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1、英汉词汇对比英汉词汇对比英汉词汇对比英汉词汇对比Lecture 02Lecture 02Lecture 02Lecture 02Contrastive Analysis of English Contrastive Analysis of English and Chinese Vocabulariesand Chinese VocabulariesI.Contrast in Word-buildingp Similarities:3 major ways of word-building in English and Chinese:composition,conversion,deriva
2、tion(affixation)p In English Composition:motherland,blackboard,waterworks,handwriting,silkworm,outbreak,easy-going,home-made,whitewash;The United Stated is a“do-it-yourself”country.Conversion:paper the window,empty the basket,elbow ones way,ups and downs,many ifs;He bicycled off a moment ago.Derivat
3、ion:able-unable,take-mistake,hope-hopeless-hopelessness,act-inaction.p In Chinese:Composition:并列式：语言，改革，树立，遥远，左右，出入，好歹；并列式：语言，改革，树立，遥远，左右，出入，好歹；偏正式：学分，本科，红糖，笑声，新衣；偏正式：学分，本科，红糖，笑声，新衣；主谓式（主从式）：耳闻，目睹，脸红，胆小，月明；主谓式（主从式）：耳闻，目睹，脸红，胆小，月明；动宾式：思甜，攻关，灭火，开车，忆苦，踢球；动宾式：思甜，攻关，灭火，开车，忆苦，踢球；补充式：提前，救活，改善，说明，调好；补充式：提前，
4、救活，改善，说明，调好；重迭式：平平安安，高高兴兴，懒洋洋，亮晶晶，方方面面重迭式：平平安安，高高兴兴，懒洋洋，亮晶晶，方方面面 Note:英语中主谓式词语较少：英语中主谓式词语较少：eyestrain,heartburn,face-ache英语中动宾式或动补式也较少：英语中动宾式或动补式也较少：do-all,breakneck,make-peaceI.Contrast in Word-building Conversion:一棵大树，一棵大树，十年树人；十年树人；出售油漆，油漆门窗；出售油漆，油漆门窗；鸡鸭鱼肉，鱼肉百姓；鸡鸭鱼肉，鱼肉百姓；他在办公室，他在办公室打电话；他在办公室，他在办公
5、室打电话；安全第一，不太安全；安全第一，不太安全；今天真热，把饭热一下；今天真热，把饭热一下；廉颇老矣，尚能饭否？廉颇老矣，尚能饭否？I.Contrast in Word-building 后缀（后缀（Suffix）：）：手手 助手，舵手，选手，帮手，一把手；助手，舵手，选手，帮手，一把手；年年 幼年，晚年，青少年，周年，光年；幼年，晚年，青少年，周年，光年；子子 金子，银子，票子，耗子，妻子，爱面子；金子，银子，票子，耗子，妻子，爱面子；头头 外头，对头，拳头，风头，枕头，苗头；外头，对头，拳头，风头，枕头，苗头；其中表示人的后缀有其中表示人的后缀有“员，者，家，师，士员，者，家，师，士”等
6、，相当于等，相当于英语中的后缀：英语中的后缀：-er,-or,-eer,-ian,-ist等。等。I.Contrast in Word-buildingII.Contrast in Syllablesp Similarities:Both languages have monosyllabic word(单音节词单音节词)，bi-syllabic(双音节词双音节词)and poly-syllabic(多音节词多音节词).e.g.-我我;study-学习学习;perseverance-锲而不舍锲而不舍 Both languages have Onomatopias Tick-嘀嗒（钟表声）嘀嗒（
7、钟表声）;baa-咩咩（绵羊或羔羊叫声）咩咩（绵羊或羔羊叫声）Both languages have simplified forms Advertisementad numberno.马克思主义、列宁主义马克思主义、列宁主义马列主义；马列主义；業業业；业；鞏鞏巩；巩；高等院校高等院校高校，高校，公共关系公共关系公关；公关；p Differences1.1.汉语中既有字也有词汉语中既有字也有词,而英语中一般只称作词。而英语中一般只称作词。汉语里的连绵词汉语里的连绵词,分开叫字分开叫字,合起来叫词。如：合起来叫词。如：英语的词与词之间有空格，而汉语的词与词之间无空格，每个字英语的词与词之间有空格
8、，而汉语的词与词之间无空格，每个字所占位置几乎一样大。所占位置几乎一样大。汉语除了汉语除了构词法构词法外外,还有还有“六书六书”构字法构字法,即：即：指事：用象征性符号或在图形上加些指示性符号表示意义。如指事：用象征性符号或在图形上加些指示性符号表示意义。如 象形：如象形：如 会意：如会意：如 形声：用义符（形旁）和音符（声旁）组合起来造字，如形声：用义符（形旁）和音符（声旁）组合起来造字，如 转注转注:如考老同属老部而又可以互训如考老同属老部而又可以互训 假借：依照它的声音假借：依照它的声音“假借假借”一个一个“同音字同音字”来表达意义，如：来表达意义，如：II.Contrast in Sy
