乐;(C)令人高兴的事,乐事,乐趣 To our great delight,the day turned out fine.我们感到高兴的是天气转晴了.The guitar is a
25、delight to play.弹吉他是件很惬意的事.Her singing is a delight.她的歌声使人快乐.8 difficulty (U)困难,艰难,难度,困难性;(C)难做,难懂,难应付的事,难事,难点,难题 She got the door open with difficulty.她艰难地把门打开了.I had the great difficulty in persuading her.我为了说服她,费了好大的劲儿.He wants to marry her,but his parents are making difficulties.他想娶她,但他父母从中阻挠.Sh
26、e met with many difficulties when traveling.她在旅行时遇到了许多伤脑筋的事.9 experience (U)经验;(C)经历,体验 by experience靠经验valuable experience 宝贵的经验 Do you have any previous experience of this kind of work?你以前做过这种工作吗?an experience一次经历He had many interesting experiences while traveling in Africa.他在非洲旅行时遇到很多有趣的经历。10 fai
27、lure (U)失败;(C)失败的人或事物 The success or failure of the plan depends on you.这项计划的成败取决于你.Failureis the mother of success失败乃成功之母 Failure in one examination should not stop you trying again.一次考试不及格不应该防碍你再试一次.I am a failure我是个失败者 The whole thing was a complete failure.整个事情彻底失败了.She was a failure as a teache
28、r.她当教师并不成功.11 fortune (U)运气;机会;(C)财产,财富Fortune Fools have fortune.谚傻人有傻福。Roll up a huge fortune 积聚起大笔财产 He cleaned up a small fortune.他发了一笔小财.He dreamed of making a fortune.他梦想发大财。He made a fortune in oil.他做石油生意赚了一大笔钱。12 help (U)帮助;(C)有帮助的人或事物 A tape-recorder or a mp3 is a great help for you to lear
29、n English.录音机或 mp3 对你学英语帮助很大.I am a good help to my mother at home.我在家里是妈妈的好帮手.13 honour (U)荣幸,荣誉;(C)给某人/某事增光的人或事物win honor赢得荣誉an honor 一个(件)引以为荣的(事)We fought for the honour of our country.我们为祖国的荣誉而战.It is a great honour for me to be present at the conference.14 joy (U)高兴,愉快,喜悦;(C)令人高兴的人或事,乐事,乐趣 jum
30、p with joy高兴得跳起来 The game was a joy to watch.看这场比赛真是开心.He is a great joy to listen to.他这个人,听他讲话就是极大的乐趣.15 kindness (U)亲切,和蔼,仁慈,好意;(C)友好或仁慈,体贴的举动,好心的表现或行为 She always shows kindness to children and animals.她对孩子和动物总是很温柔.6 He did it entirely out of kindness,not for money.他做那件事纯粹出于好意,并非为钱.It would be a g
31、reat kindness to see him while he is so ill.他病得很厉害,去探望他就是对他的极大关怀.Thank you,Tim.You have done me a kindness.16 knowledge (U)知识;(C)(一门)学问 Knowledge begin with practice.认识从实践开始。Knowledge is no burden.艺不压身。Knowledge is power.知识就是力量。A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.I want an assist
32、ant with a knowledge of English and experience of office routine.我需要一名懂英语和具有例行公事经验的助手。He has only a theoretical knowledge of the language.他只有这种语言的理论知识。17 pity (U)怜悯,同情;(C)可惜的事,遗憾的事 feel pity for 对.同情out of pity出于同情have pity on sb.怜悯某人a pity 可惜的事情Its a pity the weather is not good for our outing toda
33、y.我们今天出去游玩天气不好,真遗憾.Its a pity that you cant go to the theatre with us tonight.你今晚不能和我们一起去看戏,真可惜.18 pleasure(U)高兴,快乐,愉快;(C)乐事,趣事 take(a)pleasure in 以.为乐with pleasure 愉快地,高兴地,乐意a pleasure 乐事 It is my pleasure.我乐意做的事情.It is a pleasure to work with you.跟你一起工作是一件令人高兴的事情.It has been a pleasure meeting you
