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1、汽车专业英语Unit22-1FourCylinderInlineGasolineEngine直列四缸汽油机v 1-intakeairtank 进气室2-throttlevalve 节气门v 3-cylinderhead 气缸盖4-cylinder 气缸v 5a-exhaustgasmanifoldwithcatalyticconverter 带催化转化器的排气歧管v 5-cylinderblock 气缸体6-flywheel 飞轮v 7-cylinderjacket 气缸水套8-piston 活塞v 9-oilpan 油底壳10-crankshaft 曲轴v 11-timingbeltpull
2、ey 正时带轮12-crankshaftpulley 曲轴带轮v 13-timingbelt 正时齿带14-camshaft 凸轮轴v 15-timingbeltcover 正时齿带罩v 16-sparkplug 火花塞TheInlineEnginev Weallknowtheengineisthe heartoftheautomobile.Whatisthecoreoftheengine?Yes,itsthecylinder.Mostcarshavemorethanonecylinder(four,sixandeightcylindersarecommon).Inamulti-cylinde
3、rengine,thecylindersusuallyarearrangedinoneofthreeways:inline,Vorflat.v Inaninlineengine,thecylindersarearrangedinalineinasinglebank.Theinlinearrangementisthesimplestandmostcommononeandhasmanyadvantages.First,theenginehasagoodstabilityandmorepower.Second,thestructuresofthecylinderblockandthecranksha
4、ftareverysimpleandtheyshareonlyonecylinderhead.Thecosttomanufactureandinstallisless.v Becauseoftheseadvantages,BMWandalsomanyAmericancarmanufacturesliketousetheinlinecylinderengine.Thiskindofengineiswidelyusedinthecarsmadeinhome.2-2BasicTermsofEngine 发动机基本术语v TDC=topdeadcenter,topcenter,outerdeadcen
5、ter 上止点v BDC=bottomdeadcenter,bottomcenter,innerdeadcenter下止点v S=pistonstroke,pistontravel 活塞行程v Sk=pistonclearancefromTDC 活塞离上止点距离v r=crankradius 曲柄半径v=crankangle,crankshaftangle 曲柄角v Vh=sweptvolumeofacylinder 或pistondisplacement 或v cylindersweptvolume 气缸工作体积，每缸排量v VC=combustionvolume 或combustionch
6、amber(space)volume 或v cylindercompressionvolume 燃烧室容积v VC+Vh=cylindertotalvolume 气缸总容积v（VC+Vh）/VC=compressionratio 压缩比MainTermsv Therearemanytermsindescribingtheoperationsofanautomobileengine.Letsseesomebasicterms.Strokereferstopistonmovement.Astrokeoccurswhenthepistonmovesfromoneextremepositiontoth
7、eotherextremepositioninsidetheenginecylinder.ThehighestpositionthatthepistonreachesinsidethecylinderiscalledTDC(topdeadcenter).Similarly,thelowestpositionthatthepistonreachesinsidethecylinderiscalledBDC(bottomdeadcenter).SowecanalsosayastrokeispistonmovementfromTDCtoBDCorviceversa.v Duringtheinducti
8、onstroke,thevolumeofair/fuelmixturetofillasinglecylinderissweptbythepiston;thisvolumeiscalledtheswept volume.Duringthecompressionstoke,thesweptvolumeiscompressedintoasmallspaceabovethepiston.Andatthistime,thepistonreachesthetopofthecylinder.Thespaceiscalledastheclearance volume.Theclearancevolumeand
9、thesweptvolumedeterminethecompression ratio.Generally，ahighcompressionratioisgoodforperformanceandefficiency.2-3Four-StrokeEngine 四冲程发动机v A-intakestroke 或suctionstroke 进气行程v Theintakevalveisopenwhiletheexhaustvalveisclose.进气门开启而排气门关闭。v IV=intakevalve 进气门v EV=exhaustvalve 排气门v B-compressionstroke,com
