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1、外文资料：ASP.NET OverviewRuss Basiura，Mike BatongbacalASP.NET is a unified Web development model that includes the services necessary for you to build enterprise-class Web applications with a minimum of coding. ASP.NET is part of the .NET Framework, and when coding ASP.NET applications you have access t
2、o classes in the .NET Framework. You can code your applications in any language compatible with the common language runtime (CLR), including Microsoft Visual Basic, C#,JScript.NET, and J#. These languages enable you to develop ASP.NET applications that benefit from the common language runtime, type
3、safety, inheritance,and so on.ASP.NET includes:l A page and controls frameworkl The ASP.NET compilerl Security infrastructurel State-management facilitiesl Application configurationl Health monitoring and performance featuresl Debugging supportl An XML Web services frameworkl Extensible hosting envi
4、ronment and application life cycle managementl An extensible designer environment The ASP.NET page and controls framework is a programming framework that runs on a Web server to dynamically produce and render ASP.NET Web pages. ASP.NET Web pages can be requested from any browser or client device, an
5、d ASP.NET renders mark up (such as HTML) to the requesting browser. As a rule, you can use the same page for multiple browsers, because ASP.NET renders the appropriate mark up for the browser making the request.However, you can design your ASP.NET Web page to target a specific browser,such as Micros
6、oft Internet Explorer 6, and take advantage of the features of that browser. ASP.NET supports mobile controls for Web-enabled devices such as cellular phones, handheld computers, and personal digital assistants (PDAs).ASP.NET Web pages are completely object-oriented. Within ASP.NET Web pages you can
7、 work with HTML elements using properties, methods, and events. The ASP.NET page framework removes the implementation details of the separation of client and server inherent in Web-based applications by presenting a unified model for responding to client events in code that runs at the server. The f
8、ramework also automatically maintains the state of a page and the controls on that page during the page processing life cycle.The ASP.NET page and controls framework also enables you to encapsulate common UI functionality in easy-to-use,reusable controls. Controls are written once, can be used in ma
9、ny pages, and are integrated into the ASP.NET Web page that they are placed in during rendering.The ASP.NET page and controls framework also provides features to control the overall look and feel of your Web site via themes and skins. You can define themes and skins and then apply them at a page lev
10、el or at a control level.In addition to themes, you can define master pages that you use to create a consistent layout for the pages in your application. A single master page defines the layout and standard behavior that you want for all the pages (or a group of pages) in your application. You can t
11、hen create individual content pages that contain the page-specific content you want to display. When users request the content pages, they merge with the master page to produce output that combines the layout of the master page with the content from the content page. All ASP.NET code is compiled, wh
12、ich enables strong typing, performance optimizations, and early binding, among other benefits. Once the code has been compiled, the common language runtime further compiles ASP.NET code to native code, providing improved performance.ASP.NET includes a compiler that will compile all your application
13、components including pages and controls into anassembly that the ASP.NET hosting environment can then use to service user requests.In addition to the security features of .NET, ASP.NET provides an advanced security infrastructure for authenticating and authorizing user access as well as performing o
14、ther security-related tasks.You can authenticate users using Windows authentication supplied by IIS, or you can manage authentication using your own user database using ASP.NET forms authentication and ASP.NET membership. Additionally, you can manage the authorization to the capabilities and informa
15、tion of your Web application using Windows groups or your own custom role database using ASP.NET roles. You can easily remove, add to, or replace these schemes depending upon the needs of your application.ASP.NET always runs with a particular Windows identity so you can secure your application using
16、 Windows capabilities such as NTFS Access Control Lists (ACLs), database permissions, and so on. Formore information on the identity of ASP.NET,ASP.NET provides intrinsic statemanagement functionality that enables you to store information between page requests, such as customer information or the co
