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1、AntibioticsAntibiotic resistanceAnimations from lectureSynthesis of PeptidoglycanDuring normal bacterial growth,bacterial enzymes called autolysins put breaks in the peptidoglycan in order to allow for insertion of peptidoglycan building blocks(monomers of NAG-NAM-peptide).Transpeptidase enzymes joi
2、n the peptide of one monomer with that of another in order to provide strength to the cell wall.Gary KaiserAnimation Illustrating the Role of Penicillins in Blocking Transpeptidase Enzymes from Assembling the Peptide Cross-Links in PeptidoglycanGary KaiserPenicillins and cephalosporins bind to the t
3、ranspeptidase enzyme and block the formation of the peptide cross-links.This results in a weak cell wall and osmotic lysis of the bacterium.Protein synthesis inhibitorsInhibit translocation(prevent ribosome from moving to the next codon)Inhibit peptide-bond formationBlock the growing chain by linkin
4、g to the peptideInhibit binding of aa-tRNAs(charged tRNAs)Cause misreading of codonsAminoglycosides Interfering with the Translocation of tRNA from the A-site to the P-siteAminoglycosides(streptomycin,neomycin,netilmicin,tobramycin,gentamicin,amikacin,etc)Animation of Tetracyclines Blocking Translat
5、ionMode of Action of Macrolides in BlockingTranslation:Blocking Peptidyltransferasemacrolides(erythromycin,azithromycin,clarithromycin,dirithromycin,troleandomycin,etc.)bind to the 50S subunitAnimation Mechanisms of antibioticsAntibiotics:Methods of control Antibiotics that inhibit translationBacter
6、ial resistance to antibioticsProducing an Enzyme to Destroy or Inactivate the Antibiotic Gary KaiserBacterial resistance to antibioticsProducing an Altered Target Site to which the Antibiotic no Longer Binds Gary KaiserBacterial resistance to antibioticsProducing an Altered Porin in the Outer Membrane of a Gram-Negative Cell Wall Gary KaiserBacterial resistance to antibioticsProducing Transporter Molecules to Pump the Drug Out of the Bacterium Gary Kaiser