《课程介绍和名词.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《课程介绍和名词.ppt（76页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、A New English GrammarVice ProfessorGan Daixia2010 Introduction PhoneticsliteratureGrammarPurposeenhance comprehensible input Monitor effective outputCombine language knowledge with practical skillsStrategies in Learning English Grammar1.learning through comprehension2.learning through induction 3.le
2、arning from errors 4.learning through communication 高等学校英语专业高等学校英语专业 英语教学大纲语法要求：英语教学大纲语法要求：能识别词类；能识别词类；区分名词的可数性和不可数性、可区分名词的可数性和不可数性、可数名词的单、复数形式；数名词的单、复数形式；基本掌握各种代词的形式与用法、基基本掌握各种代词的形式与用法、基数词和序数词、常用介词和连词、形数词和序数词、常用介词和连词、形容词和副词的句法功能、比较级和最容词和副词的句法功能、比较级和最高级构成及基本句型、冠词的一般用高级构成及基本句型、冠词的一般用法；法；了解动词的主要种类、时态、
3、语态及了解动词的主要种类、时态、语态及不定式和分词的基本用法、句子种类、不定式和分词的基本用法、句子种类、基本句型和基本构成法。基本句型和基本构成法。二级要求：二级要求：掌握主谓一致关系、表语从句、宾语掌握主谓一致关系、表语从句、宾语从句、定语从句和状语从句等句型、从句、定语从句和状语从句等句型、直接引语和间接引语的用法、动词不直接引语和间接引语的用法、动词不定式和分词的用法、各种时态、主动定式和分词的用法、各种时态、主动语态、被动语态和构词法。语态、被动语态和构词法。四级要求：四级要求：熟练掌握主语从句、同位语从句、熟练掌握主语从句、同位语从句、倒装句和各种条件句；倒装句和各种条件句；初步掌
4、握句子间段落间的衔接手段。初步掌握句子间段落间的衔接手段。六级要求：六级要求：较好地掌握句子间和段落间的衔接手段，较好地掌握句子间和段落间的衔接手段，如照应、省略、替代等；如照应、省略、替代等；八级要求：八级要求：熟练地使用各种衔接手段连贯地表达思熟练地使用各种衔接手段连贯地表达思想。想。名名 词词分类分类 性性(1)大多数英语名词没有性的区别，只有一大多数英语名词没有性的区别，只有一个共同的形式个共同的形式(2)有些名词具有性别的不同形式有些名词具有性别的不同形式 阳阳 性性 阴阴 性性 阳阳 性性 阴阴 性性 man woman uncle aunt son daughter husban
5、d wife(3)有些名词是在词尾加有些名词是在词尾加-ess等构成阴性等构成阴性 阳阳 性性 阴阴 性性 actor actress manager manageress conductor conductress Count(伯爵伯爵)Countess(4)有些名词在词尾加有些名词在词尾加-ette构成阴性构成阴性 usher(领座员领座员)usherette (5)惯用于男性的名词和惯用于女性的惯用于男性的名词和惯用于女性的名词名词 惯用于男性的词：惯用于男性的词：general,lawyer,fellow,lover,soldier,sailor 惯用于女性的词：惯用于女性的词：nur
6、se,typist,dressmaker,housekeeper 拟人化的阳性词拟人化的阳性词 (伟大，伟大，强大，强大，恐怖恐怖):Time,Mountain,Wind,War,the Ocean,Storm,Thunder,Sleep,Winter,Summer,Autumn,Despair,Fear,Anger,Death,The Sun,Revenge,Murder,Hurricane -代词用代词用he.拟人化的阴性词拟人化的阴性词(柔和，美丽柔和，美丽):Moon,Spring,Night,Nature,peace,Hope,Virtue,Truth,The Earth,Liber
7、ty,Justice,Fame,Victory,Faith,Humility,Pride,Mercy,Art,Science,Soul.代词用代词用She.阳光普照在辽阔的草原上。阳光普照在辽阔的草原上。让正义永驻人间。让正义永驻人间。月光撒满了古战场。月光撒满了古战场。大自然酬报爱她的人。大自然酬报爱她的人。The sun shed his powerful rays upon the plains.Let justice forever hold her sway over the Earth.The Moon is shedding her rays upon the ancient b
8、attlefield.Nature rewards those who love her.船、火车等通常看作阴性。船、火车等通常看作阴性。“马丽皇后号马丽皇后号”当时在做处女航。当时在做处女航。国家、都市通常看作阴性。国家、都市通常看作阴性。中国以其丰富的自然资源而自豪。中国以其丰富的自然资源而自豪。(6)名词前加名词前加he,she,girl,lady,male,female,woman,boy,man等可以表示性等可以表示性别别,有些词则在后面加有些词则在后面加man,woman 等等区分性别。区分性别。student boy student,girl studentwolf he-wol
9、f,she-wolfdoctor man doctor,woman doctorfriend boy/man friend,girl/woman friend(7)某些名词有外来阴性后缀某些名词有外来阴性后缀 阳性阳性 阴性阴性 hero heroine Joseph Josephine (8)man 可以包括可以包括 woman，统指一切人，统指一切人，代词通常用代词通常用 he，有时用，有时用she.人人皆有弱点。人人皆有弱点。人创造自己。人创造自己。人皆有一死。人皆有一死。世界在变，人也必须变。世界在变，人也必须变。凡是要量力而行。凡是要量力而行。从其交友知其为人。从其交友知其为人。Ev
