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1、ABriefIntroductiontoEnglish-Chinese【Abstract】WithChinassuccessfulentryintoWTO,someadultsarebeginningtoattachimportancetostudyingbusinessEnglishcontracts.ThepurposeofthispaperistoquestforEnglish-ChineseTranslationTechniquesofbusinesscontracts.【KeyWords】English-ChineseTranslationTechniques;BusinessCon
2、tracts;PassiveVoice;AdverbialClausesWithChinassuccessfulentryintoWTO(theWorldTradeOrganization),businessEnglishismorewidelyused.AbusinessEnglishcontractisaformalwrittenagreement,whichsetsforthrightsandobligationsofthepartiesconcerned.Onceenteredinto,acontractisbindingandenforceablebylaw.Anypartywhof
3、ailstofulfillhisobligationsmustmakecompensationfortheotherpartyslosses.Abusinesscontractisanindispensablepartforpeopletocarryoutinternationalbusinessactivities.ItisnecessarytomentionafewEnglish-Chinesetranslationtechniquesofbusinesscontracts.Whentranslating,bothgrammaticalandrhetoricalconsiderations
4、areinvolved.SinceChineseandEnglishbelongtotwodifferentlanguagefamiliesandpresentalotofdifferencesintheirgrammar,lexicon,discoursestructure,etc.,oneoftheproblemswecannotavoidwhiletranslatingishowtomaketheversionsoundassmoothandnaturalaspossible.TranslatingsentencesofbusinessEnglishContractsintoChines
5、eisfeasiblebutnotalwayseasy.Theyarecomprehensive,andoccasionallycomplex.Thefollowingtranslationtechniqueswillfocusonthepassivevoiceandtheadverbialclauses.1.TranslationTechniquesofPassiveVoiceVoiceisagrammaticalcategory.Itisaformoftheverb,whichshowswhetherthesubjectofasentenceactsorisactedon.Whenthes
6、ubjectistheagentordoerofanaction,theverbtakestheformofactivevoice;if,ontheotherhand,thesubjectistherecipientoftheaction,theverbtakestheformofpassivevoice.PassivevoiceiswidelyusedinEnglish,especiallyinformalinformativewriting,andscientificwritingandnewsreporting.InbusinessEnglishcontracts,passivevoic
7、eisfrequentlyused,too.Mosttransitiveverbscanappearintheirpassiveforms.ThepassivevoiceofEnglishtransitiveverbsisformedbytheauxiliarybe+-edparticiple.Asentence/clausewhosepredicator(predicateverb)ispassiveiscalledapassivesentence/clause.Onthecontrary,activevoiceisoftenusedintheChineseversion.1.1ThePas
8、siveVoiceConvertedintotheActiveVoiceSincepassivevoiceisusedmuchlessfrequentlyinChinesethaninEnglish,andpassivemeaningsareusuallyexpressedbyactiveconstructionsinChinese,wecanconvertthepassivevoiceinEnglishintotheactivevoiceinChinese.A)Whenbeingtranslated,onthewhole,thewordorderofapassiveclauseorasent
9、enceisnotalteredorischangedalittle,andthepositionofthesubjectoftheoriginalsentenceisnotchangedinthetargetlanguage.ThiskindoftranslationtechniqueisoftenemployedinthetranslationofbusinessEnglishcontracts.Afewexamplesarelistedbelow:a)Alltheactivitiesshallbegovernedbythelawsofthecountriesconcerned.一切活动均
10、应遵守有关国家的法律。b)Alldisputesarisingoutoftheperformanceof,orrelatingtothisContract,shallbesettledamicablythroughnegotiation.凡因执行本合同所发生的或与本合同有关的一切争议，双方应通过友好协商解决。B)Whetherornotaby-phraseisusedinapassivesentenceisdeterminedbyanumberoffactors.Generallyspeaking,aby-phraseisindispensablewhenadraftsmanwantstost