34、.认识你是十分高兴的事.She has few pleasures left in life.她的生活中已没有什么乐趣了.19 room(U)空间;(C)房间 Theres no room for this piano.房间里没地方放这架钢琴了。Stay with us for several days.We have 20 rooms in the village.过来和我们住一段时间吧。我们在村里有20 间房子。20 satisfaction (U)满足,满意;(C)令人满足或带来乐趣的事情 with satisfaction满意地 Playing the piano was one of
35、 his greatest satisfactions.弹钢琴是他的最大乐趣之一.It is a great satisfaction to know that he has arrived home safely.知道他已经平安到家,我感到十分高兴.21 shame (U)羞耻,羞愧,惭愧;(C)遗憾的事,可耻的人或事物 He felt no shame for what he had done.他对自己所做的事情不感到羞愧.It is a shame to deceive the old man.欺骗这位老人真是太可耻了.What a shame that it rained so muc
36、h during the vocation.假期里下那么多雨,真是太遗憾了.22 sight(U)视力,视觉;(C)情景,景象 Out of sight,out of mind.眼不见,心不烦。I cannot endure the sight.我不能容忍这种情景。It was a touching sight.这是一幅动人景象。It was a magnificent sight.一路景色真美。23 success (U)成功,成名;(C)成功的人或事物win success获得成功a success 一个(件)成功的人(事)Hes proud of his daughters succes
37、ses.他为女儿的种种成就感到自豪.Of his experiments,three were successes and one was a failure.在他的实验中,有三个成功,一个失败.24 surprise (U)惊奇,(C)令人惊奇的事或消息,意想不到或突然的事7 in surprise惊讶地a surprise 一件令人惊讶的事Her letter came as a complete surprise.万万没想到会收到她的信.25 trouble (U)困难,苦恼,痛苦;(C)麻烦事,困难事,负担 Shes had so many troubles that she look
38、s fifty,although shes only thirty.使她苦恼的事情太多,虽然她只有三十岁,看上去却像五十岁了.She has always been a great trouble to her father and mother.她一直是她父母的一块心病.26 youth 青春 a youth一个青年人27 wonder (U)惊奇,惊讶,惊异,惊叹,惊愕;(C)令人感到惊奇的事情,奇迹,奇观 in/with wonder 惊奇地 no wonder 毫不奇怪 The Great Wall is one of the eight wonders of the world.长城
39、是世界八大奇迹之一.28 worry (U)担心,担忧,忧愁;(C)烦恼事,令人担忧的人 Her face showed signs of worry.她脸上显出担忧的神情.My father has a lot of worries.我父亲有许多烦心事.高考题1.Jumping out of _airplane at ten thousand feet is quite _exciting experience.A.不填;the B.不填;an C.an;an D.the;the 2.Many people agree that _knowledge of English is _must
40、in international trade today.A.a;a B.the;an C.the;the D.不填;the 3.One way to understand thousands of new words is to gain _good knowledge of basic word information.A./B.the C.a D.one 4.-I hear that as many as 150 people were killed in the earthquake.-Yes,_news came as _shock to us.A.the;the B.the;a C
41、.不填;不填D.不填;a 5.He has _great interest in history,especially in _history of Tang Dynasty.A.a;the B.a;/C./;the D./;a 6.For many Beijingers,dreams of living in_ green area are becoming _ reality.A.a;a B.the;the C.不填;不填D.the;不填7.The police have _power to arrest bad people by _law.A.the;the B.a;a C.the;不