9、llables上上 下、一、二、三下、一、二、三山、水、月、日、马山、水、月、日、马从、众从、众 、尘、尘虾、烤、裳、吐、杆、氨、理、忘虾、烤、裳、吐、杆、氨、理、忘澎湃澎湃,鸳鸯鸳鸯,徘徊徘徊难难”原是鸟名原是鸟名,借为借为“艰难艰难”之难之难;“;“长长”是长发是长发,借为长久之长借为长久之长 p SimilaritiesSimilarities English and Chinese has similar word class.English and Chinese has similar word class.notional word(notional word(实词实词实词实词)
10、：noun,verb,adjective,noun,verb,adjective,adverb,pronoun,numeral.adverb,pronoun,numeral.functional word(functional word(虚词虚词虚词虚词):prepositions,conjunctions):prepositions,conjunctions onomatopoeia(onomatopoeia(象声词象声词象声词象声词)p Differences DifferencesEnglish has articles,while Chinese has unit word(Engli
11、sh has articles,while Chinese has unit word(量量量量词词词词)and exclamation()and exclamation(语气词语气词语气词语气词).).III.Contrast in word classIII-1 One word,different classespp In both English and Chinese,there are words which In both English and Chinese,there are words which belong to different classes,and thusb
12、elong to different classes,and thus have different meanings.have different meanings.pp Examples:like Examples:like LikeLike charges repel;unlike charges attract.charges repel;unlike charges attract.相同的电荷相斥；不同的电荷相吸。相同的电荷相斥；不同的电荷相吸。相同的电荷相斥；不同的电荷相吸。相同的电荷相斥；不同的电荷相吸。(adj.)(adj.)He He likeslikes playing b
13、adminton.playing badminton.他喜欢打羽毛球。他喜欢打羽毛球。他喜欢打羽毛球。他喜欢打羽毛球。(v.)(v.)Lucy is Lucy is likelike her mother.her mother.露西长的象妈妈露西长的象妈妈露西长的象妈妈露西长的象妈妈(prep.)(prep.)LikeLike knows knows likelike.惺惺相惜惺惺相惜惺惺相惜惺惺相惜(n.)(n.)p.s.p.s.水浒传水浒传水浒传水浒传.第一回第一回第一回第一回 惺惺惜惺惺，好汉识好汉惺惺惜惺惺，好汉识好汉惺惺惜惺惺，好汉识好汉惺惺惜惺惺，好汉识好汉 I love my l
14、ove with an E,because shes enticing;I hate her with an E,because shes engaged;I took her to the sign of the exquisite,and treated her with an elopement;her names Emily,and she lives in the east.(Dickens,David Copperfield)译文译文1：我我爱爱我我的的爱爱人人为为了了一一个个E，因因为为她她是是Enticing(迷迷人人的的)；我我恨恨我我的的爱爱人人为为了了一一个个E,因因为为
15、她她是是Engaged(订订了了婚婚的的)。我我用用我我 的的 爱爱 人人 象象 征征 Exquisite(美美 妙妙)，我我 劝劝 我我 的的 爱爱 人人 从从 事事Elopement(私私奔奔)，她她的的名名字字是是Emily(爱爱弥弥丽丽)，她她的的住住处处在在East(东方东方)。（董秋斯）。（董秋斯）Exercise:Comment on the following translation with the knowledge in this section译文译文3 3：我我爱爱我我的的那那个个“丽丽”，可可爱爱迷迷人人有有魅魅力力；我我恨恨我我的的那那个个“丽丽”，要要和和他他人
16、人结结伉伉俪俪；她她文文雅雅大大方方又又美美丽丽，和和我我出出逃逃去去游历；游历；她芳名就叫爱米丽，家住东方人俏丽。（马红军）她芳名就叫爱米丽，家住东方人俏丽。（马红军）I love my love with an E,because shes enticing;I hate her with an E,because shes engaged;I took her to the sign of the exquisite,and treated her with an elopement;her names Emily,and she lives in the east.(Dickens,D
