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1、考研阅读历年真题长难句荟萃1.The American economic system is organized around a basicallyprivate-enterprise,market-oriented economy in which consumerslargely determine what shall be produced by spending their moneyin the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.1.美国的经济是以基本的私有企业和市场导向经济为架构的，在这种经
2、济中，消费者很大程度上通过在市场上为那些他们最想要的货品和服务付费来决定什么应该被制造出来。2.Thus,in the American economic system it is the demand ofindividual consumers,coupled with the desire of businessmen tomaximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize theirincomes,that together determine what shall be produced and howresource
3、s are used to produce it.3.If,on the other hand,producing more of a commodity results inreducing its cost,this will tend to increase the supply offeredby seller-producers,which in turn will lower the price and permitmore consumers to buy the product.4.In the American economy,the concept of private p
4、roperty embracesnot only the ownership of productive resources but also certainrights,including the right to determine the price of a product orto make a free contract with another private individual.5.At the same time these computers record which hours are busiestand which employers are the most ef
5、ficient,allowing personnel andstaffing assignments to be made accordingly.And they also identifypreferred customers for promotional campaigns.6.Numerous other commercial enterprises,from theaters to magazinepublishers,from gas and electric utilities to milk processors,bring better and more efficient
6、 services to consumers through theuse of computers.7.Exceptional children are different in some significant way fromothers of the same age For these children to develop to their fulladult potential,their education must be adapted to thosedifferences.8.The great interest in exceptional children shown
7、 in publiceducation over the past three decades indicates the strong feelingin our society that all citizens,whatever their specialconditions,deserve the opportunity to fully develop theircapabilities.9.It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods atreasonable price,thereby establishin
8、g a firm home market and somaking it possible to provide for export at competitive prices.10.Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament governthe terms of advertising,no regular advertiser dare promote aproduct that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements.2.因此，在美国的经济体系中，个
9、体消费者的需求与商人试图最大化其利润的欲望和个人想最大化其收入效用的欲望相结合，一起决定了什么应该被制造，以及资源如何被用来制造它们。3.另一方面，如果大量制造某种商品导致其成本下降，那么这就有可能增加卖方和制造商能提供的供给，而这也就会反过来降低价格并允许更多的消费者购买产品。4.在美国经济中，私有财产的概念不仅包含对生产资源的所有权，也指其他一些特定的权利，如确定一个产品价格和与另一个私人个体（经济单位）自由签定合同的权利。5 .同时这些计算机记录下哪些时间是最忙的，哪些员工工作效率最高，这样就能相应地做出人员人事安排。而且它们（计算机）也能为促销活动找到那些拥有优先权的顾客。6 .不计其
10、数的其他商业企业，从剧院到杂志出版商，从公用燃气电力设施到牛奶处理厂，都通过计算机的使用给消费者带来更好、更有效率的服务。7 .残疾儿童在许多关键方面都与其同龄人不同。为了让这些孩子发展其全部的成人后的潜能，他们的教育必须适应这些不同。8 .在过去的30年中，公共教育中显示的对残疾儿童的巨大关注表明了我们社会中的一种中强烈的情绪，那就是所有的公民，不管其情况有多特殊,都应享有充分发展其能力的机会。9 .它（广告）能够直接帮助货物以比较合理的价格被迅速分销出去，因此可以（使公司）建立一个坚固的国内市场，同时也使以具有竞争力的价格提供出口变得可能。1 0 .除去议会有2 7 件法案来规范广告的条件
11、，没有任何一个正式的广告商敢于推销一种商品却不能兑现其在广告中的承诺。1 1 .If its messa ge w ere c onfined merely to informa tion a nd tha t initself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve,for evena detail such as the choice of the color of a shirt is subtlypersuasive-advertising wound be so boring that no one wound pay anya
12、ttention.12.The workers who gets a promotion,the student whose gradesimprove,the foreigner who learns a new language-all these areexamples of people who have measurable results to show for thereefforts.13.As families move away from their stable community,their friendsof many years,their extended fam
