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1、 Unit 7 Translation of Passive Sentences1.Features of the English Passive2.Features of the Chinese Passives3.Translation of English Passive into Chinese Passive 1.Features of the English Passive 1.1 Frequent Use of the Passive The passive abounds in English.Generally speaking,when the agent(施动者施动者)i
2、s unknown or need not be mentioned,or the object of the action is to be emphasized,the passive may be employed.In the vast majority of cases,the passive is chosen for the following reasons:(1)The logical subject(agent)is known and need not be mentioned.Visitors are requested to wait.来宾请等候。来宾请等候。(2)T
3、he logical subject is unknown or cannot be readily stated.New factories are being built all over the country.全国到处都在建新厂。全国到处都在建新厂。(3)The logical subject is self-evident from the context.Your suggestion has been duly noted.你的建议已经引起应有的关注。你的建议已经引起应有的关注。(4)The logical subject is not mentioned for some re
4、asons.Some things have been said here tonight that ought not to have been spoken.今晚有人在此讲了些不该讲的话。今晚有人在此讲了些不该讲的话。(5)The logical subject is less important than the object.A child was run over and killed by a bus.一个小孩被公交车轧死了。一个小孩被公交车轧死了。(6)The logical subject is avoided for coherence.John actually loved
5、 her and was loved in return.约翰真的爱她，她也爱约翰。约翰真的爱她，她也爱约翰。B.Passive form of the participle:Having been told about the news,she was very excited.有人告诉她这个消息后，她非常激动。有人告诉她这个消息后，她非常激动。她得知这个消息后非常激动。她得知这个消息后非常激动。C.Passive form of the gerund:I have the honor of being elected.我荣幸地当选了。我荣幸地当选了。(3)Passive form of t
6、he sentence led by preparatory“it”:It is considered disgraceful to cheat in exams.人们认为考试作弊是可耻的。人们认为考试作弊是可耻的。(4)Passive form of the verb with double objects:He was given a prize.他得了奖。他得了奖。(5)Passive form of the verb with a complex object:They neednt be kept waiting.不必让他们再等了。不必让他们再等了。(6)Double-passive
7、 form:The date is expected to be announced soon.估计日期很快就会宣布。估计日期很快就会宣布。(7)Passive sense in active form(pseudo-activity of the subject)These new products sell like hot cakes.这种新产品十分畅销。这种新产品十分畅销。2.Features of the Chinese Passives Infrequent Use of the Passive Form(被动式被动式使用频率低使用频率低)Unlike English,the Ch
8、inese passive form is rarely used except for the following cases.2.1 Denote something undesirable or unpleasant被：被捕被：被捕 be arrested，被杀，被杀 be killed，被俘被俘 be captured，被破坏，被记过，被警告，被双规，被双开，被枪被破坏，被记过，被警告，被双规，被双开，被枪毙，被强奸，被侮辱，被戏弄毙，被强奸，被侮辱，被戏弄被潜规则，被恋爱，被游戏，被代表，被就业，被被潜规则，被恋爱，被游戏，被代表，被就业，被消失，被自杀，被小康，被繁荣消失，被自杀，
9、被小康，被繁荣“被繁荣被繁荣”“被和谐被和谐”的完美社会？的完美社会？为什么有的学校明明是强迫家长交为什么有的学校明明是强迫家长交“慰问金慰问金”还还非要说是非要说是“自愿自愿”呢？为什么有的单位明明是把呢？为什么有的单位明明是把员工逼走的还非要说是员工逼走的还非要说是“辞职辞职”呢？这或者是为呢？这或者是为了推卸责任，或者是为了捞取成绩，或者是为了了推卸责任，或者是为了捞取成绩，或者是为了粉饰政绩，总而言之，是为了让世界粉饰政绩，总而言之，是为了让世界“看起来很看起来很美美”。为了完成各种形式的为了完成各种形式的“指标指标”，大大小小的官员，大大小小的官员都在都在“制造繁荣制造繁荣”、“制造
