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1、DerivationorAffixation:prefixationandsuffixationDefinition:Derivationmaybedefinedasaprocessofformingnewwordsbytheadditionofawordelement,suchasaprefixorsuffixorboth,toanalreadyexistingword.Prefixation:Prefixationmodifiesthelexicalmeaningofthebase(rootform).Theydonotgenerallyalterthewordclassofthebase
2、.e.g.fair-unfairSuffixationistheformationofanewwordbyaddingasuffixtothebase,andusuallychangingthewordclassofthebase.e.g.boy-boyishexception:boy-boyhoodPrefixesthatchangethewordclassbe-:a.v.belittle,befriendde-:n.v.deform,decode,defaulten-:n.v.enslave,encode,entitle,un-:n.v.unleash,unearthanti-:n.a.a
3、nti-war,anti-cancerinter-:n.a.interstate,intercollegepost-:n.a.post-war,postliberationa-:v.a.asleep,alive,Classificationofprefixes1.negative:a-,un-,non-,in-,dis-,2.reversative:un-,de-,dis-,3.pejorative:mis-,mal-,pseudo-4.degreeorsize:arch-,sur-,super-,out-,sub-,over-,under-,hyper-,ultra-,mini-,extra
4、-,macro-,micro-,5.Attitudeanddirection:co-,counter-,contra-,anti-,pro-,6.locative:super-,fore-,inter-,intra-,extra-,tele-,trans-7.timeandorder:ex-,fore-,pre-,post-,re-,8.number:semi-,hemi-,uni-,mono-,bi-,di-,tri-,multi-,poly-,9.others:auto-,neo-,pan-,vice-,anti-,against,opposite,preventingantinuclea
5、r,anti-Fascist,anti-communist,antiracism,antifeminist,antiballistic,antidiabetic,antillergic,anticancer,antifreeze,antigas,antiforeign,antifriction,antimagneticde-,off,from,downdefrost,deduct,decline,deviate,detach,deduce,delete,descend,deposit,designate,decay,deceit,decrease,devalue,defect,defer,de
6、fy,defiance,deficiency,degenerate,degrade,delusion,demolish,denounce,deplete,deplore,deprive,desolate,despair,despise,detain,deteriorate,deficit,detrimental,devastate,devious,decompose,decentralizedecelerate,defame,un-andin-;bothnegativeprefixesunable,inability;unjust,injustice,unequal,inequality(a,
7、n)undigested,indigestible;(participle,adj)undetermined,indeterminate;unceasing,incessant;undiscriminating,indiscriminateuncomplete,incomplete;(bothinuse)unkind,unworthy,foolish,ugly,evil(negativewords)unimportant,uninhabitable(beginningwithin-,im-)inadequate,irrelevant,independent,indefinite,indefen
8、sible(Latinsuffixes)unable,undecided,unsuccessful,unsatisfactory,untrublesome(nativesuffixes)DifferencesUnlike,dislike不像，不喜欢unscientific,non-scientific不科学，非科学unmoral,immoral,amoral不道德的，伤天害理的，与道德无关的uncomfortable,discomfort不舒服的、不愉快的；不安、不适mal-malnutrition,malice,malignant,malaria,maltreatment,malfuncti
9、on,malpracticeExercises:Addaproperprefixtomakethewordoppositeinmeaning_organized,_purity,_logical,_reversible,_existent,_violent,_organize,_proof,_fold,_hook,_biotic,_balance,_act,_clockwise,_accurate,_functione-,ex-:outeject,elaborate,emit,eminent,emotion,erase,erupt,evacuate,evade,evaporate,eviden
10、t,evoke,expect,expand,exclude,exhaust,exhibit,export,expose,express,extend,expert,exit,exceed,excel,except,exclaim,excursion,exile,exotic,expedition,expel,expenditure,expire,explicit,exploit,explore,explode,exterior,external,extinct,extinguish,extract,exempt,extravaganten-,em-:进入;加强意义enclose,encage,
11、engulf,enroll,enlist,embed,encourage,entitle,envelop,emphasis,employ,embrace,embodyempower,encounter,enforce,enjoy,enlighten,encodeIn-immerse,immigrant,imminent,impart,impede,imply,implicit,import,impose,impress,impulse,income,incur,indebted,indicate,induce,infer,inflate,inflict,influence,inform,inh
12、erit,inhabit,inhale,inhibit,inject,inlet,inmate,innate,innovation,input,inquire,inscription,insight,insert,inspect,inspire,install,instinct,instruct,intake,intricate,intrinsic,invade,intrude,invalid,investigate,invest,involve,Pre-,Pro-:precaution,precede,precedent,preclude,predecessor,predict,prefac
13、e,prejudice,premise,pretext,prevail,prevalent,prevent,preview,prestige,presume,previous,prescribe,preheat,prehistoric,preschool,predominant,preliminary,preoccupy,premature,predestination,promise,progress,propose,proceed,procedure,procession,proclaim,profess,prohibit,project,prominent,promote,propel,
