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1、基于物联网的高压设备监测系统设计摘要 引入前沿信息通信技术并把高压设备监测和信息系统进行融合是实现智能化的关键。基于物联网的高压设备监测系统结合射频技术、无线传感器网络、WISP环境监测技术让高压设备系统、计算机系统和网络融为一体，实现高压设备的实时感知、分析和控制。首先，基于物联网概念并结合高压设备监测特点提出建立高压设备监测系统构架，之后介绍该构架的主要功能和关键技术。最后，从物联网的关键部件、仿真算法和安全性等方面讨论了基于物联网的高压设备监测的主要挑战。关键词：物联网；射频技术；WISP；高压设备AbstractTo implement the objective of smart,
2、it is essential to introduce the state of communication technology and integrate with high voltage apparatus monitoring .Based on Internet of Things, a high voltage apparatus monitoring system concerning radio frequency wireless technology, wireless sensor network technology and WISP was designed. F
3、irst, based on the concept of Internet of Things and taking into account the characteristics of high voltage apparatus monitoring., a monitoring system was proposed. Next, main functionalities and technical characteristics are introduced. Finally, several important research problems including the ke
4、y technology in Internet of Things, simulation algorithms and security assessment were present.Key words: Internet of Things; radio frequency technology; WISP; high voltage apparatus1. 引言高压设备种类繁多，主要包括变压器、各种类型的开关设备、避雷器、绝缘套管、电流互感器、电压互感器等。根据各种设备不同的结构原理，对表征其特性的参数进行测量。目前，我国高压设备的检修工作主要仍是按照电气设备预防性试验规程的要求定期
5、进行预防性试验的1。这对及时发现、诊断设备缺陷起到重要的作用。但随着装置的停工检修周期的加长，传统的预防性试验和检修方式愈来愈不足1-12。因此，考虑以实时设备状态为基础，以预测设备状态发展趋势为依据的检修方式。从20世纪90年代开始，出现了以数字波形采集和处理技术为核心的微机多功能在线监测系统。利用先进的传感器、计算机等高新技术，实现更多的参数在线监测。如：文献35-37介绍了紫外在温度、绝缘监测的应用，通过研究不同故障条件下的图形、数据得出容易故障的位置从而为故障分析和优化控制提供依据；文献38-42基于网络拓扑提出新的故障监测模型、通讯协议和故障定位算法。There is a wide
6、range of high voltage equipments, including transformers, various types of switching equipment arrester, insulation casing, current transformers, voltage transformers and so on. According to different structural principles of devices, we take the characteristics of the measured parameters. At the pr
7、esent, High-voltage equipment maintenance working in China is do as the requirements on a regular basis for preventive tests under the Preventive test code for electrical equipment1. Preventive tests play an important role defectly on timely detection and diagnostic. But with the longer downtime per
8、iod, the traditional way and maintenance mode are fell behind1-12.So, consider the device status based on real-time and approaches about predict trends based on maintenance From the 20th century, multi-line computer monitoring system appeared whose core is digital waveform acquisition and processing
9、 technology. We need advanced sensors, computers and other high-tech to get more online monitoring parameters datas. Literature 35-37 introduced the UV applications on temperature and insulation monitoring. By studying the graphs and the data of different fault condition, we find the place where eas
10、y to fault .And then we can provide the methods for malfunction analysis and optimal control. Literature 38-42 proposed a new monitoring model, communication protocols and fault location algorithm based on network topology.随着电压等级不断升高，对安全性和可靠性的要求不断升高，状态在线监测面对海量的信息（每种设备的结构特征、性能参数以及运行工况各不一样，而且同一种设备的不同元
11、件也不一样，对于同一故障形式可能有不同的宏观信号体现，同一宏观信号可能反映不同的故障形式）需要新的通信技术、传感技术、网络技术和最优控制的方法。因此，根据高压设备监测系统需要进一步发展现有的理论、模型、方法和算法体系。引入新的计算、通信和传感技术是关键2-5。With higher voltage level and requirements of safety and reliability, online monitoring has to face a flood of information (Each type of equipment has different structura
12、l features, performance parameters and operating conditions. Whats more, components of the same kind of equipment are not the same. For the same fault type may have different signals. The same failure signal may reflect different forms).It need new communications technology, sensor technology, netwo
