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1、中国某某某某学校学生毕业设计(论文)题 目： 肢体语言在人际交往中的应用 姓 名 ： 0000000 班级、学号 ： 00000000000 系 (部) ： 经济管理系 专 业 ： 商务英语 指导教师 ： 000000 开题时间： 2009-4-10 完成时间： 2009-10-28 2009 年 10 月 28 日18目 录毕业设计任务书 1毕业设计成绩评定表 2答辩申请书 3-6正文7-20答辩委员会表决意见21答辩过程记录表22课 题 肢体语言在人际交往中的应用 一、 课题(论文)提纲引言1. 肢体语言的重要性2. 肢体语言的应用2.1手势在生活中的应用2.1.1运用肢体语言作介绍2.1
2、.2握手的介绍2.1.3招手的介绍2.1.4数字的表达2.2面部表情在生活中的应用2.2.1微笑和大笑的应用2.2.2眼神交流3对比研究中美的肢体语言总结二、内容摘要Language is a communication tool .It holds an important position in humans communication. It helps people transfer information to improve communication, which will be an indispensable power to break up language barrie
3、rs in intercultural communication. Using body language wrongly not only makes you fail in interpersonal communications, which would cause conflict in international communication .so how to use body language? How to understand the differences of body language are very important. This paper aims to ha
4、ve a close look at the similarities and differences of the inner meaning of body language according to cultural background in different countries. It provides us with details of body language in daily life, social communication and expression of interior emotions. Through this paper, people may have
5、 a basic knowledge of body language and then use them accurately in trans-cultural communication. Hence, misunderstanding caused by wrong interpretation of body language can be avoided.Key Words: Body language；Communication；Culture 语言是一种交流工具，而肢体语言在人类交流中占据着重要的地位.在跨文化交际中它帮助人们传情达意，突破语言障碍，促进交流.错误地用肢体语不紧
6、会使我们在跨文化交流中失败，而且会造成和外国朋友间的冲突，所以，怎样正确地使用肢体语，怎样理解肢体语的差异都是非常重要的.本文致力于在不同国家的文化背景中找出肢体语言表达内涵的异同点.本文详述了肢体在日常生活、社会交往和表达内心感受不同方面的使用.通过本文，人们会对肢体语言的使用有一个基本了解，从而在跨文化交流中准确地使用肢体语言，避免因对肢体语言的误解而带来不便或者引起麻烦.关键字：肢体语言；交流 ；文化三、参考文献1 安琦、李坤跨文化交际中的身势语J赤峰学院学报.2005.2 程同春非语言交际与身势语J外语学刊.2005.3 范杏丽不同文化背景下的非语言交际对比J华中理工大学学报（社会科学
7、版）.2000.4 高凤兰俄国人与中国人在身势语方面的差异J日本学论坛.1997.5 蒋阳芬. 身势语的文化差异(英文)J. 宁波高等专科学校学报 . 2000.6 金正昆. 社交礼仪M. 北京: 北京大学出版社.2005.7 开心，手势和姿态说明什么J.经济日报.2000.8 李娜小说中体态语英译研究D上海海事大学.2005.9 李速立身势语的客观差异性J唐都学刊.2000.10 李育卫英汉跨文化非语言交际对比研究J云南师范大学学报（对外汉语教学与研究版）. 2004.11 于敏跨文化交际中的非语言交际的特点及其功能J成都教育学院学报.2005（01）.The Application of
8、Body Language in Interpersonal Communication0000000中文摘要： 语言是一种交流工具，而肢体语言在人际交往中占据着十分重要的作用。在跨文化交际中它帮助人们传情达意，突破语言障碍，促进交流。错误地用肢体语不紧会使我们在跨文化交流中失败，而且会造成和外国朋友间的冲突，所以，怎样正确地使用肢体语，怎样理解肢体语的差异都是非常重要的。本文致力于在不同国家的文化背景中找出肢体语言表达内涵的异同点。本文详述了肢体在日常生活、社会交往和表达内心感受不同方面的使用。通过本文，人们会对肢体语言的使用有一个基本了解，从而在跨文化交流中准确地使用肢体语言，避免因对肢体
9、语言的误解而带来不便或者引起麻烦。关键字：肢体语言；交流 ；文化IntroductionPeople can communicate with another not only through verbal communication but also through nonverbal communication; moreover, the latter plays an essential role. Body language is an important part of nonverbal communication, and thus this article intends t
10、o present its meaning and talk it briefly so that we can improve our communication skills and abilities by understanding it well. Broadly speaking，the body language that we use decides the quality of our communication .It is important to note that body language has different meanings in different cu
11、ltures. How we can interpret body language depends on the situation, the culture .This means that there is not one signal that has the same meaning all over the world. Body language is also interlinked with spoken language and a whole pattern of behavior from a person. As well as that, various body
12、language signs can complement each other to make a particular meaning crystal clear or strengthen the meaning of what we communicate.1. The Importance of Body LanguageBody language in communication plays an irreplaceable role in humans communications. Psychology study found: In the face-to-face comm
13、unication between two people, more than 50% of the exchange of information is achieved through a silent body language. Body Language is an international one, and different countries in the case of language barrier can use body language to communicate. It has been found that people with usually make
14、a speech per day on the away, only 10% of the time of the contacts communication with verbal language. With people of their time are engaged in a subtle body language to communicate. Sometimes, the body language is enough to express all the information, but rather redundant language. Body language c
15、hannels of communication exist. The so-called body language means, includes those from the room, eyes, physical contact, posture moves, facial expressions, as well as the non-verbal signals to the body. Different culture has been deeply ingrained in their habits. Therefore, we should not overlook th
16、e impact of cultural binding on body language in our conversation, the communication does not only mean words, although we are not aware of this point. Our facial expressions, gestures, movements in other parts of the body can convey the message to the people around. Lending a hand with a smile is t
