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1、Chapter 1 Introduction As the development of technology, counterfeiting has become the one of fastest- growing industry in the world. The upsurge of counterfeiting does not only violate the intellectual property rights, but also can create much cost to the society. The Organization for Economic Co-o
2、peration and Development (OECD) publishes a report in 2008, stating that counterfeited and pirated goods moving through international trade alone equals $200 billion annually. Among the countries, China has the most severe problems in producing counterfeits. It is estimated that as much as 20% of al
3、l products sold domestically are counterfeit (Alcock, et al 2003). A wide range of Chinese industries have been affected by counterfeiting, including computer software, music movies, books, fashion products etc.There are a number of reasons for the increasing counterfeit goods. Prior researchers mai
4、nly blame on the manufactures who produce counterfeit products or retailers who sell counterfeits (e.g. Olsen and Granzin 1992, 1993; Harvey and Ronkainen,1985). Recent studies show that although chasing abnormal profits encourages the increase of counterfeiting, the ever-increasing demand from cons
5、umers for counterfeit products is the trigger of producing counterfeits (e.g. Gentry et al., 2001; Chan et al.,1998). This leads to many researchers attentions on studying consumers behaviors and their decision-making on purchasing counterfeits. The existing researches have demonstrated that the inf
6、luence of consumers judgments on the attitudes, social norms and purchase intention towards counterfeits may vary across different product categories, for example, the study of Ang e al.,(2001) on CDs , Tan(2002) on software ,and Maldonado and Hume (2005) on fashion industry. Therefore, my study thi
7、s time contributes much work on examining factors which influence consumers purchase intention on counterfeit mobile phones (CMPs) by testing Chinese consumer market. CMPs refer to the mobile phones that imitate name-brand mobile phones by illegally copying their features, styles, functions etc. Acc
8、ording to the report from a Chinese consulting company, CMPs have taken up around 12% market shares from total mobile phones sold annually. ZTE, one of the biggest Chinese mobile phone manufacturers states that the imitated ZTE mobile phones have eaten up its 2% market share in 2009. The situation o
9、f CMPs in China can not totally blame on the CMPs manufacturers; consumers huge demands on CMPs also worsen the situation. This paper will address this issue.In the traditional marketing research, demographics profiles have been used to study the influence on consumers behaviors that users of produc
10、ts or brands. Preview papers have indicated that demographics influence consumers purchase intention on different counterfeit goods (e.g. Tan, 2002;Ang et al., 2001; Tom et al., 1998; Wee et al., 1995).Therefore , this paper will include demographics to the study of consumers purchase intention on C
11、MPs. The first research question will be:How demographics influences Chinese consumers purchase intention on CMPs?In addition, some studies also show that psychographics is also very good factor that study consumers purchase behaviors. Psychographics consist of a wide range of attributes, including
12、interests, attitudes, values, personal traits etc. Those attributes can better present individual difference in their lifestyle and purchase behaviors (Wells,1975). Thus, this paper will consider psychographics as another factor to the study of consumers purchase intention on CMPs. The second resear
13、ch question will be:How psychographics influences Chinese consumers purchase intention on CMPs?To face with the upsurge of CMPs, companies who produce genuine mobile phones always are seen as the biggest victim. It seems that it is rather difficult to change consumers purchase proneness on CMPs. How
14、ever, quality relationship between consumers and organizations have been tested in many studies as a moderator to influence the relationship between consumers attitudes, values, and their behavioral actions (e.g. Morgan and Hunt, 1994; Crosby, Evans and Cowles, 1990). Therefore, this study also will
15、 test:If quality relationship has a moderating effect on the relationship between consumers attitudes, values, belief and their purchase intention on CMPs.After those studies, it is expected to have more valuable insights of what influence consumers purchase intention on CMPs. Based on the findings,
16、 the applicable suggestions on how to control CMPs can be given to public media, government and mobile phone companies.The rest of paper is organized as: a. a literature review illustrating what the research is found so far on the consumers purchase intention on counterfeits. Additionally, hypothese