13、rk technology and optimal control methods. Thus, according to the needs of high-voltage equipment monitoring system, we should to develop the existing theories, models, methods, and algorithm system. The key is to find new counting, communications and sensor technology 2-5.物联网是集成了计算系统、大规模通信网络、大规模传感器
14、网络和控制系统的新型互联系统，具有对大规模物理系统进行实时监视、仿真、分析和优化控制的功能10-20。物联网技术能够提高信息化水平，改善基础设施的利用效率。通过物联网，实现变电站高压侧设备故障的定位和自动识别、采集和感知获取高压设备的标识信息、设备自身的属性信息和周边环境信息，借助各种信息传输技术将设备的相关信息聚合到统一的信息网络中，并利用云计算、图像识别、数据挖掘以及语义分析等各种智能计算技术对设备的相关信息进行分析融合处理，最终实现对高压侧设备的高度认知和智能化的决策控制。物联网技术实现了不同的物体之间的交流，能够满足不同形式实体、虚体之间的交流3-20,更好的实现高压监测对于不同设备、
15、不同控制量需要采取不同方法的要求。Internet of Things is a new interconnection system integrating computing systems, large-scale communication networks, large-scale sensor networks and control systems. It have large-scale real-time monitoring of physical systems, simulation, analysis and optimization of control funct
16、ions 10-20. Internet of Things can improve the level of information technology and the efficiency of infrastructure. Through the Internet of things, we can find the high-voltage equipment failure location quickly. At the same time, the system can get automatic failure identification, perceived acces
17、s to high-voltage device identification information, attribute information of the device itself and the surrounding environmental information. Ultimately, through a variety of information transmission technology, all the information are aggregated into a unified information network. Using cloud comp
18、uting, image recognition, data mining, semantic and other a variety of intelligent computing devices to realize the relevant information fusion. which is important to realize higher cognitive and intelligent decision-making control on high-voltage equipment. Internet of Things technology enables com
19、munication among different objects, exchanging information between entity and virtual body 3-20. So, Internet of Things is better to meet the requirements of monitoring for different devices ,different control approaches.本文提出了基于物联网的高压设备监测系统的构架和主要实现的功能。从无线传感器射频技术和信息处理与优化控制两个方面论述了物联网在高压侧设备监测的应用。同时，新的感
20、知设备、仿真算法和安全是基于物联网高压侧设备监测的发展方向。Based on Internet of things, this paper proposed a high voltage equipment monitoring system. Through frequency wireless sensors technology, information processing and optimal control, discusses the application on high voltage equipment. Meanwhile, the new perception of
21、equipment, simulation algorithms and security is the core technology for high voltage equipment monitoring system.2.基于物联网的高压设备监测系统设计high voltage equipment Monitoring system based on IOT2.1监测系统架构Monitoring System Architecture具体来说，物联网是将各类传感器和现有的互联网相互衔接的一个新技术。通过安装信息传感设备，如射频识别（RFID：Radio Frequency Ident
22、ification）装置、红外感应器、全球定位系统、激光扫描器等，将所有的物品都与网络连接在一起，方便识别和管理12-18。因此，基于物联网的高压设备监测系统由三部分组成：一是高压设备感知部分，即以RFID、传感器为主，实现对“物”的识别。二是数据传输部分，即通过现有的互联网、广电网络、通信网络等融合构成的新时代通信网络实现数据的传输与计算。三是应用部分，即信号的输入输出控制终端。Internet of Things, a new technology, Interrelate the various types of sensors and the existing Internet. Th
23、rough installing information sensing equipments, such as RFID, infrared sensors, global positioning system, Laser scanner and so on, all items will be linked with the IOT. It convenient to Identify and manage all items12-18.So, high voltage equipment monitoring system based on IOT consists of three
24、parts. The first part, cognitive some high voltage equipment, just mainly be consist of RFID and sensor, to achieve the object identification. The second part, data transmission section, through the existing Internet, radio and television networks, communication networks constitute a new integrated