10、ery man has his weak points.Man creates himself.Man is mortal.Man must change in the changing world.A man can do no more than he can.A man is known by the company he keeps.数数 不规则名词复数形式不规则名词复数形式deer类：（单复数形式相同）：类：（单复数形式相同）：sheep means aircraft works（工厂）（工厂）crossroads head horsepower series species（种类）
11、（种类）lazybones Chinese Japanese Swiss Vietnamese 比较下列名词的单复数：比较下列名词的单复数：a busy crossroads 一个繁忙的十字路口一个繁忙的十字路口 several busy crossroads 几个繁忙的十字路口几个繁忙的十字路口 one gallows three gallows 三副绞架三副绞架 a kennels some kennels 一些狗舍一些狗舍 by this means by these means 用这些方法用这些方法 He is a lazybones.They are lazybones.他们都是懒汉
12、。他们都是懒汉。只有单数形式的名词只有单数形式的名词有生命集体名词多用作复数，也可以有生命集体名词多用作复数，也可以用作单数。用作单数。class crew couple committee enemy audience association family jury majority government staff opposition(反对党反对党)party school population humanity (the)press要被大于要被大于“1”或十、百、千、万等或十、百、千、万等数词修饰的名词有：数词修饰的名词有：infantry（步兵）（步兵）clergy(牧师牧师)cat
13、tle cavalry（骑兵）（骑兵）police scum（痞子）（痞子）personnel（人员），如：（人员），如：500 cattle five clergy one thousand infantry a few cavalry these two scum ten teaching personnelone police two police two policemen two cattle ten cattle two thousand cattle many fruits/much fruit Weve got many fruits from Hainan Island.Sh
14、e does not eat much fruit.They feed on fruit.There is a fruit as big as an apple.还可以用作比喻，表示还可以用作比喻，表示“成果、成果、果实、报酬果实、报酬”等，单复数均可以。等，单复数均可以。例如：例如：他的学识是长期研究的结果。他的学识是长期研究的结果。你的勤勉不久就会得到酬报。你的勤勉不久就会得到酬报。他们享受着胜利的成果。他们享受着胜利的成果。他必须吞下战争的苦果。他必须吞下战争的苦果。His knowledge is the fruit of long study.Your hard work will
15、bear fruit soon.They are enjoying the fruits of their victory.He has to swallow the bitter fruits of war.Fish/fishes He caught three fish.He caught three fishes.Fish还用于许多谚语中：还用于许多谚语中：好鱼在水底。好鱼在水底。/好东西不易轻易得到好东西不易轻易得到 切勿班门弄斧。切勿班门弄斧。海里的鱼多着呢。海里的鱼多着呢。/失去一次机会不失去一次机会不 要紧要紧 臭鱼先臭头。臭鱼先臭头。/上梁不正下梁歪上梁不正下梁歪 鱼鲜不过三餐
16、，客好不留三天。鱼鲜不过三餐，客好不留三天。舍不得小鱼，抓不到大鱼。舍不得小鱼，抓不到大鱼。要抓大鱼，就下大海。要抓大鱼，就下大海。The best fish swim near the bottom.Never offer to teach fish to swim.There is as good fish in the sea as ever came out of it.Fish begins to stink at the head.Fish and guests smell at three days old.Venture a small fish to catch a grea
17、t one.Great fish are caught in great waters.英语中英语中“副副”职的表示法：职的表示法：vice+名词名词（着重职与权）（着重职与权）vice-president vice-chairman vice-minister vice-governor vice-premierdeputy+名词名词（着重职与权）（着重职与权）deputy chairman deputy mayor deputy commissioner(副专员副专员)deputy editor-in-chief(副主编副主编)associate+名词名词（着重技术等级）（着重技术等级）a
18、ssociate professor associate research fellow(副研究院副研究院)associate copy editor(副编审副编审)associate physician(副主任医师副主任医师)assistant+名词名词（着重技术等级）（着重技术等级）assistant professor assistant engineer assistant research fellow(助理助理)格格 s类类:大多数名词的所有格是由加大多数名词的所有格是由加s构成构成;类：以类：以s结尾的复数名词只加结尾的复数名词只加s;the students book a gi
