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1、动词时态 重要考点：完成时。过去完成时现在完成时将来完成时 一、用过去完成时的几个典型情况：by+过去时间：by then,up to then,till then,By1988,scientists surely had discovered cure for the common cold.It was the first/second/last time+从句 This was the second time he had been out with her alone.注：it is the first/second/last time that 用现在完成时。固定结构：hardly/
2、scarcely/barely when;no soonerthan 表示“刚刚就，不等就”。1.She had hardly(scarcely,barely)gone to bed when the bell rang.2.No sooner had they left the building than a bomb exploded.注：主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。二、用将来完成时的典型情况：by+将来时间We will have made our country one of the medium developed countries in the world by the
3、year of 2050.By next Monday,she will have studied here for three years.三、现在完成进行时三、现在完成进行时 Have/has+been+动词动词ING形式形式 1、强调动作在一段时间内反复发生。We have been seeing quite a lot of each other recently.最近我们常常见面。Where have you been?We have been looking for you everywhere.你刚才在哪儿？我们一直在到处找你呢！He has been saying that f
4、or years.这话他已经说了好几年了。It has been raining every day this month.这个月天天下雨。2、强调动作在长时间内持续不断。All these years they have been contributing articles to our magazine.这些年来，他们一直为我们杂志写稿。She has been writing the letter since four o”clock in the afternoon.从下午四点钟到现在，她一直在写信。We have been studying in this school for th
5、ree years.我们一直在这所学校学习了三年。How long have you been watching TV?你看了多久电视了？过去完成进行时与将来完成进行时，同现在完成进行时的含义大致相同，一是表示反复发生的事，二是表示一直持续不断的事。四、过去完成进行时四、过去完成进行时 Had+been+动词动词ING形式形式 1、表示反复发生的事 He had been mentioning your name to me.他过去多次向我提到过你的名字。You had been giving me everything.你对我真是有求必应。2、表示持续不断的状况 She had been s
6、uffering from a bad cold when she took the exam.她在考试之前一直患重感冒。Had they been expecting the news for some time?他们期待这个消息有一段时间了吧？Rafael was scolded even though he hadnt been doing anything wrong.尽管拉斐尔没做什么错事，但他还是挨骂了。I had been looking for it for days before I found it.这东西我找了好多天才找着的。3、含有某种感情色彩 I had only b
7、een reading a few minutes when he came in.我刚看了几分钟他就进来了。They had only been waiting for the bus a few moments when it came.他们只等了一会儿车就来了。Shed only been reviewing her lessons for a short while when her little sister interrupted her.她温习功课才一会儿，她妹妹就打断她了。五、将来完成进行时五、将来完成进行时 表示动作一直持续到将来某个时间的状况。He will have be
8、en playing on the piano by that time 他将一直弹钢琴到那个时间。By the time the sun rises，I shall have been sleeping for nine hours 当太阳升起的时候，我将睡了九个小时。He will have been studying Chinese seven years by 1980 到1980年的时候，他学中文就达到七年了。We shall have learned 12 units by the end of this term.到这个学期末，我们将学完12个单元。历年真题：Mr.Herpin
9、is one of the foreign experts who_ in China.(2010年)A.works B.is working C.are working D.has been workingBy this time next week,the winners their awards.（2008年）A.will have receive B.will be received C.will have received D.will have been receivingShe ought to stop work;she has a headache because she t
10、oo long.(2004年)A.has been reading B.had read C.is reading D.readThe construction of the laboratory by the end of the year.(2003年)A.will complete B.will have completed C.will be completed D.will have been completed By the time your plane lands tonight,I at the airport for 3 hours.（2010年）A.had waited
11、B.have been waited C.had been waiting D.will have been waiting Even though they side by side for twenty years,the two neighbors are not on good terms.(2010年)A.have been lived B.had been lived C.had been living D.have been living语态重要考点：被动语态。及物动词才有被动语态 形式：be+done will be done have/had been done be bei
12、ng done1.He was hit by a car yesterday.2.A notice will be put up on the wall.3.That important problem has been discussed for nearly two weeks.4.A new lake is being built in the park.只能作为不及物的动词和词组：occur,happen,break out,take place,come true,become a reality1.May 4th Movement took place in 1919.2.When
13、 did the accident occur?用主动结构表示被动含义的情况：（1）read,write,wash,cook,keep,open,sell 等常和well,easily,smoothly等连用，用主动形式表示被动意义。1.The cloth washes well.2.In hot weather,meat wont keep long.（2）need,require,want,deserve,be worth+doing My watch needs repairing.This film is really worth seeing.Who said the boy des
14、erve punishing.（3）某些系动词如：feel,prove,smell,taste,sound 等形容词，也是主动表被动意义。The food tastes delicious.How sweet these flowers smell!（4）某些作表语的形容词后，用不定式主动形式表示被动意义。1.He is hard to please.2.The article is difficult to understand.sth.+be+easy/hard/difficult+to do在主动语态中，感官动词和使役动词常跟不带to的动词不定式，但在被动语态中要有to。1.I saw
