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1、AbstractThis thesis aims to study the three images in the poetry of Stephen Crane and makes a deeper understanding of the artistic charm of his poetry. During his short life, Crane composed many outstanding works, such as Red Badge of Courage, The Open Boat and so on. Most of the researches both at
2、home and abroad are mainly about his literatures, while there are few studies focusing on artistic achievements and styles of poetry. Cranes poetry is quite innovative and fantastic not only in content but also in form. His poetry is an important part of his short but brilliant literature career. Th
3、e themes of poetry present a strong naturalism as well as his novel. Whats more, those poems give people a fresh feeling, and most are endowed with much philosophy. Crane often pays great attention to the function of images in the poetry, and the construction of the image is often concrete, clear, w
4、hich is basically spread on a dominant image. Crane likes someone who with a scalpel, is being calm and deep. He does not perform the surgery on our body. Instead, he makes an interrogation on our soul. In order to appreciate and judge the literary genius in a comprehensive and systematic, objective
5、 and impartial way, this thesis will take the poetry anthology The Black Riders and Other Lines for example to summarize three images to reflect the naturalism and philosophy of Crane. Key Words: Stephen Crane; poetry; naturalism; image摘要本论文旨在研究斯蒂芬克莱恩诗歌作品中的意象特点，深刻了解其诗歌作品的艺术魅力。在诗人短暂的一生中，创作了许多优秀的小说作品，
6、如红色英勇勋章、海上扁舟等，且国内外研究大多是研究其小说作品，但对于其诗作、诗风和诗歌艺术成就方面的研究著述却难得一见。而克莱恩的诗歌无论在内容还是在形式上，都颇有创新和别出心裁之处。克莱恩的诗歌创作是他短暂而辉煌的文学生涯的一个重要组成部分，与他的小说一样，他的诗歌主题上也呈现出强烈的自然主义色彩。诗歌给人以清新的感觉，并大多都赋有深刻的哲理。克莱恩的诗作十分注重意象的作用，而且，意象的构建往往比较具体、明晰，基本上都是一首诗围绕一个主导意象展开。作者宛如一个拿着手术刀的医师，冷静而深刻，只不过他没有在我们肌体上施行手术，而是在我们的心灵深处对我们作了一次解剖，对我们的灵魂进行了一次审问。为
7、了我们能全面、系统和客观、公正地去研读和评判这位文坛奇才，本论文以诗集黑骑者为例，提炼出三种意象，集中反映诗人诗作中的自然主义思想和哲学思想。关键词：斯蒂芬克莱恩；诗歌；自然主义；意象ContentsAbstracti摘要ii1. Introduction11.1 Background information of Stephen Crane and his works11.2 Background of Naturalism period11.3 Imagery22. Literature Review32.1 The previous studies on the writing tech
8、niques32.1.1 Naturalism32.1.2 Symbolism32.2 The previous studies on the language features and style42.3 The previous studies on themes43. Three Images in Cranes Poetry53.1 Image one: the man in an attempt to communicate with nature53.2 Image two: the heart-eater in the desert73.3 Image three: the ma
9、n in seeking virtue and truth84. Conclusion11Acknowledgements131. Introduction1.1 Background information of Stephen Crane and his worksStephen Crane (1871-1900) was an American novelist, short story writer, poet and journalist. Prolific throughout his short life, he wrote notable works in the Realis
10、t tradition as well as early examples of American Naturalism. In 1895 he published his first book of poems, The Black Riders, which was a collection of short, caustic, free-verse parables of the absurdity of the human condition. The same year saw the publication of The Red Badge of Courage, a realis
11、tic study of the mind of an inexperienced soldier trapped in the fury and turmoil of battle. The novel brought Crane international acclaim. Remarkable as his fiction was, Crane himself seemed to prefer poetry as a medium of expression of his vision of life, as we can see from a quotation from his le
12、tter: “I suppose I ought to be thankful to the Red Badge, but I am much fonder of my little book of poems The Black Riders. The reason, perhaps, is that it was a more ambitious effort. My aim was to comprehend in it the thoughts I have had about life in general, while The Red Badge is a mere episode
13、 in life, amplification.” Later he worked as a correspondent. In 1899, a second volume of free-verse, War Is Kind, an ironical work, was published. A year later he died of tuberculosis in a German sanitarium at the age of twenty-nine. The Black Riders and War is Kind, was unconventional for the time
14、 in that it was written in free verse without rhyme, meter, or even titles for individual works. They are typically short in length and although several poems, such as Do not weep, maiden, for war is kind, use stanzas and refrains, most do not. As a leading naturalist, Stephen Crane undoubtedly held
15、 a negative view toward the world and he believed that mans fate is controlled by two elementsheredity and environment. He was recognized by modern critics as one of the most innovative writers of his generation. Moreover, it should be pointed out that his unusual talent for creating striking images