13、ily relationships,the informalflow of information is cut off,and with it the confidence thatinformation will be available when needed and will be trustworthyand reliable.14.The individual now has more information available than anygeneration,and the task of finding that one piece of informationrelev
14、ant to his or her specific problem is complicated,time-consuming,and sometimes even overwhelming.15.Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing,and problems in dispute can be settled without the participantsleaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conferencesite.16.The
15、current passion for making children compete against theirclassmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system,inwhich competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B typefellows.17.While talking to you,your could-be employer is deciding whetheryour education,your experience,and other
16、 qualifications will payhim to employ you and your wares and abilities must be displayedin an orderly and reasonably connected manner.18.The Corporation will survive as a publicly funded broadcastingorganization,at least for the time being,but its role,its sizeand its programs are now the subject of
17、 a nation wide debate inBritain.19.The debate was launched by the Government,which invited anyonewith an opinion of the BBC-including ordinary listeners and viewerto say what was good or bad about the Corporation,and even whetherthey thought it was worth keeping.20.The change met the technical requi
18、rements of the new age byengaging a large profess signal element and prevented the declinein efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firmsin the second and third generation after the energetic founders.11.如果其信息只被局限于告知一一就广告而言，如果这不是完全不可能达到的，也是非常难做的，因为即便是一个诸如衬衫的颜色的选择这样的细节都会具有微妙的说服意味，
19、那么广告就会如此地乏味以至于没有人会关注它。12.得到了升迁的工人们，成绩进步的学生，学会了一门新语言的外国人一一这些都是那些有可衡量的结果宋显示其努力的人们的例证。13.随着家庭离开他们原来稳定的社区，离开他们多年的朋友和扩展的家庭关系，非正式的信息流动被切断了，随之而去的是对在需要时能获得可靠和值得信赖的信息的信心。14.现在每个人能够得到的信息比任何时代的人都多，而找到与他/她的特定问题相关的那一点信息的任务不仅复杂、耗时，有时甚至令人难以招架。15.通过远程会议，专家知识可以在全世界范围内被分享，而争论的问题能够得到解决，同时相关人员也不必离开他们的家庭或工作跑到一个遥远的开会地点。1
20、6.现在这种让孩子们和其同学或时间竞争的热情导致了一个双层结构，在这个结构里面善于竞争的A类好像在某个方面要比他们B类的同辈更胜一筹。17.在跟你谈话的时候，可能成为你的雇主的人就一直在衡量你的教育、经验和其他资格是不是值得他雇用你，而你的商品和能力一定要以一种有条不紊而且合情合理的相互关联的方式被展示出来。18.英国广播公司将作为一个公共基金支持的广播组织存在下来，至少目前会这样，但是它的角色、它的规模和它的节目现在在英国成了全国上下的讨论话题。19.这场辩论是由政府发动的，政府请任何一个对英国广播公司有意见的人一包括普通的听众和观众一来说说这个公司好在哪里或坏在哪里，甚至要说说他们是否认为
21、这个公司值得被保留下来。20.这种变化通过引入许多的专业因素从而适应了这个新时代的技术要求，并且它（这种变化）防止了效率的降低。这种效率的降低在精力充沛的创业者之后的第二代和第三代人（领导公司）的时候，经常会毁掉那些家族公司的财富。21.Such large,impersonal manipulation of capital and industrygreatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as aclass,an element in national life representing irresponsib
22、lewealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners:andalmost equally detached from the responsible management ofbusiness.22.Towns like Bournemouth and East bourne sprang up to house large“comfortable“classes who had retired on their incomes,and whohad no relation to the rest of the com
23、munity except that of drawingdividends and occasionally attending a shareholders meeting todictate their orders to the management.23.The“shareholders as such had no knowledge of the lives,thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in whichhe held shares,and his influence on the relatio
24、ns of capital andlabor was not good.24.The paid manager acting for the company was in more directrelation with the men and their demands,but even he had seldom thatfamiliar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer hadoften had under the more patriarchal system of the old familybusiness n
25、ow passing away.25.Among the many shaping factors,I would single out the country，sexcellent elementary schools:a labor force that welcomed the newtechnology；the practice of giving premiums to inventors;andabove all the American genius for nonverbal,“spatial“thinkingabout things technological.26.As E
