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1、介词和介词短语用法 考点：介词和介词短语用法，主要考查相近介词的用法区别，介词的固定搭配等等。介词的定义 ll 介词是一种用来表示词与词,或者词与句之间的关系的词，在句中不能单独作句成分。介词一定要有宾语，充当宾语的一般有名词、代词或相当于名词的其它词、短语或句子，短语或从句。介词的分类ll(1)简单介词，如at,in off,on,by,to,with等。ll(2)合成介词，如into,inside,within,throughout 等。ll(3)短语/复杂介词，如according to,because of,in addition to,in front of,in spite of
2、等。ll(4)二重介词，如from behind,from among,until after,at about 等。时间介词l l at at 后面通常接某一点时间或者时刻。如 后面通常接某一点时间或者时刻。如at 5 oclock,at dark.at 5 oclock,at dark.l l in in 用在某朝代 用在某朝代 年 年 月 月 季节 季节 上午 上午 下午 下午 晚上等时间名 晚上等时间名词后面表示一段时间。如 词后面表示一段时间。如in June,in the afternoon,in in June,in the afternoon,in winter.winter.
3、l l on on 用在特定的，具体的某一天，如 用在特定的，具体的某一天，如on the morning of May,on the morning of May,on a cold day.on a cold day.l l by by 表示不迟于，在 表示不迟于，在 之前。如 之前。如 They have learned 5000 They have learned 5000 words by the end of this year.words by the end of this year.l l after after 后面接时间点，表示在 后面接时间点，表示在 之后。如 之后。如
4、After lunch,we After lunch,we went shopping.went shopping.l l for for 后面接时间段，表示有多久。如 后面接时间段，表示有多久。如He stayed in USA for 10 He stayed in USA for 10 years.years.l l since since 后面一般接时间点，表示动作或状态从某点时间开始一 后面一般接时间点，表示动作或状态从某点时间开始一直持续到现在。如 直持续到现在。如She has lived here since 2008.She has lived here since 2008
5、.地点介词at 表示在较小的地方(村庄,小城镇,门牌);in 表示在较大的地方(国家,城市)，在某物范围内；on 表示在某物上(表面接触)。ll across 表示横过，从一个平面的表面通过；through 表示从一个空间的内部穿过；over表示从物体的上方跨过；past 表示从物体的旁边经过,如across the road,through the forest.ll on 表示接壤；in 表示在某个范围以内；to 表示在某一范围以外，不接壤；off 表示在海面上靠近海岸的地方，如Japan lies to the east of China.l 其他重点介词ll 1.in advance
6、of 在前面。如：He is far in advance of his class.他在班上遥遥领先。I shall walk a few steps in advance of you.我将走在你前面几步。ll 2.in case of 一旦，以防，如果。如：In case of fire,call 119.倘若有火灾，就打119 电话。The wall was built along the river in case of floods.为了防洪，沿河筑了堤。l l3.in charge of 3.in charge of 担任，指挥，管理，负责照料。担任，指挥，管理，负责照料。如：如
7、：He was placed in charge of the department.He was placed in charge of the department.他受命管理这个部门。他受命管理这个部门。She is in charge of our class.She is in charge of our class.她担任我们的班主任。她担任我们的班主任。l l4.in course of 4.in course of 在在过程中，在过程中，在时，在进行时，在进行中。如：中。如：The new railway is in course of construction.The new
8、 railway is in course of construction.新铁路正在兴建当中。新铁路正在兴建当中。The goods ordered are now in course of shipment.The goods ordered are now in course of shipment.定的货正在运输途中。定的货正在运输途中。l l5.in danger of 5.in danger of 有有的危险。如：的危险。如：The patient is in danger of death.The patient is in danger of death.病人有死亡的危病人有死
9、亡的危险。险。These goods are in danger of robbery.These goods are in danger of robbery.这些货物有被盗的危险。这些货物有被盗的危险。l l6.in defense of 6.in defense of 保卫，保护，为保卫，保护，为辩护。如：辩护。如：Is there any man unwilling to fight in defense of Is there any man unwilling to fight in defense of his country?his country?难道有谁不愿为保卫祖国而战吗
10、？难道有谁不愿为保卫祖国而战吗？He wrote a book in defense of his doctrine.He wrote a book in defense of his doctrine.他写了一本书为自己的学说辩护。他写了一本书为自己的学说辩护。l l7.in favour of 7.in favour of 赞成赞成，以，以为受款人。如：为受款人。如：Was he in favour of the death penalty?Was he in favour of the death penalty?他赞成死刑吗？他赞成死刑吗？Cheques should be writt