19、rls school ladies wear the Smiths houses或或 类：类：Dickenss novels/Dickens novels The actresss performance/the actress performance John Waters/John Waterss St.Jamess/St.James 复合名词类：在最后一个名词后加复合名词类：在最后一个名词后加s:her-brother-in-laws piano Henry the Eighths marriage the Prince of Waless helicopter his sister M
20、arys husband名词所有格的用法名词所有格的用法主要用于表示有生命东西的名词，但有例外：主要用于表示有生命东西的名词，但有例外：(1)表示时间或距离表示时间或距离 an hours drive a miles journey at arms length two hours ride her ten minutes walk a good nights rest last weeks meeting the Aprils end todays paper journeys end (2)表示重量表示重量:a pounds weight five tons steel(3)表示价值表示价
21、值:twenty dollars worth of clothes a dollars worth(4)表示城市、国家、机构、组织表示城市、国家、机构、组织Nanjings weather Londons life Californias Music School The colleges good environment Harvards Department of Economics (5)用在一些习语中用在一些习语中a stones throw 一投石之距离一投石之距离 at wits end 智穷计尽智穷计尽 to ones hearts content 尽情地尽情地 out of h
22、arms way 免受损害免受损害 by a hairs breadth千钧一发千钧一发 at deaths door 危在旦夕危在旦夕 at a snails pace 缓慢地缓慢地 at swords points 剑拔弩张剑拔弩张 for old times sake 看在老早相识份上看在老早相识份上(6)表示自然现象表示自然现象 the earths surface the moons orbit the suns rays natures pleasures(大自然的乐趣大自然的乐趣)the trees branches Heavens will(天意天意)Natures works
23、 （造化的杰作）（造化的杰作）the moons shadow(月影月影)Fortunes favorite(幸运的宠儿幸运的宠儿)the rivers bank(7)表示文化、艺术、交通、科技、工业等名称表示文化、艺术、交通、科技、工业等名称The films significance the novels plot the trucks wheel the factorys output the minds development the brains function the books importance the cars historylifes struggle sciences
24、 contribution to civilization the industrys geographical distribution(8)表示主谓关系表示主谓关系The guests arrival the oceans roar the moons rising the winds sighingJohns praise(John praises others)比较：比较：Henrys punishment Henrys punishment (9)表示建筑、家、店铺等表示建筑、家、店铺等The barbers her uncles Wangs a well-managed baker
25、s St.Pauls Queens(=Queens College)Johnsons(=Johnsons Shop)(10)表示较高等动物表示较高等动物The cocks crow the dogs bark lambs wool the horses neighing the lions mane birds nest cats paw horses mouth his girls friend his girl friend that idiots boy that idiot boy (1)在表示无生命东西、动物前，常省在表示无生命东西、动物前，常省略略“s”成为名词做定语。如：成为名词
26、做定语。如：the eagles cry=the eagle cry the rabbits hole=the rabbit hole a newspapers office=a newspaper office the fingers end=the finger end(2)名词所有格中的名词为复数时，名词所有格中的名词为复数时，“”常省略，成为名词做定语。如：常省略，成为名词做定语。如：the savings bank=the savings bank the ladies waiting room=the ladies waiting room(3)地名或人名做定语时，一般不用所地名或
27、人名做定语时，一般不用所有格，有格，例如：例如：Waterloo Bridge Pearl Harbor the Washington MonumentLincoln Library Buckingham Palace Victoria Square(4)Europes education European education Europes education European education Japans agriculture Japanese agriculture Chinas territory Chinese territory European literature Eur