26、ugene Ferguson has pointed out,“A technologist thinks aboutobjects that can not be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions:they are dealt with in his mind by a visual,nonverbal process.Thedesigner and the inventor.,are able to assemble and manipulatein their minds devices that as yet do not exist
27、”.27.Robert Fulton once wrote,“The mechanic should sit down amonglevers,screws,wedges,wheel,etc,like a poet among the lettersof the alphabet,considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts,in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea”.28.In the last three chapters,he takes off his gloves and gi
28、vesthe creationists a good beating.He describes their programs and,tactics,and,for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists,the extent of their deception and distortion may come as anunpleasant surprise.29.On the dust jacket of this fine book,Stephen Jay Gould says:“This book stands for reason
29、 itself.And so it does-and all woundbe well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolutiondebate.30.After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hotparliamentary debates,Australia;s Northern Territory became thefirst legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the livesof inc
30、urably ill patients who wish to die.21.这样巨大而非个人的对资金和产业的操纵极大地增加了股东的数量和他们作为一个阶级的重要性，这是国家生活中代表不负责任的财富的一个因素，这种财富不但远离了土地和土地拥有者的责任，而且几乎同样与公司的负责任的管理毫无关系。22.像伯恩茅斯和伊斯特本这样的城镇的涌现是为了给那些数量很多的舒适”阶级提供居住场所。这些人依赖于其丰厚收入而不工作，他们除了分红和偶尔参加一下股东大会，向管理层口授一下自己的命令之外，跟社会的其他阶层毫无瓜葛。2 3 .这样的股东对他拥有股份的公司所雇用的工人们的生活、思想和需求一无所知，而且他们对劳资
31、双方的关系都不会产生积极的影响。2 4 .代表公司的花钱雇来的经理与工人及其需求的关系更加直接，但是就连他对工人们也没有那种熟识的私人之间的了解。而在现在正在消失的古老家族公司的那种更加家长式的制度下的雇主们却常常对他们的工人有这样的私人关系。2 5.在许多形成因素当中，我将挑选出这些：这个国家优秀的小学教育：欢迎新技术的劳动者们：奖励发明者的做法；而且最重要的是美国人在对那些技术性事物的非言语的、空间性的思考方面的天赋。2 6 .正如尤金？弗格森所指出的那样：一个技术专家思考那些不能被简化成能被清楚的语言描述的东西。这些东西在他的思维中是通过一种视觉的、非语言表述的过程宋处理的 设计者和发明
32、者 能够在他们的脑中装配并操作那些还不存在的装置。2 7.罗伯特?法欧特曾经这样写到：一个技师会坐在杠杆、螺丝钉、楔子、轮子等等当中，就像一个诗人沉浸在字母表的字母中，把这些字母看成自己思想的展示，在这样的展示中，每种新的次序安排都传达了一种新的思想。“28.在最后三章中，他脱下手套，将神造论者好好地揍了一顿。他描述了他们的活动和战术，而且，对于那些对神造论者的做事方式刁；熟悉的人来说，神造论者的欺骗和扭曲事实的程度可能会令这些人有一种不快的诧异。29.在这本杰出的书的外纸封面上，史蒂芬?杰伊?古尔德写道：”这本书本身就代表理性。而它确实是这样的一而且如果理性成为神造论/地化论之间的辩论中的惟
33、一评判标准的话，一切就都好办了。30.经过了六个月的争论以及最后1 6个小时激烈的议会辩论，澳大利亚北部地区成了世界上第一个允许医生终止希望死去的绝症病人生命的立法当局。31.Some have breathed sighs of relief,others,including churches,right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association,bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage.But thetide is unlikely to turn bac
34、k.32.In Australia-where an aging population,life-extendingtechnology and changing community attitudes have all played theirpart other states are going to consider making a similar law to dealwith euthanasia.33.There are,of course,exceptions.Small-minded officials,rudewaiters,and ill mannered taxi dr
35、ivers are hardly unknown in theUS.Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deservescomment.34.We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use ofsubstances(drugs)is pervasive:an aspirin to quiet a headache,some wine to be sociable,coffee to get going in the morning,acigarette fo
36、r the nerves.35.Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance,with moreand more of the substance required to produce the desired effect,and then by the appearance of unpleasant with drawal symptoms whenthe substance is discontinued.36.“Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers
37、?Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week.Youhave sold your souls,but must you corrupt our nation and threatenour children as well?37.“The test of any democratic society,he wrote in a Wall StreetJournal column,lies not in how well it can control expressionbut in whether it gives fr
38、eedom of thought and expression thewidest possible latitude,however disputable or irritating theresults may sometimes be”38.During the discussion of rock singing verses at last monthsstockholders，meeting,Levin asserted that music is not the causeof society，s ills“and even cited his son,a teacher in