10、和谐制造和谐”。我们似乎已。我们似乎已经生活在一个经生活在一个“被繁荣被繁荣”、“被和谐被和谐”的完美社的完美社会中。会中。“被被”是是“受人摆布受人摆布”的不自由状态：被捐款、的不自由状态：被捐款、被失踪、被自愿、被就业、被自杀、被开心、被小被失踪、被自愿、被就业、被自杀、被开心、被小康康此种语法看似荒谬，却也恰恰以此嘲弄了此种语法看似荒谬，却也恰恰以此嘲弄了“被被”时代的荒谬。说时代的荒谬。说“被时代被时代”确乎有些夸张，但确乎有些夸张，但“被被”确实成了一种现象，透着弱者的委屈与无确实成了一种现象，透着弱者的委屈与无奈。奈。乱收费的最高境界是乱收费的最高境界是“被自愿被自愿”我不仅收了你
11、我不仅收了你的钱，还要让你感恩戴德、亲口承认是的钱，还要让你感恩戴德、亲口承认是“自愿自愿”的。的。可怜天下父母心，为了孩子，家长只好打掉牙往肚可怜天下父母心，为了孩子，家长只好打掉牙往肚子里咽，要钱就给钱、让子里咽，要钱就给钱、让“自愿自愿”就就“自愿自愿”吧。吧。但不管换上什么马甲，乱收费还是乱收费。所谓的但不管换上什么马甲，乱收费还是乱收费。所谓的“自愿自愿”，也不过是乱收费者给自己准备的一块遮，也不过是乱收费者给自己准备的一块遮羞布而已。羞布而已。2.2 Active in form,but passive in sense(1)困难克服了，工作完成了，问题也解决了。困难克服了，工作完
12、成了，问题也解决了。The difficulties have been overcome，the work has been finished and the problem solved.(2)尼克松访华以后，中美两国建立了外交关系。尼克松访华以后，中美两国建立了外交关系。Diplomatic relations were established between China and the United States after the Nixons visit to China.(3)通过两国政府的共同努力，这个障碍已经扫除通过两国政府的共同努力，这个障碍已经扫除了。了。This obs
13、tacle has been cleared away by the joint efforts of the two governments.3.Translation of English Passive into Chinese Passive 3.1 译为带译为带“由由”字的汉语结构：字的汉语结构：(1)Colds are caused by viruses in the body.感冒是由体内病毒引起的。感冒是由体内病毒引起的。(2)Public schools are financed primarily by local and state taxes.公立学校经费主要由地方和州
14、财税资助。公立学校经费主要由地方和州财税资助。公立学校经费主要来源于地方财税和州财税。公立学校经费主要来源于地方财税和州财税。(3)The person must be taken care of by his son.这个人一定要由他儿子照顾。这个人一定要由他儿子照顾。3.2 译为带译为带“受受”字的汉语结构：字的汉语结构：(1)Xinhua News Agency is authorized to issue the following statement.新华社受权发表以下声明。新华社受权发表以下声明。(2)A persons courage is put to the proof in
15、 any kind of dangerous or urgent situation.人的勇气在任何危机情况下都会受到人的勇气在任何危机情况下都会受到考验。考验。3.4 译为带译为带“要要”字的汉语结构：字的汉语结构：(1)It is necessary that your ID card be checked when deposing or withdrawing money from the bank.到银行存款取款要查身份证。到银行存款取款要查身份证。(2)It is revised every year,but the problems are enormous.每年都要进行修订，但
16、问题堆积如山。每年都要进行修订，但问题堆积如山。3.5 译为带译为带“是是的的”字眼的汉语结构字眼的汉语结构:(1)The book was written for children.这本书是为儿童而写的。这本书是为儿童而写的。(2)Rome was not built in one day.罗马不是一天建成的。罗马不是一天建成的。3.6 译为带译为带“为为所所”字眼的汉语结构：字眼的汉语结构：(1)The plan prepared by the U.N.has been accepted by the two countries.联合国制定的这项计划已为两国所接受。联合国制定的这项计划已为
17、两国所接受。(2)Food is needed by every living thing.食物为所有动物所必需。（所有动物都需要食物）食物为所有动物所必需。（所有动物都需要食物）3.7 译为带译为带“得到得到”字眼的汉语结构字眼的汉语结构：(1)All these problems will have been solved by the year 2005到到2005年这些问题将会得到解决。年这些问题将会得到解决。(2)Those that do so will be rewarded谁这样做都将得到回报。谁这样做都将得到回报。3.8 译为带译为带“可以可以”字眼的汉语结构：字眼的汉语结构
18、：(1)Employees records can be kept on one year after they have left the company.员工离开公司后，个人档案可以保留一年。员工离开公司后，个人档案可以保留一年。(2)If the reports are to be believed,this may ultimately be the only solution.如果报告可信，这或许最终是唯一的解决方法。如果报告可信，这或许最终是唯一的解决方法。3.9 Change wording while retaining the original subject(保留原句主语，