17、avid Copperfield)Exercise:Comment on the following translation with the knowledge in this section译文译文4 4：我我爱爱我我的的心心上上人人，因因为为她她那那样样地地叫叫人人入入迷迷（enticing）；我我恨恨我我的的心心上上人人，因因为为她她已已订订婚婚将将作作他他人人妻妻（engaged）；她她花花容容月月貌貌无无可可比比拟拟（exquisite），我我劝劝她她私私奔奔跟跟我我在在一一起起（elopement）；她她的的名名字字叫叫埃埃米米莉莉（Emily），她她的的家家就就在在东东城城里里
18、（east）。我我为为我我的的心心上上人人呀呀，一一切切都都因因为为这这个个E！（陆陆乃圣）乃圣）I love my love with an E,because shes enticing;I hate her with an E,because shes engaged;I took her to the sign of the exquisite,and treated her with an elopement;her names Emily,and she lives in the east.(Dickens,David Copperfield)Exercise:Comment on
19、 the following translation with the knowledge in this section1）affective meaning（情感意义）（情感意义）Meaning with appreciative or pejorative implication.(1)slim,lender,thin,skinny,bony,skeletal(2)“鼠目寸光鼠目寸光”、“狼子野心狼子野心”,“鞠躬尽瘁鞠躬尽瘁”、“雄姿英雄姿英发发”、“福如东海福如东海”(3)龙龙/dragon;共产主义共产主义/Communism;宣传宣传/propaganda;个人主义个人主义/in
20、dividualism;爱人爱人/loverIV.Classification of word meaning2)collocative meaning（搭配意义）（搭配意义）heavy box：很重的盒子很重的盒子heavy storm：大暴雨：大暴雨heavy smoker：烟抽得多的人烟抽得多的人heavy news：令人忧愁的消息令人忧愁的消息heavy schedule：排得很紧的日程排得很紧的日程1 这座城这座城东西东西两公里，南北五公里。两公里，南北五公里。2 雾很大，十几米以外的雾很大，十几米以外的东西东西就看不见了。就看不见了。3 民主是个好民主是个好东西东西。4 大熊猫真是
21、个稀罕大熊猫真是个稀罕东西东西。5 他真不是个他真不是个东西东西。IV.Classification of word meaning3.Grammatical meaning（语法意义）（语法意义）Mrs.Fields has opened more than 200 cookie shops in north America.More than 200 cookie shops have been opened in north America.IV.Classification of word meaningq More flexible in meaning.q Broader in s
22、emantic fields.q More contextualized.q More abstractEnglishChineseq More exact in meaning.q Narrower in semantic fields.q less contextualized.q More concreteV.Contrast in word meaning 一般说来，英语词义比较灵活，词的涵义范围比较宽，比较一般说来，英语词义比较灵活，词的涵义范围比较宽，比较丰富多变，词义对上下文的依赖性比较大，独立性比较小。丰富多变，词义对上下文的依赖性比较大，独立性比较小。汉语词义比较严谨，词的涵
23、义范围比较狭窄，比较精确、固汉语词义比较严谨，词的涵义范围比较狭窄，比较精确、固定，词义的伸缩性和对上下文的依赖性较小，独立性比较大。定，词义的伸缩性和对上下文的依赖性较小，独立性比较大。英语一向被认为是一种适应性、可塑性比较强的语言，它的英语一向被认为是一种适应性、可塑性比较强的语言，它的适应性和可塑性突出地表现在词义的灵活性上。汉语不同于适应性和可塑性突出地表现在词义的灵活性上。汉语不同于英语。汉语源远流长，尤其独特的民族文化和历史传统，用英语。汉语源远流长，尤其独特的民族文化和历史传统，用词讲求词义精确、规范、严谨，历来以词义多流变、重晦谲词讲求词义精确、规范、严谨，历来以词义多流变、重
24、晦谲为不法、诫绝生造词义。为不法、诫绝生造词义。-刘宓庆文体与翻译刘宓庆文体与翻译 一般认为英语单词比汉语单词具有更多的词义。一般认为英语单词比汉语单词具有更多的词义。一般认为英语单词比汉语单词具有更多的词义。一般认为英语单词比汉语单词具有更多的词义。-蔡基刚蔡基刚蔡基刚蔡基刚QuotesppPartial equivalence of conceptual meaning Partial equivalence of conceptual meaning Broader VS Narrower(Broader VS Narrower(广义广义广义广义VS VS 狭义狭义狭义狭义)Englis