11、en in favour of Mr Smith.Cheques should be written in favour of Mr Smith.支票上请写明以史密斯先生为受款人。支票上请写明以史密斯先生为受款人。l l8.in front of 8.in front of 在在前面。如：前面。如：There is a pond in front of the house.There is a pond in front of the house.房屋前面有个池塘。房屋前面有个池塘。You shouldnYou shouldnt discuss that in front of the chi
12、ldren.t discuss that in front of the children.你不应该当着孩子的面谈论那类事。你不应该当着孩子的面谈论那类事。ll 9.in memory of 纪念。如：He founded the charity in memory of his late wife.他兴办那项慈善事业以纪念他已故的妻子。A service was held in memory of the dead.为死者举行了悼念仪式。ll 10.in need of 需要。如：We are all in need of a rest.我们全都需要休息。Are you in need of
13、 help?你需要帮助吗？l l11.in place of 11.in place of 代替。如：代替。如：WonWont you go in place of me?t you go in place of me?你能代替我去吗？你能代替我去吗？Who is here in place of the manager?Who is here in place of the manager?谁在这里代理经理？谁在这里代理经理？l l12.in possession of 12.in possession of 占有，持有，拥有。如：占有，持有，拥有。如：The chief was in po
14、ssession of a large quantity of The chief was in possession of a large quantity of stolen property.stolen property.那个头目占有了大量偷盗来的财产。那个头目占有了大量偷盗来的财产。Anyone found in possession of this poison will be Anyone found in possession of this poison will be punished.punished.凡是被发现拥有此种毒药者均将受到惩罚。凡是被发现拥有此种毒药者均将受到
15、惩罚。l l13.in search of 13.in search of 寻找，寻求。如：寻找，寻求。如：He emigrated to Brazil in search of a better life.He emigrated to Brazil in search of a better life.他为寻求更好的生活，移民到巴西。他为寻求更好的生活，移民到巴西。Scientists are in search of a cure for the disease.Scientists are in search of a cure for the disease.科学家想研究出治疗这种疾
16、病的方法。科学家想研究出治疗这种疾病的方法。l l14.in spite of 14.in spite of 尽管。如：尽管。如：The match was played in spite of the awful The match was played in spite of the awful weather.weather.尽管天气恶劣，比赛仍然进行。尽管天气恶劣，比赛仍然进行。In spite of all her hard work,she failed her exam.In spite of all her hard work,she failed her exam.她虽然很努
17、力，可是考试不及格。她虽然很努力，可是考试不及格。l l15.in terms of 15.in terms of 用用的字眼，从的字眼，从的观点。的观点。如：如：It is difficult to express it in terms of science.It is difficult to express it in terms of science.要用科学的字眼来表达它是很困难的。要用科学的字眼来表达它是很困难的。Let each child read in terms of his own tastes and Let each child read in terms of h
18、is own tastes and choices.choices.让每个孩子阅读根据自己的兴趣爱好选择的书籍。让每个孩子阅读根据自己的兴趣爱好选择的书籍。l l16.in addition to 16.in addition to 除除外。如：外。如：She speaks five foreign languages in addition to She speaks five foreign languages in addition to English.English.除英语外，她还会说五种外语。除英语外，她还会说五种外语。In addition to his salary,he ha
19、s a bonus of 6 yuan In addition to his salary,he has a bonus of 6 yuan per month.per month.除工资外，他每月还有除工资外，他每月还有66元钱奖金。元钱奖金。ll 17.instead of 代替，而不是。如：Use eggs instead of meat.用鸡蛋代替肉。Let s play cards instead of watching TV.咱们玩纸牌吧，别看电视了。ll 18.in exchange for 用作为交换。如：I give his Chinese lessons in exchan
20、ge for English lessons.我用汉语课与他换英语课。I ll give you three sweets in exchange for an apple.我拿3 块糖换你一个苹果。ll 19.by means of 用，依靠。如 He got into the house by means of an open window.他从一扇开着的窗户爬进屋去。They were able to position the yacht by means of radar.他们能够用雷达测定快艇的方位。ll 20.with in regard to 关于，就而论。如：What did
21、he say with regard to my proposals?关于我的建议他说了什么?with 后接复合宾语的用法l lwithwith除表示除表示“和和”“”“与与一起一起”“”“具有具有”“”“带带有有”等义外，还可表示原因或伴随，意为等义外，还可表示原因或伴随，意为“因为因为”“”“由于由于”“”“随着随着”等。英语中只有它和它的反等。英语中只有它和它的反义词义词withoutwithout才能接复合宾语，即在其宾语后加上才能接复合宾语，即在其宾语后加上作宾补的形容词、副词或非谓语动词等。如：作宾补的形容词、副词或非谓语动词等。如：He often sleeps with the