19、改换说法保留原句主语，改换说法)(1)They are paid for this.(2)他们拿钱就是干这个的。他们拿钱就是干这个的。(2)The culture of antiquity was rediscovered.古代文化重见天日。古代文化重见天日。3.10 译为汉语的无主语句。例如：译为汉语的无主语句。例如：(1)The interests of developing countries should be considered应该考虑到发展中国家的利益。应该考虑到发展中国家的利益。(2)Backwardness must be perceived before it can be
20、 changed.认识落后，才能改变落后。认识落后，才能改变落后。3.11 译为汉语主语很泛的主动式：译为汉语主语很泛的主动式：(1)It is said that becoming President of the United States is the dream of every patriotic American youngster.据说，成为美国总统是美国每一位爱国青年的梦据说，成为美国总统是美国每一位爱国青年的梦想。想。(2)Its being put that she was secretly married to a millionaire.据传，她已与一位百万富翁秘密结婚
21、。据传，她已与一位百万富翁秘密结婚。(3)The real intentions of the U.S.government are suspected.有人怀疑美国政府的真实动机。有人怀疑美国政府的真实动机。More examples:(1)I was told that 我听说有人告诉我我听说有人告诉我(2)It is said that.据说有人说据云据说有人说据云(3)It must be admitted that.必须承认必须承认(4)It is well-known that.大家知道众所周知大家知道众所周知(5)It will be seen from this that.由此
22、可见由此可见(6)It has been objected that.有人反对说有人反对说(7)It is sometimes asked that.,人们有时会问人们有时会问(8)It is established that.可以认定可以认定 (9)It is hypothesized 假设假设(10)It is recommended 有人推荐有人推荐 Translation Workshop(1)Last year,when asked to help commemorate Israels 50th anniversary,he declined.(2)The town halls f
23、oundation stone was laid in 1863.(3)Special zones for developing high and new advanced technology have been opened up in places where conditions permit.(4)At the moment the food is being stored in warehouses near the airport.(5)Much has been said about the necessity of introducing foreign funds into
24、 Chinese enterprises.Translation Workshop(1)Last year,when asked to help commemorate Israels 50th anniversary,he declined.A：去年，当被邀请参加以色列建国：去年，当被邀请参加以色列建国50周年庆典时，周年庆典时，他拒绝了。他拒绝了。B：去年，当有人邀请他参加以色列建国：去年，当有人邀请他参加以色列建国50周年庆典周年庆典时，他拒绝了。时，他拒绝了。(2)The town halls foundation stone was laid in 1863.市政厅奠基于市政厅奠基于
25、1863年。年。(3)Special zones for developing high and new advanced technology have been opened up in places where conditions permit.条件许可的地方都建起了高新技术开发区。条件许可的地方都建起了高新技术开发区。(4)At the moment the food is being stored in warehouses near the airport.目前，食品正储藏于机场附近的仓库。目前，食品正储藏于机场附近的仓库。(5)Much has been said about
26、the necessity of introducing foreign funds into Chinese enterprises.中国企业引进外资的必要性已经谈得很多了。中国企业引进外资的必要性已经谈得很多了。(6)Several high-ranking officials are now involved in negotiations with the terrorists.几位高层官员现在正与恐怖分子进行谈判。几位高层官员现在正与恐怖分子进行谈判。(10)The interest of developing countries should be considered.应该考虑到发展中国家的利益。应该考虑到发展中国家的利益。(11)Table tennis is played all over China.在中国乒乓球到处都在打。在中国乒乓球到处都在打。中国到处都打乒乓球。中国到处都打乒乓球。(12)Everything possible was done to conceal our movements from the enemy and to mislead them.我们千方百计隐藏自己，迷惑敌人。我们千方百计隐藏自己，迷惑敌人。