16、 influenced later Imagist poets, and he was often seen as an important precursor of that school of modern poetry. 1.2 Background of Naturalism periodCranes poetry is an important component of his literature career which is short but brilliant. Therefore, we can discover the strong naturalism ideas i
17、n his poetry. Naturalism was a literary trend developed out of realism and prevailed in European literature in the second half of the 19th century. It was an extreme form of realism and was a term more properly applied to art. It was directly shown after the disappointing performance of disillusion
18、and even despair, or was performance as a pessimistic idea that humans were powerless in front of the nature. Meanwhile, humans were the vassals of natural forces and the social forces without any freedom or moral choices. Nature shows quietly and ignoring with a certain kind of objective attitude t
19、o human suffering while doesnt like people who have thoughts, feelings and wisdom. Whats more, the naturalist writers focused on the image of the humble life of the animals description, emphasizing that human biological instinct should be fully expressed in those works. Cranes personal experiences l
20、et him have a direct feeling about human and inhumane world. Thats why his poetry can show an expression about naturalism with time, with world and with humans. 1.3 ImageryImagery is the representation in poetry of sensory experience. In other words, Imagery is a device by which poets appeal to our
21、senses. (Long Maozhong, 2005:408) Sight and sound are only two of the senses. The poet may appeal to any of our senses: touch, taste, smell, bodily sensation, and etc. Imagery is a word or sequence of words that suggest a sensory experience. Guo Zhanyan and Zhang Wenjuan (2010) cite the poetry The B
22、lack Riders and Other Lines as an instance to analyze a large number of color words. For example, the red series include red, crimson, pink, lurid; and black series like black, dark, gray, blue, livid and white color. The function of those words is to symbolize the psychological changes of the chara
23、cters.2. Literature ReviewDuring his short life, Stephen Crane composed many outstanding works, such as Red Badge of Courage, The Open Boat and so on. Most of the researches both at home and abroad mainly study his literatures. A literature review is given here. Those domestic researches study on Cr
24、anes works which are presented in the form of dissertation. They mainly focus on the writing techniques, language features and styles and themes. 2.1 The previous studies on the writing techniques 2.1.1 NaturalismMost of the researchers mention that “The main influence of the formation of naturalism
25、 was Darwins biological theories”. The naturalists vision of the estate of man tended to be subjective and was very often somber. Emile Zola, the master of naturalism, proposed the idea of naturalism and writing techniques of it. The Red Badge of Courage is the most powerful work and mostly favored
26、by scholars. They study this work at the point of naturalism starting from two aspects: one is the impact of natural environment on human beings and the other is the decisive function of genetic. Both of them can reflect the meaning of naturalism. In The Red Badge of Courage, researchers conclude th
27、at human survive alone in the universe and live a helpless predicament through Cranes describing of nature influence on human spirit and attitude. The other viewpoint is the human genetic decisive role to human activities, which shows that the world is chaotic and violent. Zhou Kairong (2008) holds
28、the view that there are relationships between indifferent environment and fear of the hero. It shows that there is a conflict between humans outside world and their inner world, reflecting how powerless human are and how cruel and meaningless of war. Tang Gengjin (2008) uses some of Cranes poems to
29、expose the naturalism feature in his lines. For example, Tang Gengjin analyses the poems “I walked in a desert” and “A man said to the universe” to show that God and the universe hold an indifferent attitude to human, which accord with the theme of naturalism.2.1.2 SymbolismSymbolism is another impo
30、rtant writing technique of Cranes works so that scholars have done a great amount of researches on it. Sun Honghong(2001) points out that “symbols are implied by specific things such as animals, plants, sound, color, etc.” The symbolism can be summarized as the following: (1) Animal symbolism. There
31、 are more than 80 animals mentioned in his novel which can be divided into two categories. First one is poultry like “pigs, sheep, rats, snake”, while the other one called imaginary animals such as “monster, dragon, serpent and so on”. Both of them symbolize the brutality of war. (2) Color imagery.