22、 windows open.He often sleeps with the windows open.他常开着窗睡觉。他常开着窗睡觉。He stood before his teacher with his head down.He stood before his teacher with his head down.他低着头站在老师面前。他低着头站在老师面前。l l She said good-bye with tears in her eyes.She said good-bye with tears in her eyes.她含着眼泪说了声再见。她含着眼泪说了声再见。l l He f
23、ell asleep with the lamp burning.He fell asleep with the lamp burning.他没熄灯就睡着了。他没熄灯就睡着了。l l All the afternoon he worked with the door locked.All the afternoon he worked with the door locked.整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。l l With so many people to help us,we are sure to finish it With so many people
24、to help us,we are sure to finish it in time.in time.有这么多人帮忙，我们一定能按时完成。有这么多人帮忙，我们一定能按时完成。l l 注：注：with with 的反义词 的反义词without without 也有类似用法。如：也有类似用法。如：Without anyone to help,how can we go on?Without anyone to help,how can we go on?没有人帮忙，我们怎么能进行下去 没有人帮忙，我们怎么能进行下去?l l They debated for hours without a de
25、cision being taken.They debated for hours without a decision being taken.他们争论了几个小时，也没作出决定。他们争论了几个小时，也没作出决定。l l Without anyone noticing,he slipped through the window.Without anyone noticing,he slipped through the window.无人注意，他从窗户溜了出去。无人注意，他从窗户溜了出去。介词besides,but,except 的用法区别l l1.1.三者都可表示三者都可表示“除外除外”，但
26、，但 besides besides 表示一种表示一种累加关系，意指累加关系，意指“除了什么之外，还有除了什么之外，还有”；而；而 except except 或或 but but 则表示一种排除关系，意指则表示一种排除关系，意指“除了除了什么之外，不再有什么之外，不再有”。如：。如：Besides his wifeBesides his wife，his daughter also went to see his daughter also went to see him.him.除他妻子外，他女儿也去看过他除他妻子外，他女儿也去看过他(即妻子女儿即妻子女儿都去看过他都去看过他)。Nobod
27、y went to see him except but his wife.Nobody went to see him except but his wife.除他妻子外，没有一个人看过他除他妻子外，没有一个人看过他(即只有他妻子去看即只有他妻子去看过他过他)。l l注：在否定句中，注：在否定句中，besides besides 也表示也表示“除除之外不之外不再有再有”，与，与but,except but,except 同义。如：同义。如：No one passed the exam besides except Jim.No one passed the exam besides exce
28、pt Jim.除除吉姆外，没一个人通过考试。吉姆外，没一个人通过考试。l2.关于 but 与 except：l(1)两者都可表示“除外不再有”，但含义上略有差别：but 侧重指意义的几乎完整性，而 except 则侧重指后面除去的部分。比较：All are here but one.除一个人都到了。All are here except one.还有一个人没到。l l(2)(2)在现代英语中，在现代英语中，but but 的介词用法十分有限，一的介词用法十分有限，一般说来，它只能用在下列词语之后：般说来，它只能用在下列词语之后：l l no,no one,nobody,nothing,nowh
29、ere no,no one,nobody,nothing,nowhere 等等l l any,anyone,anybody,anything,anywhere any,anyone,anybody,anything,anywhere 等等l l every,everyone,everybody,everything,every,everyone,everybody,everything,everywhere everywhere 等等l l all,none all,none 等等l l who,what,where who,what,where 等等Everyone knows it but
30、 you.Everyone knows it but you.除你之外大家都知道。除你之外大家都知道。I havenI havent told anybody but you.t told anybody but you.除你之外，我没告除你之外，我没告诉任何人。诉任何人。No one but he him showed much interest in it.No one but he him showed much interest in it.除他之外没有一个人对此有很大兴趣。除他之外没有一个人对此有很大兴趣。l l一般说来，若没有出现上述词汇，就不宜使用介一般说来，若没有出现上述词汇，
31、就不宜使用介词词 butbut，否则可能造成错句。但是，否则可能造成错句。但是 except except 却没有却没有以上限制。比较：以上限制。比较：正：正：The window is never opened except in The window is never opened except in summer.summer.除夏天外，这扇窗户从不打开。除夏天外，这扇窗户从不打开。误：误：The window is never opened but in summer.The window is never opened but in summer.l l(3)but(3)but 一定