11、resstheagentorthedoeroftheaction.Inthiscase,wemayconvertthedoeroftheactionofaby-phraseintothesubjectofaclauseorsentenceinthetargetlanguage.AllthepaymentsshallbemadeintheU.S.CurrencybytheBuyertotheSellerbytelegraphictransfertotheSellersdesignatedaccountwiththeBankofChina,Beijing,China.买方应以美元支付卖方货款，并以
12、电汇的方式汇至卖方指定的中国银行北京分行的帐户。C)Whentranslatingapassiveclauseorsentence,atwhilesoneneedreadjustthesentenceelements.Ifanadverbialclauseofconditiondoesnotindicatethedoeroftheaction,wemayconvertthisclauseinthepassivestructureintoasubjectlessclause.Thesubjectoftheoriginalclauseisconvertedintotheobjectofthetar
13、getsentence.Forinstance:Ifaforeignauditorregisteredinothercountryisnecessarytobeemployedtoundertakeannualfinancialcheckingandexamination,PartyAshallgiveitsconsent.AlltheexpensesthereofshallbebornebyPartyB.如果需要聘请其他国家的审计师对年度的财务进行审查，甲方应予以同意。其所需费用乙方负担。Iftheadverbialandthesubjectofasentenceinthepassivevo
14、icehaveinclusiverelationship,wemayconverttheadverbialoftheoriginalsentenceintothesubjectofthetargetsentencesoastomakethetranslationclearandcoherent.Forexample:a) Theestablishment,remunerationandtheexpensesofthestaffofthepreparationandconstructionoffice,whenagreedbybothparties,shallbecoveredintheproj
15、ectbudget.经甲乙双方同意后，工程预算应包括筹建工厂人员的编制、报酬及费用。b)TheconditionsforestablishmentoftheJointVentureCompanyandthetotalamountofinvestmentandregisteredcapitalarestipulatedinthisContract.本合同规定了设立合资公司的条件以及投资总额与注册资本。D) InbusinessEnglishContracts,thereisaspecialpassivepattern,thatis,“Itis+pastparticiple+thatclause”
16、whichhasbasicallyformedacomparativelyfixedtranslationversion.a)ItisagreedthatPartyAshallhavenoobligationtopayfortheinsurancepremium.双方同意，甲方不负担保险费。b) ItisessentiallystressedthattheBuyersarerequestedtosignandreturntheduplicateofthisContractwithin3daysfromthedateofreceipt.Intheeventoffailuretodothis,th
17、eSellersreservetherighttocanceltheContract.必须强调：买方应于收到本合同之日起3天内签字并退还合同的副本，如买方不这样做，卖方保留取消合同的权利。1.2ThePassiveStructureRemainingUnchangedNotallpassivevoiceinEnglishisconvertedintoactivevoiceinChinese.Sometimes,anEnglishpassivevoicemaykeepitspassivestructureintheChineseversion.InChinese,passivevoiceisma
18、inlyconveyedthroughtheuseofwordslike由,被,把,给,将.Thefollowingexamplesaretranslatedinthisway.a)ThetermforthetechnologytransferagreementissignedbyPartyAandtheSolelyForeign-ownedEnterprise,anditshallbeapprovedbytheapprovalauthority.技术转让协议的期限由甲方与独资企业签订并经审批机关批准。b) Ifothercoverageoranadditionalamountisrequir
19、ed,theBuyersmusthavetheconsentoftheSellersbeforeshipment,andtheadditionalpremiumistobebornebytheBuyers.如买方欲增加其他险别或超过上述保额时须于装船前征得卖方同意，所增加的保险费由买方负担。2.TranslationTechniquesofAdverbialClausesInbusinessEnglishcontracts,adverbialclausesarefrequentlyapplied.AdverbialclausescanTherearetwokindsofadverbialcla
20、uses,whichoftenappearinbusinessEnglishcontracts,i.e.adverbialclausesoftimeandadverbialclausesofcondition.2.1Adverbialclausesoftimeareintroducedbywhen,while,as,before,after,until,etccanbedescribedintermsof“sametime”,“earliertime”,and“latertime.”Theadverbialclausesoftimeintroducedbywhen,beforeandafter