25、h English Chinese Chinese marry-marry-娶；嫁娶；嫁娶；嫁娶；嫁 uncle-uncle-伯父；叔父；姑父；叔叔；伯伯伯父；叔父；姑父；叔叔；伯伯伯父；叔父；姑父；叔叔；伯伯伯父；叔父；姑父；叔叔；伯伯 aunt -aunt -伯母；婶母；姑母；阿姨；大娘伯母；婶母；姑母；阿姨；大娘伯母；婶母；姑母；阿姨；大娘伯母；婶母；姑母；阿姨；大娘 rose -rose -玫瑰；月季玫瑰；月季玫瑰；月季玫瑰；月季 EnglishEnglish Chinese Chineseintroduce;recommend-introduce;recommend-介绍介绍介绍介绍
26、 borrow;lend-borrow;lend-借借借借 factory;plant;mill;work-factory;plant;mill;work-工厂工厂工厂工厂 company;corporation-company;corporation-公司公司公司公司V-1.Contrast in conceptual meaningAbstract VS Concrete(Abstract VS Concrete(抽象抽象抽象抽象VS VS 具体具体具体具体)beauty-beauty-美；美；美；美；美人美人美人美人 freedom-freedom-自由；自由权自由；自由权自由；自由权自
27、由；自由权 justice-justice-正义；正义感正义；正义感正义；正义感正义；正义感 General Vs specific(General Vs specific(一般一般一般一般VSVS个别个别个别个别)cloth-cloth-布匹；布匹；布匹；布匹；衣服衣服衣服衣服family-family-家；家；家；家；家人家人家人家人V-1.Contrast in conceptual meaningppZero correspondence in conceptual meaningZero correspondence in conceptual meaning These words
28、 are usually culture-bound ones.These words are usually culture-bound ones.Example in English Example in EnglishWatergate-Watergate-水门事件水门事件水门事件水门事件 Mass-Mass-弥撒弥撒弥撒弥撒 yo-yoyo-yo（溜溜球）（溜溜球）（溜溜球）（溜溜球）tango-tango-探戈探戈探戈探戈jazz-jazz-爵士乐爵士乐爵士乐爵士乐soap opera-soap opera-肥皂剧肥皂剧肥皂剧肥皂剧bagpipe-bagpipe-风笛风笛风笛风笛Se
29、nate-Senate-参议院参议院参议院参议院 Halloween-Halloween-万圣节万圣节万圣节万圣节 Dink-Dink-丁克丁克丁克丁克kilt-kilt-苏格兰方格呢短裙苏格兰方格呢短裙苏格兰方格呢短裙苏格兰方格呢短裙rifle-rifle-来复枪来复枪来复枪来复枪hotdog-hotdog-热狗热狗热狗热狗pan-pan-平底锅平底锅平底锅平底锅 Baby boom-Baby boom-婴儿潮婴儿潮婴儿潮婴儿潮the beat generation-the beat generation-垮掉的一代垮掉的一代垮掉的一代垮掉的一代V-1.Contrast in concept
30、ual meaningppApproximate equivalence in associative meaning Approximate equivalence in associative meaning V-2.Contrast in associative meaning汉语汉语汉语汉语/英语英语英语英语联想意义联想意义联想意义联想意义蛇蛇蛇蛇/snake/snake猪猪猪猪/pig/pig鸽子鸽子鸽子鸽子/pigeon/pigeon羊羊羊羊/sheep/sheep蜜蜂蜜蜂蜜蜂蜜蜂/bee/bee狼狼狼狼/wolf/wolf驴子驴子驴子驴子/ass/ass变色龙变色龙变色龙变色龙/
31、chameleon/chameleon鹦鹉鹦鹉鹦鹉鹦鹉/parrot/parrot麻雀麻雀麻雀麻雀/magpie/magpie驴驴驴驴/ass/ass鳄鱼鳄鱼鳄鱼鳄鱼/crocodile/crocodileppPartial equivalence Partial equivalence in associative meaning in associative meaning ppE.gE.g“猫头鹰猫头鹰猫头鹰猫头鹰”and“owl”and“owl”Similar meaning:a person who likes working at night.Similar meaning:a p
32、erson who likes working at night.Different meanings:Different meanings:Chinese:bad luck,misfortuneChinese:bad luck,misfortune“夜猫子进宅，无事不来夜猫子进宅，无事不来夜猫子进宅，无事不来夜猫子进宅，无事不来”。English:person who is intelligent,or looks serious English:person who is intelligent,or looks serious He is as wise as an He is as w