28、opes literature of 所有格所有格表示同位关系表示同位关系:the Continent of Asia 表示所属关系表示所属关系:the opinion of the majority 表示全体和部分关系表示全体和部分关系:part of the problem 表示动宾关系表示动宾关系:the shooting of the animals Marys love of cats表示主谓关系表示主谓关系:the departure of the train the arrival of the visitors表示原料表示原料:the house of stone 表示来源表示
29、来源:a girl of royal blood 表示内容表示内容:a story of adventures an anthology of English poetry表示时间表示时间:a girl of fourteen the events of the decade表示素质、质量表示素质、质量:a man of ability goods of first-rate quality表示距离、面积、方位表示距离、面积、方位:a distance of 10 kilometers a territory of 9,600,000 square kilometers(1)of 所有格表示无
30、生命的东西所有格表示无生命的东西the combination of theory and practice the future of the world the contributions of science and technology the window of the house the leaves of the tree(2)后跟定语的名词后跟定语的名词 the boys name-the name of the boy crying under a tree the workers proposals-the proposals of the workers from the
31、 steel plant the committees opinion-the opinion of the committee appointed by the president Johns success-the success of John who used to be her boyfriend(3)the young等表示一类人或物的名词等表示一类人或物的名词 The education of the young is of vital importance.The livelihood of the disabled should be improved.The mystery
32、 of the unknown(4)表示较低级的动物表示较低级的动物 The wings of the fly the head of the ant(5)含有一系列名词时：含有一系列名词时：a friend of Jim,Jack and Harry the customs of Japan or England(6)含有代词和指示代词：含有代词和指示代词：the opinion of both the weak points of all the inside of this(7)已经有名词所有格修饰的名词已经有名词所有格修饰的名词 a picture of Johns father th
33、e toys of Helens child(8)表示强调：表示强调：the plays of Shakespeare the glory and dream of the empireOf 所有格表示某种感情色彩所有格表示某种感情色彩 That will be the ruin of you.I will break the neck of you.He will be the death of her.I dont like the sight of John.the pride of you of 所有格与形容词性物主代词往往所有格与形容词性物主代词往往 表示不同的含义表示不同的含义 a
34、t the back of her /at her back the thought of him /his thought the death of her /her death his biography of her /her biography a bone of the dog /a bone of the dogs a story of Einstein a story of Einsteinsthe Lords Day the Day of the Lord a bone of the dog a bone of the dogs a dogs bone This leg of
35、your tables is a bit shaky.This leg of your table is a bit shaky.This is a novel of a writers.This is a novel of the writers.The novel of Dickens has been translated into many languages.This novel of Dickens has been translated into many languages.She is Mary of Mrs.Browns.She is Mrs.Browns Mary.疑难名
36、词的用法与比较疑难名词的用法与比较prize/reward weather/climate fee/fare/bill trip/tour/voyage/travel/journeyfacility/appliance chance/opportunity product/produce/production base/basis/foundation fault/error/mistake/flaw chart/schedule beach/coast/shoreconscience/conscious/consciousnesschoice/alternative humanity/hum