17、s will be developed. b. The detailed information on how to carry on the study, collect sample and analyze the data will be showed. c. The results of data analysis will be followed. d. The discussion and conclusion will further elaborate the results. e. Based on the findings, appropriate implications
18、 will be given for the theoretical and practical uses. f. In the end, the limitations of this study will give the direction to the future research.Chapter 2 Literature Review and Hypothesis Construction In the section, I firstly introduce two dimensions that may have influence on consumers purchase
19、intention on CMPs. Followed by an introduction of the quality relationship as moderator that may influence consumers attitudes, values towards CMPs purchase intention. In the end, the conceptual model is presented to illustrate the framework of hypotheses. 2.1 Two Dimensions According to the definit
20、ion, counterfeits are those products bearing a trademark that is identical to, or indistinguishable from, a trademark registered to another party, thus infringing the rights of the holder of the trademark (Bian and Veloutsou, 2007; Chaudhry and Walsh, 1996; Grossman and Shapiro, 1988a,b).Further stu
21、dies classify counterfeiting into deceptive and non-deceptive counterfeiting (Chakraborty et al. 1996, Grossman and Shapiro 1988;). Former describes situations where consumers cannot distinguish between fake and genuine products. They believe they have purchased a genuine product. Whereas, non-decep
22、tive counterfeiting refers to the situation where consumers totally realize they are buying the counterfeit goods based on price, quality and buying location. This paper mainly focuses on the study of non-deceptive counterfeiting; it is that consumers knowingly purchase on CPMs.Prior researches dedi
23、cate much work on the investigation of deceptive counterfeiting. Deceptive counterfeiting is derived from supply side. Due to the lack of commitment, some members in the supply chain steal intellectual property or get access to the core technology from the affected company in the illicit way and sel
24、l the imitation products to maximize their profits (Olsen and Granzin 1992, 1993; Harvey and Ronkainen, 1985) .In the recent work, demand side of counterfeiting (non-deceptive) drive much attention. An increasing number of researchers argue that consumer demand for counterfeits is the most crucial c
25、auses of dramatic growth of the counterfeiting industry (e.g.Gentry, Putrevu, Shultz and Commuri, 2001; Chan et al.,1998), provided that demand is always the key drive of a market. A lot of researchers have contributed their work to the investigation on the relationship between consumers conceptions
26、 or behaviors and their decision-making on purchasing counterfeits (e.g. Penz and Stttinger, 2003; Wee, Tan and Cheok, 1995; Bloch, Bush and Campbell, 1993).With this paper, it attempts to look into two major dimensions that may influence their purchase intention on CMPs: demographics and psychograp
27、hics.2.1.1 Demographics Preview studies have shown that demographic differences among consumers have the impact on their attitude towards buying counterfeiting. For example, people of different gender, ages. income levels and educational levels tend to differentiate ontheir willingness to buy pirate
28、d CDs (Tan, 2002;Ang et al., 2001; Tom et al., 1998; Wee et al., 1995).Tan(2002) discovers that intentional to buy pirated software is affected by gender and age. Mostly, males have much more positive view on piracy than females. It is consistent with the finding of Ang et al(2001) that males have a
29、 higher intention to buy pirated CDs compared to females. Considering the buying preference, men are more likely to buy pirated CDs (Kwong et al., 2003;Ang et al., 2001;), whereas women are more interested in buying counterfeit clothing(Cheung and Prendergast;2006). It leads to the following hypothe
30、sis:H1a: Males have stronger intention to buy CMPs than femalesIn terms of other demographics factors, studies show that counterfeits buyers tend to come from the younger group (Cheung and Prendergast, 2006; Kwong et al., 2003; Phau et al., 2001; Tom et al., 1998; Wee et al., 1995), to earn less inc
31、ome and to receive lower education level (Tom et al. 1998). Thus the three following hypotheses are proposed as:H1b: Younger people have stronger intention to buy CMPs than the old ones.H1c: The consumers who earn high income have weaker intention to buy CMPs than the consumers with low income.H1d:
32、The consumers with high education level have weaker intention to buy CMPs than the consumers with low with low education level.2.1.2 Psychographics Besides the investigation on the demographic variables that may influence consumers purchase intention on CMPs, this paper also studies on consumers pur
33、chase behaviors towards CMPs from psychographics perspectives, as psychographics have been proven to be more efficient than simple demographics in predicating numerous types of behavior and purchasing patterns (e.g. Burnett and Richard, 1979; Darden, 1974; Carman, 1970; Donnelly, 1970). In this stud