33、ise as an owlowl.他像猫头鹰一样聪明。他像猫头鹰一样聪明。他像猫头鹰一样聪明。他像猫头鹰一样聪明。He is always as grave as an He is always as grave as an owlowl.他总是板起面孔，神情严肃。他总是板起面孔，神情严肃。他总是板起面孔，神情严肃。他总是板起面孔，神情严肃。Idioms:Idioms:take the owltake the owl（发火）（发火）（发火）（发火）as drunk as a boiled owlas drunk as a boiled owl（烂醉如泥）（烂醉如泥）（烂醉如泥）（烂醉如泥）as
34、 blind as an owlas blind as an owl（眼瞎）。（眼瞎）。（眼瞎）。（眼瞎）。V-2.Contrast in associative meaningppZero-equivalence Zero-equivalence in associative meaning in associative meaning Only with associative meaning in Chinese Only with associative meaning in Chinese“猫猫猫猫”与与与与catcat Chinese:“Chinese:“馋猫馋猫馋猫馋猫”比喻比喻
35、比喻比喻“嘴馋贪吃的人嘴馋贪吃的人嘴馋贪吃的人嘴馋贪吃的人”,带有亲昵色彩带有亲昵色彩带有亲昵色彩带有亲昵色彩,或或或或者将乖巧的女孩子形容为者将乖巧的女孩子形容为者将乖巧的女孩子形容为者将乖巧的女孩子形容为“温柔的小猫咪温柔的小猫咪温柔的小猫咪温柔的小猫咪”。English:catEnglish:cat（猫）常用来形容（猫）常用来形容（猫）常用来形容（猫）常用来形容“尖酸刻薄、爱在背后说别人尖酸刻薄、爱在背后说别人尖酸刻薄、爱在背后说别人尖酸刻薄、爱在背后说别人坏话的女人坏话的女人坏话的女人坏话的女人”,或者或者或者或者“泼妇泼妇泼妇泼妇;心地恶毒的女人心地恶毒的女人心地恶毒的女人心地恶毒的
36、女人”。“Scarlett,you remember how he ran after you last“Scarlett,you remember how he ran after you last Christmas.”Christmas.”“Dont be a “Dont be a catcat,miss,”said her mother.,miss,”said her mother.(M.Mitchell:Gone with the wind,Ch.5(M.Mitchell:Gone with the wind,Ch.5）“Olney hates me!”she exclaimed p
37、assionately.And I hate Olney hates me!”she exclaimed passionately.And I hate Olney.I feel always like a Olney.I feel always like a catcat when he is around.I feel that I when he is around.I feel that I must be nasty to himmust be nasty to him，and even when I dont happen to feel and even when I dont
38、happen to feel that waythat way，whywhy，he is nasty to mehe is nasty to me，anyway.But I am happy anyway.But I am happy with Martin Eden.”with Martin Eden.”（J.LondonJ.London：Martin EdenMartin Eden，Ch.19Ch.19）V-2.Contrast in associative meaningppZero-equivalence Zero-equivalence in associative meaning
39、in associative meaning Only with associative meaning in Chinese Only with associative meaning in Chinese“猫猫猫猫”与与与与catcat Idioms:Idioms:old cat old cat“脾气坏的老太婆脾气坏的老太婆脾气坏的老太婆脾气坏的老太婆”；cat likecat like“像猫一样的、偷偷摸摸的像猫一样的、偷偷摸摸的像猫一样的、偷偷摸摸的像猫一样的、偷偷摸摸的”；barbers cat barbers cat“面有病容饥色的人面有病容饥色的人面有病容饥色的人面有病容饥色的人”；copy cat copy cat“看样学样的人看样学样的人看样学样的人看样学样的人”；as sick as a catas sick as a cat形容某人病得很厉害；形容某人病得很厉害；形容某人病得很厉害；形容某人病得很厉害；like a cat on hot brickslike a cat on hot bricks（热砖上的猫（热砖上的猫（热砖上的猫（热砖上的猫-“-“热锅上的蚂蚁热锅上的蚂蚁热锅上的蚂蚁热锅上的蚂蚁”。V-2.Contrast in associative meaning