42、填D.不填;the 8.He is_ help to me.A.the B./C.a D.an 动词+ed 的构成方式构成举例1 直接在词尾加ed work-worked;play-played;want-wanted;act-acted 2 以不发音的e 字母结尾的动词,直接加d live-lived;move-moved;taste-tasted;hope-hoped,help-helped 3 以辅音字母+y 结尾的,把y 变为 i 再加 ed study-studied;copy-copied;cry-cried;carry-carried 8 4 以重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字
43、母的动词,要双写这一辅音字母,再加ed stop-stopped 动词+ed 的发音规则构成举例1 动词词尾为t,d 时,发/id/音want wanted;need needed2 动词词尾为t,d 以外之浊辅音或元音时,发/d/音call called;staystayed;crycried3 动词词尾为清辅音时,发/t/音help helped;laughlaughed;looklooked;kisskissed;wash washed;watchwatched动词+ing 的构成方式构成举例1 直接在词尾加-ing 注意:与名词复数+es、动词过去式+ed、形容词比较级+er/est
44、不同,词尾为“辅音字母+y”,不要变 y 为 i,而是直接加ing。go going;do doing;ask asking;read-reading,work-working,study-studying,look-looking,eat-eating,play-playing,wash-washing,plant-planting,borrow-borrowing,pick-picking,paint-painting,cry-crying,study studying;carry carrying;fly flying;worry worrying 2 以不发音的 e 字母结尾的动词,要
45、去掉 e 再加 ing make-making,write-writing,skate-skating,close closing,come-coming,take-taking,have-having,dance-dancing,live living;hope-hoping 3 若结尾的 e 发音,就不能去掉see-seeing 4 以重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,要双写这一辅音字母,再加ing run-running,swim-swimming,get-getting,sit sitting,put putting,begin beginning,hit-hitting,s
46、top-stopping,forget forgetting 5 在少数几个以ie 结尾的动词后:须将 ie 变作 y,再加 ing。die dying;tie tying,lie lying lie-lied-lied-lying 撒谎lie-lay-lain-lying 躺/放lay-laid-laid-laying下蛋动词的分类种数分类1 实义动词与“三类动词”(助动词、Be 动词、情态动词):由陈述句变成否定句和疑问句,“三类动词”直接用,实义动词则必须用助动词 do/does/did 来帮忙。2 及物动词(vt)与不及物动词(vi):英语句子必须有主语和谓语,是否需要宾语,得看谓语是
47、及物动词还是不及物动词。及物动词后面必须接宾语,不及物动词则不能直接接宾语,需要加介词才能接宾语。(因而有无数的动词短语,须死记硬背。)I read a book.(vt)I wait for you.(vi)I turn on/off the light.(vi)I arrived at Huihua this afternoon.(vi)3 延续动词与短暂动词:在过去进行时态中,表示过去某两个动作同时进行,延续动作用was/were doing,短暂动作用-ed 9 I was having dinner at a restaurant when Tony Steele came in.在
48、完成时态中,只有延续性动词才可以接for 引导的时间段,短暂动词则不能。I have bought this book for 2 years.(错)I have bought this book.(对)(改法 1:去掉 for 引导的时间段)I have kept this book for 2 years.(对)(改法 2:用另一个延续动词代替原来的短暂动词,常用have,be,keep,use来代替)I bought this book 2 years ago.(对)(改法 3:把完成时态变为过去时态,句末加ago)It is(has been)2 years since I bough
49、t this book.(对)(改法 4:变成句型“It is/has been since”,从句中用过去式bought。)一些表示位置移动的短暂动词,如come,go,get on/off,take off,leave,arrive,move,begin,start等,人做主语,可以用进行时表将来时。如是物做主语,则用一般现在时态。Hes leaving for Beijing tomorrow.The plane leaves at 3 oclock this p.m.4 动作动词和状态动词。英语中的动词就其词汇意义来说可分为动作动词(Activity verb)和状态动词(State
50、verb)。动作动词强调主语在做的动作,而状态动词强调主语所处的状态,状态动词通常不用于进行时态参考“现在进行时”第(5)点。英语中的有的动词加前缀-a,由动做变成状态,不过词性也发生了变化。sleep-asleep;wake-awake;like-alike;例如:wake 是动词,awake 是形容词,可作表语,不能作定语。My mother wakes me up every morning.The baby is awake.5 谓语动词(predicate verb)与非谓语动词(Non-predicate verb):在句子中做谓语的动词就叫谓语动词,做其他成分的动词叫非谓语动词(