17、ntents of a shopping cart. You can save and manage application-specific, session-specific, page-specific,user-specific, and developer-defined information. This information can be independent of any controls on the page.ASP.NET offers distributed statefacilities, which enable you to manage state info
18、rmation across multipleinstances of the same application on one computer or on several computers.ASP.NET applications use a configuration system that enables you to define configuration settings for your Web server,for a Web site, or for individual applications. You can make configuration settings a
19、t the time your ASP.NET applications are deployed and can add orrevise configuration settings at any time with minimal impact on operational Web applications and servers. ASP.NET configuration settings are stored in XML-based files. Because these XML files are ASCII text files, it is simple to make
20、configuration changes to your Web applications. You can extend the configuration scheme to suit your requirements.ASP.NET includes features that enable you to monitor health and performance of your ASP.NET application. ASP.NET health monitoring enables reporting of key events that provide informatio
21、n about the health of an application and about error conditions. These events show a combination of diagnostics and monitoring characteristics and offer a high degree of flexibility in terms of what is logged and how it is logged.ASP.NET supports two groups of performance counters accessible to your
22、 applications:l The ASP.NET system performance counter groupl The ASP.NET application performance counter group ASP.NET takes advantage of the run-time debugging infrastructure to provide cross-language and cross-computer debugging support. You can debug both managed and unmanaged objects, as well a
23、s all languages supported by the common language runtime and script languages. In addition, the ASP.NET page framework provides a trace mode that enables you to insert instrumentation messages into your ASP.NET Web pages.ASP.NET supports XML Web services. An XML Web service is a component containing
24、 business functionality that enables applications to exchange information across firewalls using standards like HTTP and XML messaging. XML Web services are not tied to a particular component technology or object-calling convention. As a result, programs written in any language, using any component
25、model, and running on any operating system can access XML Web services.ASP.NET includes an extensible hosting environment that controls the life cycle of an application from when a user first accesses a resource (such as a page) in the application to the point at which the application is shut down.
26、While ASP.NET relies on a Web server (IIS)as an application host, ASP.NET provides much of the hosting functionality itself. The architecture of ASP.NET enables you to respond to applicationevents and create custom HTTP handlers and HTTP modules.ASP.NET includes enhanced support for creating designe
27、rs for Web server controls for use with a visual design tool such as Visual Studio. Designers enable you to build a design-time user interface for acontrol, so that developers can configure your controls properties and content in the visual design tool. Introduction to the C# Language and the .NETFr
28、ameworkC# is an elegant and type-safe object-oriented language that enables developers to build a wide range of secure and robust applications that run on the .NET Framework. You can use C# to create traditional Windows client applications, XML Web services, distributed components, client-server app
29、lications, database applications, and much, much more. Microsoft Visual C# 2005 provides an advanced code editor, convenient user interface designers, integrated debugger, and many other tools to facilitate rapid application development based on version 2.0 of the C# language and the .NET Framework.
30、C# syntax is highly expressive, yet with less than 90 keywords, it is also simple and easy to learn. The curly-brace syntax of C# will be instantly recognizable to anyone familiar with C, C+ or Java. Developers who know any of these languages are typically able to begin working productively in C# wi
31、thin a very short time. C# syntax simplifies many of the complexities of C+ while providing powerful features such as nullable value types, enumerations, delegates, anonymous methods and direct memory access, which are not found in Java. C# also supports generic methods and types, which provide incr
32、eased type safety and performance, and iterators,which enable implementers of collection classes to define custom iteration behaviors that are simple to use by client code.As an object-oriented language, C# supports the concepts of encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism. Allvariables and method
33、s, including the Main method, the applications entry point, are encapsulated within class definitions. A class may inherit directly from one parent class, but it may implement any number of interfaces. Methods that override virtual methods in a parent class require theoverride keyword as a way to av