32、不能用于句首，一定不能用于句首，except except 通常不用于句通常不用于句首：首：除我之外每个人都累了。除我之外每个人都累了。正：正：Everyone is tired but(except)me.Everyone is tired but(except)me.正：正：Everyone but(except)me is tired.Everyone but(except)me is tired.误：误：But(Except)me,everyone is tired.But(Except)me,everyone is tired.l l注：注：except for except for
33、 可用于句首，表示可用于句首，表示 except except 的意思：的意思：正：正：Except for me,everyone is tired.Except for me,everyone is tired.l l3.3.关于关于 except except 与与 except forexcept for：except except 主要用来谈论同类的东西，而主要用来谈论同类的东西，而 except for except for 则则主要用来谈论不同类的东西，有时含有惋惜之意。主要用来谈论不同类的东西，有时含有惋惜之意。如：如：All compositions are well wri
34、tten except yours.All compositions are well written except yours.除了你的作文外，其他的作文都写得很好。除了你的作文外，其他的作文都写得很好。His composition is good except for a few spelling His composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes.mistakes.他的作文写得不错，只是有几处拼写错误。他的作文写得不错，只是有几处拼写错误。l l注：若用于句首，则注：若用于句首，则 except for except f
35、or 与与 except except 同义同义(但但 except except 通常不用于句首通常不用于句首)。ll 4.关于 except for 与 but for：except for 主要表示排除，but for 主要表示一种虚拟条件(与虚拟语气连用)。如：Except for me,everyone passed the exam.除了我之外，大家都通过了考试。But for my help,she would not have passed the exam.若不是我的帮助，她就不会通过考试。But for the atmosphere plants would die.如果没
36、有大气，植物就会死亡。ll 5.besides 除用作介词外，还用作副词，其意为“此外”、“而且”，可用于分句句首(通常用逗号隔开)或句尾。如：I don t want to go;besides,I m too tired.我不想去，而且我也太累了。This car belongs to Smith,and he has two others besides.这部车是史密斯的，此外他还有两部。介词的宾语ll(1)名词：Let s go for a walk along the river.咱们到江边散散步。ll(2)代词：He s standing in front of me.我站在我前面
37、。ll(3)形容词：Her pronunciation is far from prefect.她的语音远不是完美的。ll 注：有的形容词前可看作是省略了being。ll(4)动名词：He s good at drawing.他善长绘画。ll(5)过去分词：I took it for granted that she was for England.我还以为她是英国的。ll 注：过去分词作介词宾语只限于take for granted 结构和用于regard as 后。ll(6)不定式：I had no choice but to lie down.除了躺下外我别无选择。She did not
38、hing but cry.她只是哭。注：介词后通常是不能用不定式作宾语的，只有表示“除外”的but,except 等个别介词能接不定式作宾语。前面有行为动词do 时，不定式不用to，否则要带to。ll(7)疑问词+不定式：I don t know how to improve my English.我不知道如何提高我的英语水平。ll(8)副词：I didn t know it until recently.直到最近我才知道此事。ll(9)数词：He was among the first to arrive.他是第一批到的。ll(10)介词短语：She won t go home until
39、after the exam.她要考完试之后再回家。l l(11)(11)从句：从句：Think of what I said.Think of what I said.想想我说的话。想想我说的话。IIm worried about where he is.m worried about where he is.我担心他上哪儿去了。我担心他上哪儿去了。I have doubts about whether(I have doubts about whether(不用不用if)he is the best if)he is the best man for the job.man for the
40、 job.我怀疑他是否做这项工作的最好人选。我怀疑他是否做这项工作的最好人选。He has no special fault except that he smokes too He has no special fault except that he smokes too much.much.他除了抽烟太多之外他除了抽烟太多之外,没有什么特别的毛病。没有什么特别的毛病。l l注：除注：除except that,in thatexcept that,in that等后可接等后可接thatthat从句外，从句外，通常只接连接代词、连接副词及通常只接连接代词、连接副词及whetherwhethe
41、r引导的从引导的从句，也不接句，也不接ifif引导的从句。引导的从句。介词短语的作用l l介词和它的宾语构成介词词组，其用法如下：介词和它的宾语构成介词词组，其用法如下：l l(1)(1)作定语：作定语：The girl in red is my sister.The girl in red is my sister.穿红衣的穿红衣的那个女孩是我妹妹。那个女孩是我妹妹。l l注：介词短语作定语总是放在它所修饰的名词后注：介词短语作定语总是放在它所修饰的名词后面。面。l l(2)(2)作状语：作状语：Can you say it in English?Can you say it in English?这个你会用英语说吗？这个你会用英语说吗？l l(3)(3)作表语：作表语：HeHes in the office.s in the office.他在办公室。他在办公室。l l(4)(4)作补语：作补语：I always find her at her studies.I always find her at her studies.我经常发现她在学习。我经常发现她在学习。(5)(5)作介词宾语：作介词宾语：I saw her from across the street.I saw her from across the street.我从街对面望见了她。我从街对面望见了她。