21、arewidelyusedinbusinessEnglishcontracts.ThefollowingwillconcentrateonhowtotranslatethemintoChinese.a)InChinese,“when”isusuallyintroducedby当时候,etc.Sometimes,anadverbialclauseintroducedby“when”canberegardedastheclauseofconditionalmeaning,whichcanbetranslatedintoChineseadverbialclausesofcondition.InChi
22、nese,wehavesimilarconjunctionslike如果,倘若,etc.WhenonepartytotheJointVentureCompanyassignsallorpartofhisinvestment,theotherpartyhaspreemptiveright.如果合资公司一方拟转让其全部或部分出资额，另一方有优先购买权。b) Theconjunction“before”isusuallytranslatedinto“在之前”inChinese.InbusinessEnglishcontracts,sometimes,inordertoemphasizetheobli
23、gationtobefulfilled,“before”mayberenderedintoChinesebyusing“后,才能.”Themanufacturersshall,beforethegoodsisdeliveredover,makeapreciseandcomprehensiveinspectionofthegoodswithregardtoitsquality,specifications,performanceandquantity,weight,andissueinspectioncertificatescertifyingthetechnicaldataandconclus
24、ionoftheinspection.制造商应对货物的质量、规格、性能和数量、重量进行一丝不苟和全面的检验，出具检验证明书，证实检验的技术数据和结论后，才能发货。c)Theconjunction,“after”isoftenexpressedby“在后”inChinese.InbusinessEnglishcontracts,“after”issometimesconvertedinto“之日起”inChineseforthepurposeofpreciseness.IncasetheBuyerfindsanydocumentincorrect,theBuyerisobligedtocable
25、theSellerindicatingtheincorrectitems.ThecableshallbesentwithintwentydaysaftertheBankofChina,BeijingBranchhasreceivedtheSellersdocuments.买方如发现文件有错误时，应在中国银行北京市分行收到卖方文件之日起20天内电告卖方，并指出错误项目。2.2InEnglishadverbialclausesofconditionaregenerallyintroducedbyconjunctionssuchasif,incase,unless,once,andsolongas.
26、InChinesewehavesimilarconjunctionslike如果,万一,除非,一旦,只要,etc.Moreover,notalladverbialclausesofconditioninEnglishneedtobepresentedasadverbialclausesinChinese.Seethefollowingexamples:A) Anunless-clausecandenotearealconditionaswellasanunrealcondition.Inaclauseofrealcondition,unlesscansometimesbereplacedbyi
27、fnot.InbusinessEnglishcontracts,“unless”isusuallyrenderedintoChinesebyusing“除另有者外,”and“unless”isoftenusedtogetherwith“otherwise.”UnlesstheContractprovidesotherwise,itistheBuyerslegaldutytocollectandtransportthegoodsfromtheSellerspremises.除合同另有规定者外，买方应在卖方的处所提货运输。Unlessotherwisearranged,neitherpartysh
28、allhavetherighttorepresenttheotherparty.除另有安排者外，任何一方无权代表另一方。B) Theconjunction,“whereas”atwhilesconnectstwoindependentclausestoformacompoundsentence,andwehavesimilarconjunctionslike“而”inChinese.InbusinessEnglishcontracts,sometimes“whereas”isusedatthepreambletointroducethebackgroundandpurpose,denotest
29、akingintoconsiderationthefact,introducesadverbialclausesofcondition,andconsequentlyistranslatedintoChinesebyusing“鉴于.”WhereasPartyBhastherightanddesirestotransfertheaforesaidknow-howtoPartyA,thisContractshallcomeintoforcefromthedateofexecutionhereofbyPartyAandPartyB.鉴于乙方有权并愿意向甲方转让上述专有技术，本合同自甲方和乙方签署之
30、日生效。C) Weshouldpayspecialattentiontotheparticularusageoftheconjunction“where”inbusinessEnglishcontracts;“where”introducestheadverbialclausesofconditionandmeans“如果”,“若”inChinese.Thiskindofusageisusuallyfoundinthelegalstyle,butisseldomadoptedinotherstyles.Wherethereexistsarelationshipofadministratives
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