10、pressiontravel压缩行程v Boththeintakeandexhaustvalvesareclose.进气门和排气门均关闭。v C-powerstroke,combustion,workingstroke,firingstroke,v expansionstroke膨胀（作功）行程v Boththeintakeandexhaustvalvesareclose.进气门和排气门均关闭。v D-exhauststroke排气行程v Theintakevalveisclosewhiletheexhaustvalveisopen.进气门开启而排气门关闭。Four-StrokeEngineC
11、yclev ThefourstrokeenginewasfirstinventedbyNikolausAugustOtto(1832 1891)in1876,soitisalsoknownastheOttocycle.Thefourstrokeengineisprobablythemostcommonenginetypenowadays.Itpowersalmostallcarsandtrucks.v Thefourstrokesofthecycleareintake,compression,power,andexhaust.Tocompletethefullcycleittakestwore
12、volutionsofthecrankshaft.A4-strokegasolineengineusesinternalcombustion.v Theintakestrokestartswiththeexhaustvalveclosed,theinletvalveopening,andthepistonatitshighestpoint,topdeadcenter.Itstartstomovedown,increasingthevolumeabovethetopofthepiston.Thismakespressureinsidethecylinderlowerthanthepressure
13、outside.Thishigheroutsideairpressureforcestheair-fuelmixtureintothecylinder.Thepistonreachesbottomdeadcenter,theinletvalvecloses,andtheintakestrokeends.v Bothintakeandexhaustvalvesstayclosedasthepistonleavesbottomdeadcenter.Thepistonmovesup,whichcompressesthevolumeoftheair-fuelmixture.Thatcausesthea
14、ir/fuelchargestemperaturetorise,andthatmakesignitioneasierandcombustion(burningoffuel)morecomplete.Justbeforethepistonreachestopdeadcenter,ignitionoccurs.Theairexpandinginthecylinderpushesthepistondownthecylinder.ThisisthePowerstrokethatdrivestheengine.v Thepistonnowmovesfrombottomdeadcentertotopdea
15、dcenter.Theexhaustvalveopens,andthepistonpushesouttheleftovergases.v Letslookatacomplete4-strokecycle：v Intake-takesinair-fuelmixture.v Compression-squeezestheair-fuelmixtureintoasmallerandsmallervolume.v Power-themixtureunderpressureisignited.Theair-fuelmixtureburning,Expandinggasespushthepistondow
16、ncreatingapowerstroke.v Exhaust-thepistonmovesupward,forcingburnedgasesfromthechamber.2-4TheComponentsofCylinderHead 气缸盖零部件v A-gasket密封垫（圈）v 1-EGRVSV=EGRvacuumswitchingvalveEGREGR 真空开关阀v EGR=exhaustgasrecirculation废气再循环v 2-EGRvalveandvacuummodulatorEGR 阀和真空调制器v 3-throttlebody节气门体v 4-coldstartinjecto
17、r冷起动喷油器v 5-coldstartinjectorpipe 冷气动喷油器油管v 6-fuelpulsationdamper 燃油脉动衰减器v 7-deliverypipe供给管，燃油管v 7a-injector 喷油器v 8-insulator 隔热套v 9-spacer 隔套v 10-adjustingshim 调整垫片v 11-valvelifter 气门挺柱v 12-keeper 锁夹v 13-springretainer 弹簧座（保持器）v 14-valvespring 气门弹簧v 15-oilseal 油封v valvestemseal 气门杆油封v 16-springseat
18、 弹簧垫圈v 17-valveguide(bushing)气门导管v 18-valve 气门，气阀v 19-enginehanger发动机吊钩v 20-exhaustmanifold排气歧管v 21-heatinsulator隔热罩v 22-retainer保持器v 23-cushion缓冲器v 24-catalyticconverter 催化转化器v 25-catalyticconverterstay 催化转化器支架v 26-lowerheatinsulator 下隔热罩v 27-alternatorbracket 发电机支架v 28-cylinderheadgasket 气缸盖垫片v 29