14、prophecy,prophet,proposition,prospect,provoke,profound,prolongRe-:again,back;mostproductiverecover,recount,recollect,rechargeablebattery,recycle,retort,recede,refine,reclaim,reconcile,recur,refrain,refresh,refund,refute,reinforce,rejoice,relay,relish,remorse,renovate,repel,retaliate,retard,retrieve,
15、revoke,rehearsal,repay,reject,repress,retrospect,resonance,reproach,sub-undersubdue,subject,sublime,submerge,submit,subordinate,subscribe,subsidize,subsidy,subtle,subtract,suburb,subway,succeed,succession,support,suppress,suffice,suspend,sustain,super-,sur-:over,abovesuperfluous,superficial,superint
16、endent,supersonic,supervise,surface,surpass,surplussurvey,survive,trans-,dia-,per-Transport,transplant,transmit,transect,transatlantic,transcribe,transfuse,translate,transact,transition,transfer,transform,transparentdiagnose,diagonal,diagram,dialogue,dialysis,diameter,perspective,perspire,permeate,p
17、ervade,ad-:ac,acqu-,af-,ag-,alar-,as-,ap-,at-,(to,toward,add)accelerate,accomplish,accompany,accessory,accentuate,account,acquaintanceaffirm,affix,affluent,afflict,aggressive,aggrieve,aggravate,alleviate,allure,aggrandize,annexarrange,array,arrogant,associate,assure,apply,apprehend,appease,approach,
18、attract,attach,attic,attorney,ob:of-,op-(against)offend,oppose词素的变体形变:waggonwagon,travellertraveler,programmeprogram,chequecheck,masquemask,dialoguedialog,colourcolor,centrecenter,aestheticesthetic,hurry,panicpanicking,traffictrafficker,propelpropeller,redreddish,stirstirring,ragragged,barbarrier,re
19、belrebellion,slipslipperychangeabe,courageous,noticeable,wisewisely,simplesimply,noblenoblydeepdepth,founderfundamental,roundrondo,soundresonance,形变形变in-,im-,il-,ir-:impossible,irresponsible,illegal,illiterate,illogical,immoral,impurity,incompletecon-,com,co-,col-,cor-,combat,combine,communicate,com
20、pare,compete,companion,compatible,comply,commemorate,compile,collide,collect,colleague,collaborate,concern,connect,contact,contradict,contrast,consistent,consolidate,congress,conspiracy,converge,confine,cooperate,coordinate,correspond,corridor,corrode,corrupt,same:sym-,syn-,sim-,sympathy,sympathetic
21、,symposium,symphony,symmetry,symmetric,symbolize,symptomsynthesis,synchronize,syndrome,syndicate,synonym,similar,simulate,simultaneous,assimilate词缀的多义性和同义性Someaffixescanhavemorethanonemeaning,anddifferentaffixescanhavethesamemeaning.e.g.-er:cooker,printer,thriller,typewriterin-:inland,inject,incorpo
22、rate,immigrate,imprisondi-:digress,divert,divorcea-:not,atypical,apathetic,asymmetryashore,aside,aboard,aheadembedvt.使插入,使嵌入embodyvt.体现；包含，收录empiricala.经验主义的enclosure n.围绕；围场，围栏endeavor vi.&n.努力，尽力endowvt.资助；赋予，授予endurancen.耐久力，持久力energetic a.积极的；精力旺盛的engagementn.婚约；约会，债务enhancevt.提高，增加；夸张enlightenv
23、t.启发，开导；启蒙enrichvt.使富裕；使丰富enrollvt.登记，招收vi.参军ensuevt.追求vi.跟着发生,继起entailvt.使必需,使承担enterprise n.企业，事业心entertainmentn.娱乐,款待,娱乐表演enthusiastica.热情的，热心的entityn.实体,实存物,存在entrepreneurn.企业家,主办人envisagevt.面对,正视,想象disable v.t使无能，使伤残disastrousa.灾难性的；悲惨的discern v.看出，辨出；辨别disclosev.揭开，揭发；透露discountv.折扣；打折扣卖disgui
24、sevi.隐瞒，掩埋n.假装dismay v/n.惊慌，沮丧，灰心displacevt.移置；取代；置换disposition n.性情,处置,处理,布置disregardvt.不管，不顾n.不管distortvt.歪曲，曲解，扭曲disturbance n.动乱；干扰；侵犯distincta.清楚的，明显的；（from）截然不同的distinctionn.区别，差别；级别；特性；声望；显赫distinctivea.有特色的；特殊的distinguishv.（from）区别，辨别；辨认出；使杰出distributev.分发；分配；分布；配（电）；散布diversea.多种多样的，（from）不
25、同的dividev.分，划分，分开；分配；（by）除divisionn.分，分割；部门，科，处；除法；分界线divorcev./n.离婚，分离disagreevi.不一致;不符；意见不合dismissv.免职，解雇，开除，解differv.（from）与不同；（with）与意见不同dissolvev.（使）溶解，（使）融化；解散，取消discrepancy n.相差,差异,差别discriminate vt.vi.区别对待，歧视discretea.不连续的,离散的dispersevt.(使)分散；驱散distilv.蒸馏,提取.的精华distract vt.分散(心思)；打扰different
26、iatevt.vi.区别,区分diffusevt.vi.散播,传播a.散开的,弥漫的dilutevt.冲淡,稀释a.淡的,稀释的divertvt.使转向vi.转移dispatchvt.派遣；调度n.急件disrupt a.分裂的,分散的vt.使分裂,使瓦解dissipatevt.驱散；浪费vi.消散dropn.滴；落下；微量v.落下；下降；失落drinkv.（drank，drunk）喝，饮 n.饮料；喝酒dripv.滴下，漏水 n.滴，水滴，点滴drownv.溺死，淹没dissolvev.（使）溶解，（使）融化；解散，取消driftv./n.漂，漂流（物）drain n.排水沟，阴沟；消耗，负担v.排去，放干dipv./n.浸，蘸ditchn.沟，沟渠，水沟divev./n.潜水，跳水，俯冲drunk a.醉酒的；（喻）陶醉的n.酗酒者，醉汉duckn.鸭，鸭肉v.迅速俯身；快速低头；躲避dyen.染料v.染，染色