17、o show the welcome, frowning expresses dissatisfaction, nodding is agreement, and waving means goodbye. When listening to speech or report. If somebody relies on to the back of a chair or yawn it shows that the speech or report is not interesting .It is generally accepted that these actions indicate
18、d above sense, at least the Chinese and Americans are the same on this point. These actions are part of the means of communication. Body language is a part of our culture. However, in a different culture, the significance of body language is not exactly the same. All ethnic groups have different way
19、s of the non-discourse. Therefore, the effective use of English Communication, in some language must be understood by the speakers of gestures, movements, expressed the meaning of such behavior.People can communicate with each other through not only verbal communication but also nonverbal communicat
20、ion. Moreover, the latter plays an essential role in human communication. Nonverbal communication is connected with cultures and it is the result of cultures. But many people pay great attention to the acceptance and correctness of the verbal communication and overlook the influence and cultural dif
21、ference of nonverbal communication. Then the misunderstanding and cultural crash often occur in the cross-cultural communication. So in the process of communication, it is not a complete communication while ignoring the cultural differences of nonverbal communication. A famous anthropologist E.T.Hal
22、l pointed out “Silent language expresses more information than verbal language. Because it contains a lot of information” according to some researchers abroad, in peoples daily life, nonverbal communication takes part over 65% in all of information exchange. And body language is an important part of
23、 nonverbal communication. Many experts have shown the importance of body language in the cross-cultural communication. “A psychologist proposed a formula: the total impact of message = 7% verbal + 38% vocal +55% facial expressions and behavior.” It is clear without body language we cant finish our i
24、nformational exchange. Body language, like verbal language can express emotions, exchange ideas and deliver information. So we must know the cultural differences of body language to achieve efficient communication2. The Application of the Body LanguageWithout body language, our world would be static
25、 and colorless. The movements of our arms, hands, eyes, constitute another important way of communication.2.1. Gestures2.1.1. Making Introductions by Using Hand GesturesPeople are always enlarging their circles to meet the needs of social development. To get to know more friends and companions, one
26、needs to introduce others or be introduced to others. In this process, people must use hand gesture to indicate the people being introduced. As mentioned above, only use index finger to point at someone or something is definitely inappropriate. The best way is to use an open hand with palm upwards-e
27、specially the right hand-to introduce others. When introducing oneself. The Chinese would like to point at one selfs nose to indicate “I”, while Western people point at the chest to mean “I”2.1.2. Instructions of Handshaking When people meet each other the first time, bid farewell to each other, or
28、show appreciation or apology to others, they usually shake hands with each other. There are some tips one should pay attention to. Firstly, the senior should be the first to stretch out the hand. Secondly, three to five seconds is enough for the process. Thirdly and most importantly, people had bett
29、er use the right hand. In all Arabic countries, left hand is considered to be dirty. There is a special phenomenon in Korea. People will use their left hand to show respect when passing things.2.1.3. Call for ComingWhen signifying “come here”, the Chinese would extend their opened hands with palms d
30、own, toward the person with all fingers crooked in a beckoning motion. Such a gesture of the same meaning can also be seen in Japan and Brazil. But in Britain, it means “go there”. And in English-speaking countries such as Britain and America, it means calling in the animals. When British want to in
31、dicate “come here”, they would extend their closed hands, palms up, with only their forefingers moving back and forth. In China it means calling in the children or animals, or an expression of provocative behavior. Peruvian acts in a widely divergent way. They raise one hand vertically, with palm up
32、ward, and wave the hand back and forth. It is very similar to saying goodbye in North America.2.1.4. Number ExpressionEither in China or other countries, people would like to indicate numbers with fingers, but their way of expression is quite different from each other. Chinese often stretch out inde