25、communications network for data transmission and counting. The third part, application, is a signal input and output control terminal.基于物联网的高压设备监测系统应该考虑以下几个特点：1）被监测设备位置相对固定，一个设备的宏观监测量的表现形式和通信方式不同。2）无线传感器数量大，信息采集多，并且有些所在位置很恶劣，为确保节点与节点之间通信准确，需要考虑结点拓扑结构、簇和延时等问题5-8。3）设备的外部情况的监测，应考虑监测设备的位置点和监测的视角，确保从视觉上清
26、楚掌握设备外部特征。4）被监测的数据分为动态和静态数据，结合射频技术、WISPS与无线传感器实现实时的监测与分析，需要考虑电源的寿命和传输的距离。high voltage equipment monitoring system based on IOT should consider the following characteristics:1) The location of monitoring equipment is relatively fixed. The monitoring equipment macro performance and communication are i
27、n different ways.2) There are large numbers of wireless sensors and information data, special, some sensors in bad location. To ensure accurate communication among nodes, we need to consider node topology, cluster and delay issues 5-8.3) For external monitoring, we need to consider the location of m
28、onitoring equipment and monitoring view, to ensure clear understanding of external characteristics .4) The monitoring data are divided into dynamic and static data. Combined with RFID, WISPS and wireless sensors to achieve real-time monitoring and analysis, we need to consider the power and the tran
29、smission distance. 图1. 基于物联网高压设备监测系统构架图Figure 1. architecture of high voltage equipment monitoring system based on IOT 2.2系统功能分析System Functional Analysis1. 实时监控和综合仿真的功能基于物联网高压设备的监测系统如图1所示，高压系统设备的状态通过无线传感器网络和有线网络反馈回监测中心和计算机中心，计算机中心根据来自高压系统设备的实时信息不断修正仿真模型参数以提高仿真精度，仿真结果又将通过监测中心对高压系统实施控制，从而实现相互影响和相互操作。
30、这就相当于，在监测中心和计算机中心中构造了与高压设备信息采集侧同时存在的一个虚拟的系统，两个部分同步变化和相互影响，这也是物联网虚实共存和互操作的特点2-3。1. Real-time monitoring and comprehensive simulation capabilitiesJust as Figure 1-architecture of high voltage equipment monitoring system based on IOT, via wireless sensor networks and the wired network, the status infor
31、mation of high voltage equipment feedback to the monitoring center and computer center. According to real-time information constantly from high voltage equipment system, the computer center revised simulation model to improve the accuracy of simulation parameters. The simulation results turn on high
32、 voltage equipment system by monitoring center. It can achieve interaction and interoperability. That is to say, in the monitoring center and computer center we construct a virtual system do as high voltage equipment while the collecting information. These tow systems change synchronously and influe
33、nce each other, which is the application of the characteristics of IOT called actual situation of coexistence and interoperability 2-3.2.海量信息处理功能基于物联网的高压设备监测系统可以解决监测系统信息的“漏斗效应”8，漏斗效应即监测的规模越大，数据流量越多，“漏斗”的瓶颈压力也就越大，发生阻滞和拥塞的可能性也越大，将会严重影响变电站的安全。基于物联网高压设备的监测系统功能如图2所示，该系统中按照监测对象的特点，将数据的融合分为数据的初步处理、特征处理和融合处
34、理。初级处理是指采集的数据可以选择性地进行分布式或者中央集控式的存储，在数据处理中，处理的结果可以实时传输到监测中心，也可以进行数据备份，制作历史记录以备查询。特征处理是指根据不同的数据特征，可以把采集的数据按不同需求整理分类，按数据属性、数据包长度、数据内容等多种规则进行分类，通过筛选，有针对性地将有用信息提取出来，屏蔽不需要的数据。融合处理是指基于物联网的高压设备监测确保变电站安全实行的数据关联6-7、数据变换和数据加密。2. Processing massive informationHigh voltage equipment monitoring system can solve I
35、nformation monitoring system problem-funnel effect” 8. Funneling effect, the larger the monitor, the more data traffic, funnel feel more pressure as well as bottleneck, the greater possibility of arrest and the congestion, it will seriously affect the safety of substation. The function of high volta
36、ge equipment monitoring system based on IOT is just as Figure 2. In accordance with the characteristics of high voltage equipments, the data integration is divided into preliminary data processing, feature processing and fusion. Preliminary data processing refers to the collected data selectively di
37、stributed or central storage centralized controlling style. In data processing, real-time processing results are transmission to the monitoring center. We can also back up data, making history for future inquiries. Feature processing based on different data characteristic, the data is collected by s