32、Guo Zhanyan and Zhang Wenjuan (2010) cite the poetry The Black Riders and Other Lines as an instance to analyze a large number of color words. For example, the red series include red, crimson, pink, lurid; and black series like black, dark, gray, blue, livid and white color. The function of those wo
33、rds is to symbolize the psychological changes of the characters. (3) Climate symbolism. It is easy to show how confused the hero feels about the future through cold weather and fog. (4) Anonymity. Many roles in Cranes works even dont have a real name and they all indicate poor, tiny and weak what hu
34、man beings are. (5) Absurdity. Whats more, in the masters thesis of Li Wendi, she explores the absurdity in Stephen Cranes poetry and concludes three absurd images from it. Li also presents the idea of Crane which towards to those three absurd images, which can show mans various absurd relationships
35、 with God, the universe and the society.2.2 The previous studies on the language features and styleCranes syntax is direct and simple. Yet it is not boring, because his writing is extremely intense. With his emphasis on feeling, “he tried to work that feeling into the reader, and this keeps the simp
36、le syntax from becoming too boring.”(Wu Dingbai, 1998:91) Cai Xinxing (2009) also mentions the ironic rhetoric uses in the work. 2.3 The previous studies on themesThere are many researchers studying his works from different aspects. Throughout Cranes novels and poetry, the characters struggle to pre
37、serve their manhood though they are small and powerless. Liu Hui (2007) concludes that the hero in The Red Badge of Courage is the unity of the hero and coward. She also points out that the character is a real man, who learns that the measure of ones manhood lies more in the complex ways where one f
38、aces with his mistakes and responsibilities than in his conduct on the battlefield. However, another scholar Yan Cancan (2011) analyzes the short story The Open Boat in a dualistic perspective. It is between the universes disregarding for human life and the courage of pursuing.3. Three Images in Cra
39、nes PoetryIn Cranes time, the world was full of uncertainties. The development of science changed the value and view of traditional world and had an intense effect on the way of thinking. The prevalence of Naturalism brought in a negative attitude towards life as man was thwarted in his illusion of
40、himself as superior to animals on earth. Mans instinct was to get back what was familiar to him and try to figure out the meaning of life. Crane himself declined to call them poems, referring to them only as lines. He once stated that his overall poetic aim was “to give my ideas of life as a whole,
41、so far as I know it”. The poetic style was unconventional for the time in that it was written without rhyme, meter, or even titles for individual works. They are typically short in length and although several poems use stanzas and refrains, most do not. Crane also differed from his peers and poets o
42、f later generations in that his work contains allegory, dialectic and narrative situations. This volume of free verse foreshadowed the work of the imagist poets with its concise, vivid images. Crane wrote “an intellectual poetry rather than a poetry that evokes feeling, a poetry that stimulates the
43、mind rather than arouses the heart”. (Ruth Miller)Through the following analysis of images we can learn the manifestation of the themes that Crane wants to convey.3.1 Image one: the man in an attempt to communicate with natureUnder the whole background of Naturalism, we should pay attention to three
44、 aspects of Cranes poetry. One is that the wilderness which is released by the works. In fact, this kind of ancient and wild atmosphere symbolizes the indifferent nature and the spiritual oppression of people by the influence on it.We now study and analyse his poem collected in War Is Kind.A man sai
45、d to the universe:“Sir, I exist!”“However,” replied the universe,“The fact has not created in meA sense of obligation.” (Tang Genjin, 2008 cited in Perkins, 1981:811)This is one of the most famous works of Crane. Though there are only five lines, a galvanic and powerful effect can be felt when we re
46、ad it. We can catch the main information that the universe is regarded as the highest and most powerful one among man and he looks down on man. So focusing on the “universe” in the poem is the domination of human fate. Therefore, the image of human is very inferior when it is compared with the “univ
47、erse”. As a matter of fact, what man can do may be just to look up at the sky and sigh. Certainly, there really exists an “I”. For “I”, it means everything; but for “universe”, it means nothing because “universe” means forever.The first two lines show a mans desire to be valued and the desire to see
48、k for and identify the world. However, the rest of the poem “However”, replied the universe, / “The fact has not created in me/ a sense of obligation” sets a sharp contrast with the former part in toneuniverse is indifferent. Universe replies that the fact of mans existence does not create any obligation within him. In other words, you are yourself. The fact that you are there has nothing to do with me. Man should take care of himself and mind his own business. A sense of loneliness prevails throughout the poem. Man is alone. He should not expect any help from