34、y, attitudes towards counterfeit mobile phones, value consciousness and face consciousness are three relevant psychographic variables that may have the effect on consumers purchase intention on CMPs.2.1.2.1 Attitude towards counterfeit mobile phonesIt has been well established that attitude influenc
35、es behavioral intention (Fishein, 1970). Thus if my study aims at why consumers buy CMPs, it shall well focus on the association between consumers attitude and their purchasing intention in CMPs. Based on the a set of attitudinal statements on counterfeiting (Tom et al., 1998) and related research o
36、n consumers attitude towards software piracy (Ang et al., 2001; Kwong et al., 2003), my study constructs four attitudinal scales consisting of social cost of counterfeiting, social benefit of reproduction, anti-big business mentality, and ethical belief that may influence consumers purchase intentio
37、n in the CMPs.Social cost of counterfeiting. A plenty of studies find out that counterfeits have caused serious economic losses in many ways (e.g. Deng et al.,1996; Nill and Shultz, 1996;Tom et al., 1998; Wang, Zhang, Zang Ouyang, 2005). For example, the legal copyright holders are seriously affecte
38、d by counterfeiting, it results in losing sales and decreasing company overall values (Simons, 1999; Tom et al., 1998); Counterfeiting also discourages firms from investing in innovation and brand building (Nill and Shultz, 1996). Hence if consumers who perceive a higher social cost from counterfeit
39、s, they are less likely to buy such products. Kwong et al., (2003) finds out consumers who consider buying pirated CDs as costly to the society hold an unfavorable attitude towards it. Thus, the following hypothesis is proposed:H2aw: The more consumers who perceive social costs of CMPs, the less lik
40、ely they buy CMPs Social benefits of reproduction. Counterfeiting on the other side also generate benefits to the society (Feinberg & Rousslang,1990). Those social benefits are referred to an increase of knowledge sharing and job opportunity for the poor in developing countries (Kwong et al., 2003).
41、 Furthermore, Asian culture (especially Chinese culture) has the traditional view that individual creators are obligated to share their work to the society, therefore people influenced by that culture do not see that counterfeiting is against propriety right, but see it as the way of admiring creato
42、rs work (Swinyard et al., 1990). Therefore, the following hypothesis is carried out:H2ax: The more consumers perceive CMPs as social benefits of reproduction, the more willing they are to purchase CMPs.Anti-big business mentality. Prior researches have observed that some consumers have negative view
43、s on the big firms who abuse of market power and engage in “unfair practices” (Kahneman et al., 1986; Piron and Fernandez, 1995). For example, if consumers notice the price increases are not corresponding to the cost increases, they would see it as unfair, thus it is very likely that those consumers
44、 will stop admiring these firms and instead look for alternatives (Piron and Fernandez,1995). Purchase counterfeits is the alternative way that consumers are opposed to firms unfair practices. Shultz (1996) refers this behavior as “Robin Hood syndrome”, it means that the eagerness of some consumers
45、to act against the interests of intellectual property owners by supporting counterfeiting activities. Consumers believe that their negative attitudes towards big firms can eventually punish those firms by decreasing their financial performance (Tan,2002). This leads to the following hypothesis:H2ay:
46、 The more consumers have anti-business attitude, the more willing they are to purchase CMPsEthical belief. Ferrel & Fraedrich(1991) includes the view from previous researches and formally defines business ethics as principles and standards that guide behavior in the world of business. Sellers and bu
47、yers are both involved into the business ethicalissues. Former researches primarily study on the ethical behaviors from sellers point of view and overlook the buyers side. Murphy and Laczniak(1981) indicate that the studies of buyers ethical behaviors only account for 5% of total business ethical st
48、udies. Yet, as the consumers are becoming the leading roles in the business practices, the studies on buyers ethical behaviors have drawn much attention in the past twenty years. Muncy & Vitell(1992) defines consumers ethics as the moral principles and standards that guide behavior of individuals or
49、 groups as they obtain, use, and dispose of goods and services. Rallapalli et al.,(1994) further points out that consumers ethical belief and behaviors have the significant influence on their purchase decision. Since buying counterfeits is questionable behaviors, the decision to buy partly depends on the ethical framework of the customer who judges the degree of rightness of this behavior (Dodge et al., 1996; Fullerton et al., 1996). Many consumers do not consider counterfeits purchase as unethical behaviors (Ang et al.,