38、orting the different needs. According to data attributes, data packet length, data content and other rules of classification, we targeted to extract useful information by screening. Fusion is refered to data associating, data transformation and data encryption 6-7. All action should ensure substatio
39、n security. 3.环境的自组织自适应功能随着电压等级的升高和变电站容量的增大，接入这个系统的监测某些设备很多，比如：智能灰尘5等。基于物联网的高压设备监测系统具有物联网的自组织功能10，任何一个新的设备接入了系统，监测中心就能获得该设备的各种信息，并且能够随时控制该设备。同时，基于物联网的高压设备监测系统具有物联网的自适应功能，通过传感器的感知和电子标签的管理，掌握设备周边的动态环境采取相对应的措施也就是说该系统能够自动排除各种系统故障(包括监测系统物理故障和信息故障)，保证系统的正常运行。3. The environment adaptive self-organizing fea
40、tureWith the increased voltage grade and substation capacity, a lot of equipment and monitoring equipment access to the system, such as smart dust 5. High voltage equipment monitoring system based on IOT has the function of self-organization 10as well as IOT. Any new device connected to the system,
41、the monitoring center can get all the information of the device and control the device at any time. Meanwhile, high voltage equipment on the Internet of Things monitoring system with the adaptive function, perceived by the sensor management and electronic tags, adapt the dynamic environment surround
42、ing equipment. That is to say, according to the real-time environment information, the system can automatically remove all kinds of system failures (including failure to monitor the physical and information systems failure), ensuring the normal operation.4.移动设备和操作人员的管理功能基于物联网高压设备的监测系统功能如图2所示，接入高压系统的
43、任何一个设备都有可能对安全造成影响。利用物联网，可以实现对移动设备（维修人员）的跟踪管理。移动设备（维修人员）在进入高压系统前在任何一个地点接入物联网进行注册，随着感知技术的发展和电子标签的普及，可以实现即插即用，这就相当于赋予每个移动设备（检修人员）一个临时ID，物联网通过对ID的识别获得该设备的详细信息（基本属性、运行状态、需要面对的服务等）在进入高压系统后，通过无线网络反馈给监测中心。一旦发现异常，监测中心可以解除设备与网络的连接注销移动设备的ID或者采取相应的管理措施。移动设备离开高压侧后，可以在任何一个地方通过物联网进行注销。4. Mobile equipment and opera
44、tor managementThe function of high voltage equipment monitoring system based on IOT is just as Figure 2. Any device accessed to high-pressure system may affect substation security. Use of Internet of Things, high voltage equipment monitoring system can achieve the purpose of mobile devices (operator
45、) the track management. With the perception of technology and the popularity of electronic tags, we can know all the things we concerned. Before entering the high pressure system, once Mobile equipment (operator) register at any location through IOT, each mobile equipment (maintenance personnel)is g
46、iven a temporary ID. IOT get through the identification of the device ID for more information (basic properties, running state, the services need to face). After mobile equipment (operator) entering the high pressure system, all information through the wireless network back to the monitoring center.
47、 Once found abnormal, monitoring center can remove mobile equipment and network connections, mobile device ID or take appropriate management. Mobile equipment(operator)can log-on in any place if permitted.5.可扩展的功能物联网作为新一代的网络能够更好的融入不同的网元。在高压设备监测中，需要增加或者拆除某个监测装置故障时，只需要按照物联网的语义重新定义对象或者将对象生成的服务目录删除，对象就可
48、以通过物联网与其他设备取得联系或者拆除。5. Scalability featuresIOT as a new generation of networks has better capacity to integrate different network elements. In high voltage equipment monitoring, when add or remove a monitoring device, we just need to follow the re-definition the generated object as the IOT semantics
49、 or delete the object directory service. Object can get in touch with other devices or removed easily. 图2. 基于物联网变压器监测系统功能图Figure 2. function of high voltage equipment monitoring system based on IOT3.监测系统运行的关键技术3. key technology3.1无线传感器射频技术3.1 RFID with wireless sensor technology射频技术(Radio Frequency Identification)，常称为感应式电子晶片或近