39、the Bronx,New York,who uses rap to communicate with students.39.Much of the language used to describe monetary policy,such as“steering the economy to a soft landing of a touch on the brakes”,makes it sound like a precise science.Nothing could be further fromthe truth.40.Economists have been particul
40、arly surprised by favorableinflation figures in Britain and the United States,since,conventional measures suggest that both economies,and especiallyAmerica，s,have little productive slack.31.一些机构终于松了一口气，但是其他一些机构，包括教堂，倡导生命之权的团体和澳大利亚医学协会，尖锐地抨击这个法案，指责法案的通过过于匆忙。但是大势已定，不可逆转。32.在澳大利亚一人口老龄化，延长寿命的技术和变化看的社会态度
41、，这些因素都在发挥作用一一其他的州也会考虑制定相似的关于安乐死的法律。33.当然，例外是存在的。在美国，心胸狭窄的官员，粗鲁的传者，和没有礼貌的出租车司机也并不少见。然而人们常常得出这样的观察意见，这使得它值得被讨论一下。34.我们生活在一种药品（毒品）的医学用途和社会用途都很广泛的社会里：一片用来止头痛的阿斯匹林，一些用来社交的葡萄酒，早上自己提提神所喝的咖啡，一支用来定神的香烟。35.对药品的依赖性首先表现为不断增长的耐药量，要产生想得到的效果所需要的药品剂量越来越大，然后表现为当停止用药后，令人不快的停药症状的出现。36.上星期参议员罗博特多尔质问时代华纳公司的高级管理人员们：难道这就是
42、你们希望能够成就的事业？你们已经出卖了自己的灵魂，但是难道你们还非要腐化我们的国家，威胁我们的孩子们吗?”37.对任何一个民主社会的考验，”他 在 华尔街杂志的一个专栏文章中写到，不在于它能够多有效地控制各种意见的表达，而在于这个社会是否能给予思考和表达的尽可能广泛的自由，不管有时候这种结果是多么的富有争议或令人不快.”38.在-上个月的股东大会上关于摇滚歌词的讨论中，莱文宣称说：音 乐不是社会问题的原因，他甚至还以他的儿子为例。他的儿子是纽约州布朗克斯的一个教师，并用说唱音乐与学生们进行沟通。39.有很多用于描述货币政策的词汇，例如轻踩刹车”以操纵经济软着陆“，使货币政策听起来像是一门精确的
43、科学。没有什么比这更远离实际情况的了。40.经济学家们对英国和美国的有利的通货膨胀数据尤其感到惊讶，因为传统的计量方法显示两国的经济，特别是美国的经济，几乎没有生产萧条的时候。41.The most thrilling explanation is,unfortunately,a littledefective.Some economists argue that powerful structural changesin the world have upended the old economic models that were basedupon the historical link
44、 between growth and inflation.42.The Aswan Dam,for example,stopped the Nile flooding butdeprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left-all in returnfor a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt thatit barely generates electricity.43.New ways of organizing the workplace-all that
45、re-engineeringand downsizing-are only one contribution to the overallproductivity of an economy,which is driven by many other factorssuch as joint investment in equipment and machinery,new technology,and investment in education and training,44.His colleague,Michael Beer,says that far too many compan
46、ieshave applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion,chopping outcosts without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability.45.Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetingssuch as The F light from Science and Reason”,held in New York Cityin 1995,and Science in the Age o
47、f(Mis)information,whichassembled last June near Buffalo.46.A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the antisciencetag has been attached to many other groups as well,from authoritieswho advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks ofsmallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decrease
48、d funding forbasic research.47.The true enemies of science,argues Paul Ehrlich of StanfordUniversity,a pioneer of environmental studies,are those whoquestion the evidence supporting global warming,the depletion ofthe ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.48.This development-and its
49、 strong implication for US politicsand economy in years ahead-has enthroned the South as Americasmost densely populated region for the first time in the history ofthe nation，s head counting.49.Often they choose-and still are choosing-somewhat colderclimates such as Oregon,Idaho and Alaska in order t
50、o escape smogcrime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.50.As a result,Californias growth rate dropped during the 1970s,to 18.5 percent-little more than two thirds the I960s growthfigure and considerably below that of other Western states.41.很不幸，这最令人震惊的解释有一点缺陷。一些经济学家认为世界经济结构的强有力的变化已