37、anitiesscene/scenerystairs/steps affair/business professor+family name 名词的特殊结构名词的特殊结构all+抽象名词抽象名词 all wisdom all heart all confusion all gratitude all talk and no deed all attention all mirth all astonishment all pleasure all rage and indignation all glamour all+复数名词复数名词 表示强调表示强调When the teacher gav
38、e the lecture,the students were all ears.She was all smiles after hearing the good news.They were all eyes when the plane was flying overhead.Hearing the news,she was all tears.He is all thumbs.He is all wrinkles.He is all skin and bones.My body was all aches.He was all legs.抽象名词抽象名词+itself She is t
39、idiness itself.He is courage itself.She is beauty itself.She is ignorance itself in this.It is simplicity itself.The man is cruelty itself.She is punctuality itself.of all+复数名词复数名词 Why ask me to go,of all people?It rained that day of all days.比较比较an art degree an arts degree second hand seconds hand
40、 a career woman a careers womansale center sales center plain people plains people boy baby baby boy名词和形容词在做定语时的区别名词和形容词在做定语时的区别名词表示简便，保持原有的意义和特性，表示名词表示简便，保持原有的意义和特性，表示具体物；形容词大多用于比喻中，表示具体物；形容词大多用于比喻中，表示“像像的，的，有有的，的，含含性质的，性质的，具有具有能力能力”。stone wall stony heart ink bottle inky darknesssnow man snowy wal
41、l news boy new boy silver spoon silvery moon比较：地理名词做定语表示地点，其比较：地理名词做定语表示地点，其形容词则表示性质。形容词则表示性质。China ambassador Chinese ambassador China-born American scientist Chinese-born American scientist a China banker a Chinese bankerAmerican beauty 失去本意的名词失去本意的名词 英语中有些专有名词或普通名词与形容词英语中有些专有名词或普通名词与形容词等构成固定搭配或合成
42、词，往往有特定的等构成固定搭配或合成词，往往有特定的含义，不可以望文生意。含义，不可以望文生意。American beauty French chalk China rose China town Greek gift Indian summer Dutch comfort English disease German measles China ink Spanish castle Italian hand Dutch courage French leave Dutch treat Irish promotion Dutch act white night British warm Ger
43、man shepherdsix love cold iron Pandoras box Cupids arrow Achilles heel From China to Peru Social disease red battle red news good wife 名词的动词化问题名词的动词化问题They roomed together for a whole year.I asked him to pocket the money.A brook snakes east.He floored the old man.He has his car serviced regularly.Mr
44、.Smith authored a book on modern philosophy.Her dress is patterned upon a new model.He noons for half an hour every day.He wolfed down three bowls of rice.The policemen dogged his steps.He ducked his head and went past.She has thumbed through the new dictionary.The hills were glassed by the lakes st
45、ill surface.The hard life has salted his hair.They cornered the thief and caught him.Dont brother me.Dont pressure him.The government tabled a motion.The book pictured the world of the future.The man fished for fame and honor.名词的主动意义和被动意义名词的主动意义和被动意义比较：比较：trainer 培训者培训者 trainee addresser 发信人发信人 addressee examiner 测试者测试者 examinee employer 雇主雇主 employee briber 行贿者行贿者 bribee