15、her pass by the window.2.She was seen to pass by the window.1.使役动词是表示使、令、让、帮、叫等意义的不完全及物动词,主要leave,get,keep,make(使,令),let(让),help(帮助),have(有；让；从事；允许；拿)等2.常见的感官动词有：see,watch,look at,notice,observe(五看)；listen to,hear(二听)；feel,find(二感觉)。历年真题：-By the way,when did you get your living room_?-Last Sunday.（2
16、009年）A.to paint B.painted C.painting D.to be paintedPaul just had _.（2008年）A.cut his hair B.his hair cut C.hair cut D.his hair cutting Mary told me that father would _ later this year.（2007年）A.have the hut(简陋的小屋)be repaired B.get the hut to be repaired C.have the hut repaired D.get the hut being rep
17、aired非谓语动词不定式 分词动名词一、不定式后面+to do 的动词:(后面接不定式做宾语）afford,agree,ask,choose,claim,decide,desire,determine,expect,hope,learn,manage,offer,pretend,promise,refuse,decline,seek,swear,wish,aim,long,strive,tend,fail,think,threaten,care,hate,prepare,undertake,help,want,hesitate,propose,plan,seem;后面接sb.+to do:a
18、dvise,allow,ask,beg,cause,challenge,encourage,expect(要求),forbid,hire,invite,order,permit,persuade,remind,require,teach,tell,want,warn;固定词组，作独立成分：to be honest,to begin with,to cut a long story short,to get(back)to the point,to put it another way,to tell the truth;动词动词+how/what/where/which/when/why+to
19、 do有些动词后面跟不定式时，不定式前需要加疑问词，如how,when,why,where,whether,which等。这些动词有：know,wonder,find out,guess,discuss等。The old man forgot how to get home after he left the shop.The leader concerned told the news reporters frankly that he did not know whom_ for the accident caused by fake wine.A.is blame B.to blame
20、C.blames D.will blame在“名词（代词）+be+easy(difficult,fit)+不定式”结构中，有时尽管句中主语是动作的承受者，不定式在意义上是被动的，形式上却是主动的。The book is difficult to read.The path is easy to find.有些动词后面加不带to 的动词不定式：had better,would rather,may/might as well,cant help but do nothing but/exceptdo anything/everything but/except 1.my sister could
21、 do nothing else but read books.当but/except前没有do时，后面则接to do sth 2.I had no choice but to go with him.注：有do 没to,没do 有to.并不是所有的to 都是动词不定式。下面的to 是介词，以下是固定搭配。attributeto（归因于)applyto（致力于）accustomto(使习惯于)confineto(限于范围内)dedicateto（奉献）preferto（喜欢）oweto（归功于）be accustomed to（惯于）be used to（习惯于，适应于）be devoted
22、to（致力于）look forward to（盼望）be similar to（类似）be loyal to（忠于）be superior to（优于、胜过）answer to（回答、答复）key to（解答，关键）according to（根据，按照）as to（关于）thanks to（由于，多亏）in addition to（除 之外）固定搭配练习：1.You must accustom yourself to _(get)up early.2.We are looking forward to _(see)you again.3.He used to _(smoke)a pipe.二、
23、现在分词 现在分词的形式跟动名词一样:-ing过去分词的形式:-ed.现在分词表示“主动”、“进行”。过去分词表示“被动”、“完成”。主动语态：doing（一般式），having done（完成式）被动语态：being done（一般式）,having been done（完成式）下列结构后面通常接ing 形式：it is no use+doing sth.it is no good+doing sth.it is no help+doing sth.It is not worth+doing sth.it 作形式主语，动名词做真正的主语。但在it is of no use 后面则用动词不定式
24、。例如：It is of no use to cry over spilt milk.下列结构后面通常接下列结构后面通常接ing 形式形式:have a hard time doing have difficulty(in)doing have trouble（in）doing have fun(in)doing there is no point(in)doing take risks(in)doing take pleasure(in)doing take pride(in)doing 后面加doing 的常见动词有：avoid,admit,delay,enjoy,risk,finish,
25、mind,miss,imagine,suggest,keep,deny,postpone,appreciate,give up,be opposed to,put off,devote to,feel like,look forward to,be accustomed to,be used to,object to,cant help三、分词独立结构分词的逻辑主语与谓语动词主语不一致时，分词必须有自己的主语。这种带主语的分词结构叫做分词的独立结构。独立主格选择题的特点：句中两个部分各有主语，之间用逗号分开，中间没有任何连接词。分分词的独立的独立结构例句：构例句：Night falling,w
26、e hurried home.=When the night fell,(表时间）The train being late,we missed our plane.=Because the train was late,(表原因）Weather permitting,well have the match tomorrow.=If weather permits,(表条件）四、悬垂分词 是一种具有独立性的分词，在句中做状语时，它的逻辑主语不必与句子主语保持一致。Regarding,Concerning,Judging from,Considering,Generally speaking,Ad
27、mitting(that),Judging from the number of cars,there were not many guests in the restaurant.从汽车的数量来看，饭店里的人不多。Considering his age,he did a good job.就他的年龄而言，他做得很不错。历年真题:All the things_,his proposal is of greater value than yours.(2009年)A.consideredB.consideringC.to considerD.consider_ who she was,she s
28、aid she was Mr.Johnsons friend.(2009年)A.AskingB.AskedC.To askD.When asking _ with the size of the whole earth,the highest mountain does not seem high at all.(2006年)A.Compared B.Compare C.Comparing D.While comparingThe murderer was brought in,with his hands _ behind his back.A.being tied B.having tied C.to be tied D.tied