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1、压轴题03阅读理解之说明文说明文是对事物或事理进行客观说明的一种文体,它以说明为主要表达方式， 通过解说事物或阐明事理，达到教人以知识的目的，在结构上往往采用总分、递进等方式按一定的顺序（如 时间、空间、从现象到本质）进行说明。说明文的特点是客观、简练、语言准确、明了，文章很少表达作者的感情倾向。阅读说明文的重点在 于读懂它说明的事物或事理，了解事物的性质、构造、成因、功能等，了解事理的含意、特点等。最近五 年，说明文的出现变化不大，一直很稳定，选材通常是各学科的前沿问题；高科技领域的科研成果；人们 比较关心的社会问题；人文方面的经典。由于阅读理解题的设置采用渐进式，即由简到难的方式，因此说
2、明文是高考试卷中阅读理解题中相对比较难的，通常后置。阅读理解试题的中要考点之一是考查学生对词 汇和句式的掌握。说明文的词汇和句式的运用较别的体裁的文章难度更大。词汇运用灵活，同一词的不同词性的用法交 替出现，未列入考纲的生词较多，通常达到了 4-5%o不过考生可以通过说明文的语言特点来帮助理解语 篇，例如，下定义、解释、举例、同义词、反义词、上下义词以及标点符号（如破折号、冒号都有表示解 释和说明）等。压轴题叁颁1 .首尾处高考中的阅读理解尤其是说明文和议论文，文章的结构层次都非常规范，逻辑性都很强，这类文章的 首尾段经常是文章的主旨要义，而每段的首尾句经常又是该段落的主题句。正因如此这些地方
3、也就理所当 然地成为了命题的重点所在。2 .转折处文章中的转折处经常是体现作者观点或文章主题的地方，考生看到这些地方要重点关注并做上标记， 以便做题时查找。常见的转折词语有：but, however, yet, still, in fact, as a matter of fact, on the contrary 等。3 .对比处文章中作者经常将两个事物、事实或观点进行对比，以论证自己观点的正确性，而命题者常将针对双 方的属性进行设题，此类试题多是推理判断题。常见的表示对比的标志性词语有：unlike, by contrast, （be） compared with, in comparis
4、on 等。4 .举例处一般情况下在议论文和说明文中，作者都会通过例证的方式来说明某事物的功能作用或论证某种观点, 这些地方通常是设题的热点区域。考生要牢记一般举例的前后处即为该例子的论点，找到了论点也就找到 了根源，做题也就有了依据。常见的标志性词语有：like, such as, for example, for instance, take . as an example 等。builders. To assemble （组装）a nest, worker insects team up to do various work to the specification of a comple
5、x design that ends up being many times their size. This process takes months, many times longer than the average lifespan of all but the queen. Meanwhile the insects must adjust as they go.It is these insect building teams that inspired Mirko Kovac, a roboticist at Imperial College London, to develo
6、p a way to improve the flexibility of 3D printing. A typical 3D printer is limited by the range of its nozzle （喷口常），and can only make objects smaller than itself. Dr Kovacs team has removed these limitation by using flying robots.Dr Kovac describes a system of flying robots that is composed of two t
7、ypes of multi-rotor drones: builders and scanners. The builders carry the 3D-printing nozzle. The scanners are robots equipped with cameras that are responsible for monitoring the progress of the builders.The building process alternates between builders and scanners, layer by layer, printing and adj
8、usting, until a structure is complete. First, a builder remains suspended over its area of operation and begins to release a jet or rush of the building material along its flight path. The choice of material is importantit must be lightweightenough fbr the drones to carry but strong enough to hold t
9、he subsequent layers that will be built on top. Once the builder robot has sprayed a layer of material, the scanner robot flies over, inspects the progress. The system then computes the next layer that the builder should make, while also correcting for any errors that might have been discovered in w
10、hat has already been built.Because the flying robots can, in theory, operate anywhere, they could fix things in dangerous or otherwise inaccessible places. Dr Kovac says that his robots could be used to spot and seal leaks in oil or gas pipelines, repair leaky insulation or fix cracks on tall buildi
11、ngs. Thinking more long term, Dr Kovac even sees a potential future for his construction robots, building on the surfaces of the Moon or Mars.25 . Why does the author mention bees in the text?A. To become a theme.B. To introduce a topic.C. To give an explanation.D. To analyze the cause.26. What is t
12、he character of typical 3D printers?A. They can expand the range of printing.B. They can make adjustment while printing.C. They are more flexible than traditional ones.D. They can make objects smaller than themselves.27. What can we learn from the building process?A. The Builders can correct the err
13、ors while calculating.B. The building material should be strong enough for scanner.C. Builders and scanners can print and monitor at the same time.D. The building process has strict requirement of the building material.28. What can be the suitable title for the text?A. Teams of flying robots can mak