34、oid accidental redefinition. In C#, a struct is like a lightweight class; it is a stack-allocated type that can implement interfaces but does not support inheritance.In addition to these basic object-oriented principles, C# facilitates the development of software components through several innovativ
35、e language constructs, including:l Encapsulated method signatures called delegates, which enable type-safe event notifications.l Properties, which serve as accessors for private member variables.l Attributes, which provide declarative meta data about types at run time.l Inline XML documentation comm
36、ents.If you need to interact with other Windows software such as COM objects or native Win32 DLLs, you can do this in C# through a process called Interop. Interop enables C# programs to do just about anything that a native C+ application can do. C# even supports pointers and the concept of unsafe co
37、de for those cases in which direct memory access is absolutely critical.The C# build process is simple comparedto C and C+ and more flexible than in Java. There are no separate header files, and no requirement that methods and types be declared in a particular order. A C# source file may define any
38、number of classes, structs, interfaces,and events.C# programs run on the .NET Framework,an integral component of Windows that includes a virtual execution system called the common language runtime (CLR) and a unified set of class libraries.The CLR is Microsofts commercial implementation of the commo
39、n language infrastructure(CLI), an international standard that is the basis for creating execution and development environments in which languages and libraries work together seamlessly.Source code written in C# is compiled into an intermediate language (IL) that conforms to the CLI specification. T
40、he IL code, along with resources such as bitmaps and strings, is stored on disk in an executable file called an assembly, typically with an extension of .exe or.dll. An assembly contains a manifest that provides information on the assemblys types, version, culture, and security requirements.When the
41、 C# program is executed, the assembly is loaded into the CLR, which might take various actions based on the information in the manifest. Then, if the security requirements are met, the CLR performs just in time (JIT) compilation to convert the IL code into native machine instructions. The CLR also p
42、rovides other services related to automatic garbage collection, exception handling, and resource management. Code that is executed by the CLR is sometimes referred to as managed code, in contrast to unmanaged code which is compiled into native machine language that targets a specific system. The fol
43、lowing diagram illustrates the compile-time and run time relationships of C# source code files, the base class libraries, assemblies, and the CLR.Language interoperability is a key feature of the .NET Framework. Because the IL code produced by the C# compiler conforms to the Common Type Specificatio
44、n (CTS), IL code generated from C# can interact with code that was generated from the .NET versions of Visual Basic,Visual C+, Visual J#, or any of more than 20 other CTS-compliant languages. A single assembly may contain multiple modules written in different .NET languages, and the types can refere
45、nce each other just as if they were written in the same language.In addition to the run time services,the .NET Framework also includes an extensive library of over 4000 classes organized into namespaces that provide a wide variety of useful functionality for everything from file input and output to
46、string manipulation to XML parsing, to Windows Forms controls. The typical C# application uses the .NET Framework class library extensively to handle common plumbingchores.中文译文：ASP.NET概述Russ Basiura，Mike BatongbacalASP.NET是一个统一的 Web开发模型，它包括您使用尽可能少的代码生成企业级 Web 应用程序所必需的各种服务。ASP.NET 作为 .NET Framework 的
47、一部分提供。当您编写 ASP.NET 应用程序的代码时，可以访问 .NET Framework 中的类。您可以使用与公共语言运行库 (CLR) 兼容的任何语言来编写应用程序的代码，这些语言包括 Microsoft Visual Basic、C#、JScript .NET 和 J#。使用这些语言，可以开发利用公共语言运行库、类型安全、继承等方面的优点的 ASP.NET 应用程序。ASP.NET包括：l ASP.NET编译器l 安全基础结构l 状态管理功能l 应用程序配置l 运行状况监视和性能功能l 调试支持l XMLWeb services 框架l 可扩展的宿主环境和应用程序生命周期管理l 可扩
48、展的设计器环境ASP.NET页和控件框架是一种编程框架，它在Web 服务器上运行，可以动态地生成和呈现 ASP.NET 网页。可以从任何浏览器或客户端设备请求 ASP.NET 网页，ASP.NET 会向请求浏览器呈现标记（例如 HTML）。通常，您可以对多个浏览器使用相同的页，因为 ASP.NET 会为发出请求的浏览器呈现适当的标记。但是，您可以针对诸如 Microsoft Internet Explorer 6 的特定浏览器设计ASP.NET 网页，并利用该浏览器的功能。ASP.NET 支持基于 Web 的设备（如移动电话、手持型计算机和个人数字助理 (PDA)）的移动控件。 ASP.NET
49、 网页是完全面向对象的。在 ASP.NET 网页中，可以使用属性、方法和事件来处理 HTML 元素。ASP.NET 页框架为响应在服务器上运行的代码中的客户端事件提供统一的模型，从而使您不必考虑基于 Web 的应用程序中固有的客户端和服务器隔离的实现细节。该框架还会在页处理生命周期中自动维护页及该页上控件的状态。使用 ASP.NET 页和控件框架还可以将常用的 UI 功能封装成易于使用且可重用的控件。控件只需编写一次，即可用于许多页并集成到 ASP.NET 网页中。这些控件在呈现期间放入 ASP.NET 网页中。ASP.NET页和控件框架还提供各种功能，以便可以通过主题和外观来控制网站的整体外观和感觉。可以先定义主题和外观，然后在页面级或控件级应用这些主题和外观。除了主