19、-timingbeltcover正时带罩v 30-cylinderhead气缸盖v 31-snapring 挡圈，卡坏v 32-wavewasher 波形垫圈v 33-oilseal 油封v 34-camshaftsubgear 凸轮轴副齿轮v 35-camshaftgearspring 凸轮轴齿轮弹簧v 36-camshaft 凸轮轴v 36a-intakecamshaft 进气凸轮轴v 36b-exhaustcamshaft 排气凸轮轴v 37-camshaftbearingcap 凸轮轴轴承盖v 38-sparkplug 火花塞v 39-cylinderheadcover 气缸盖罩v 4
20、0-intakemanifoldstay 进气歧管撑条v v 41-airpipe空气管v 42-intakemanifold 进气歧管CylinderHeadv v Thecylinderheadfastenstothetopoftheblock,justasaroofofahouse.Theundersideformsthecombustionchamberwiththetopofthepiston.Thecylinderheadcarriesthevalves,andithasportstoallowair,fuel,andexhaustmovethroughtheengine.Like
21、thecylinderblock,theheadismadefromeithercastironoraluminumalloy.v Thecylinderheadisattachedtotheblockwithhigh-tensilesteelstuds.Thejointbetweentheblockandtheheadmustbegas-tightsothatnoneoftheburningmixturecanescape.Thus,agasketisused.Headgasketsaremadeofthinsheetsofsoftmetalorofasbestosandmetal.Gask
22、etsarealsousedtosealjointsbetweenotherparts,suchasbetweentheoilpan,manifolds,orwaterpumpandtheblock.2-5LubricationSystem 润滑系统v 1-oilpressureswitch 油压开关v 2-mainoilgalley 主油道v 3-oilfilter,或lubricationoilfilter 机油滤清器v 4-oilcooler 机油冷却器v airoilcooler 风冷式机油冷却器v 5-reliefvalve 限（释）压阀v 6-suctionstrainer 吸入口
23、滤网v oilstrainer 机油收集器v pickuppipeandscreen 吸入管和滤网v 7-oilpump 机油泵EngineLubricationSystemv Theenginehasmanymovingparts.Thepurposeofthelubricationsystemistosupplylubricant,theoiltoallthemovingpartsoftheengine.Atthesametime,thesystemseparatestheirsurfaces,reducefrictionandactasacoolantanddetergent.v The
24、lubricationsystemincludesthefollowingparts:theoilpan,oilpump,mainoilgalleries,oilfilters,oilpressurereliefvalves,oilcoolerandoilsensors.Thepurposeoftheoilpanistoholdtheexcessoilduringoperationandnon-runningconditions.Theoilpumpistodeliveringanadequatevolumeofoilaroundtheengineatasuitablepressure.The
25、oilpumpoperatesallthetimewhentheengineisrunning.Oilfilterisusedtofilterandcleanthedirtparticlesgettingintotheoilwhentheengineruns.Apressureregulatorvalveisusedtokeepthepressurewithintheoilsystemataconstantmaximumvalue.Theoilcoolerhelpstokeeptheoilcool.Oilpressuresensorsareusedtoindicatetherightamoun
26、tofpressureoftheoilsystem.2-6TheFuelSystemofDieselEngine 柴油机燃油系统v A-in-linefuelinjectionpump 直列式喷油泵v B-distributorfuelinjectionpump 分配式喷油泵v 1-fueltank 燃油箱v 2-governor 调速器v 3-fuel-supplypump 输油泵v 4-fuelinjectionpump 或injectionpump 喷油泵v camshaftfuelinjectionpump 凸轮轴式喷油泵v 4a-in-linefuelinjectionpump 直列式喷油泵v multi-cylinderfuelinjectionpump 多缸喷油泵v 4b-distributorfuelinjectionpump 分配式喷油泵v 5-injectiontimingdevice 喷射正时装置v 6-drivefromengine 来自发动机的驱动力v 7-fuelfilter 燃油滤清器v 8-vent 通气孔v 9-injector 喷油器v 10-fuelreturnline 回油管v 11-overflowline 溢流管