33、x finger to indicate “1”, while the European and American people use thumb. To indicate number “2”, Chinese stretch out their index and middle fingers, whereas an American people uses his thumb and index finger, which is used to indicate number “8” in China. Chinese always use one hand to express th
34、e number 0 to 10, but the European or American always uses both hands. For example, a Chinese always stretch out the thumb and little finger to express “6”, while if a European or American wants to express “6”, one would open the whole fingers of one hand and plus another thumb of the other hand.2.2
35、. Facial Expressions2.2.1. Smiles and LaughtersSmiles and laughter usually convey friendliness, approval, satisfaction, pleasure, joy and merriment. This is generally true in China as well as the English-speaking countries. However, there are situations when some Chinese laugh .It will cause negativ
36、e reactions by westerners. To illustrate, here is an example from a letter by an American to a Chinese friend on nonverbal gestures that often cause cross-cultural misunderstanding “One is the different meaning of laughter in China and American. When an American is parking his bicycle, for example,
37、and the bicycle accidentally falls over, he feels embarrassed at his awkwardness, and is quite angry and humiliated when Chinese onlookers laugh. I have seen the same thing happen in the dining room, when a foreigner drops a plate quite by accident and feels badly and Chinese onlookers laugh, compou
38、nding his discomfort and causing anger and bad feeling.”Such laughter, of course, is not at the person or his misfortunewhether he is a foreigner or a Chinese. It can convey a number of feelings: dont take it so seriously; laugh it off, its nothing; such things can happen to any of us, etc. However,
39、 for people unaware of this attitude, the reaction to such laughter is usually quite unpleasant and often generates ill feeling towards those laughing.2.2.2. Eye contactAs saying goes “The eyes are the window of the soul”. That is to say, we can read ones mind through his/her eyes. Eye language can
40、express complicated feelings and it is an important way to judge the intimacy of communicators. People from English speaking countries have more eye contact when they are in conversation. According to American tradition, communicators must gaze at each other. “But there are many rules about eye lang
41、uage: Whether to look at the other communicator or not; when it is the time to look at them, how long we can look at; who we can look at and who we cant; they all imply different meanings in communication .In Juliets Fasters book “Body Language”, there is a paragraph which can explain the problem. “
42、Two strangers sit face to face in the dinning room in a train; they can introduce themselves to each other. When they are eating, they can talk anything else. They also can avoid eye contact and do not show interest in each other. A writer described this situation in an article “They look over the m
43、enu again and again, play with knives and look at their nails. It seems that they look at them for the first time. If their eyes meet, they will turn away immediately and look out of the window.”Americans pay great attention to the time and the way of eye contact. In common conversation, they will l
44、ook at each other about one minute and then they will look away. If two Americans gaze at each other, which indicate they are intimate. In North America, the children there have learned to look at the other communicator directly. If they dont, they are regarded lack of enthusiasm or confidence. They
45、 believe the saying “Never trust a person who cant look you in the eyes.” If two Arabians are in conversation, they will look at each other warmly. Because they think eyes are the key of their existence. But in American eyes, they think this behavior is unsuitable or a homosexual behavior. The educa
46、ted Englishmen believe direct eye contact with our communicators is gentlemanly. But Swedish use eye language more often than Englishmen. And the French especially like to look attentively at the other communicators with admiration. Japanese often look at the other communicators neck when they are i
47、n conversation. They believe eye contact is impolite. And Chinese consider gazing people is an unfriendly behavior and it is a challenge. Some South American Indians used to look at different directions when they are talking. In the Middle East, it is considered extremely provocative for a woman to let a man catch her eyes, let alone, return his gaze. Another example, Americans have a trip to a village and the local people stare at them. They are annoyed and think the local people are rude. In fact, it is normal in the village. They are just curious.