14、e 3D objects.B. Teams of flying robots have a limited future.C. The flexibility of typical 3D printer has been improved.D. Teams of flying robots have been used in dangerous situation.（2023湖南岳9日统考二模）At all hours of the day, white-aproned bakers occupy themselves in working in the Hot Bread Kitchen,
15、throwing flour across butcher-block tables, filling metal trays with hand-shaped bread, and shifting steaming, fresh bread to cooling shelves. The only bodies at rest in this New York City bakery are pans with bread, waiting to be sent into the oven. The skilled bakers turn out around 25 varieties r
16、anging from classic French baguettes to crisp Armenian lavash crackers-which they sell at farmers9 markets and gourmet stores.But Hot Bread Kitchen is more than a bakery: Ifs a nonprofit designed to give foreign-born women the skills and support they need to establish careers in the culinary arts. O
17、verseeing daily operation of the place-and often rolling up her own shirtsleeves to involve in-is 35-year-old founder and CEO Jessamyn Rodriguez.By mixing her lifelong passion for society with great food, Rodriguez says she has created her dream job. In 2008, Rodriguez launched the bakery in the sma
18、ll Brooklyn apartment she shared with roommates, hiring two immigrant women as her first bakers. I was definitely breaking new ground, and we faced a lot of skeptics, “ she says of those early days. But fbr every person who questioned it, there were five people who were interested in supporting us.
19、Today, Hot Bread Kitchen employs a staff of 35 and occupies a nearly 5,000-square-foot space in La Marqueta, a public market in East Harlem.The women who bake and package Hot Bread Kitchens offerings range in age from 21 to 60. Coming from lands such as Haiti, Nepal, and the Dominican Republic, some
20、 have lived in the U. S. for as little as a year. Others, including production manager Antonia Garcia, who is originally from Mexico, have called America home for more than a decade. These womens diverse homelands are reflected in many of the bakerys products, like heritage tortillas and the wildly
21、popular msmen, a buttery bread.The program has far surpassed Rodriguezs original hopes. Since its humble beginnings, Hot Bread Kitchen has trained 27 women from 12 countries. They receive paid, on-the-job experience, as well as courses in bakery sciences, and English as part of a yearlong training p
22、rogram.29. What does the first paragraph mainly talk about?A. Constant activity of skilled workers.B , Varieties of fresh baked goods.C. Many different types of equipment used in bakeries.D. Difficult working conditions of bakeiy employees.30. Which of the following can best describe Jessamyn Rodrig
23、uez?A. Adventurou 1 s and modest.B. Ambitious and gifted.C. Hard-working and courageous.D. Devoted and stubborn.31. How does the author establish the diversity of Hot Bread Kitchen?A. By describing the courses offered to employees.B. By introducing the backgrounds of the employees.C. By describing t
24、he bakerys location at La Marqueta.D. By introducing the bakerys development since 2008.32. What is the main idea of the article?A. Employees from diverse homelands produce various products.B. The hardworking women have helped Hot Bread Kitchen develop quickly.C. Rodriguez became a successful baker
25、after establishing Hot Bread Kitchen.D. Hot Bread Kitchen provides professional opportunities for immigrant women.5 .因果处因果关系阐明了两事物的内在联系，是作者进行分析或得出结论的地方。正因如此，命题者对这些地 方非常青睐，通常命题者会将因果颠倒去迷惑考生。常见的词语有：because, for, since, as, so, thus, therefore, consequently, cause, because of, due to, thanks to, as a re
26、sult (of), result in/from, lead to 等。 需要注意的是， 有 时候文章中虽未出现表示因果关系的词语，但在逻辑上存在此种关系，此时考生就要根据实际情况去进行 推理判断，理清逻辑。6 .特殊标点处文章的特殊标点符号处通常是作者表达特殊意图的地方，也是命题者经常设题处。因此，考生要对下 列特殊标点符号格外留心：破折号，其后的内容通常为对前面内容的解释说明或补充，用来表明此处信 息至关重要。但两个破折号的作用通常为插入语，一般不会是重点信息所在；冒号，主要用来对前面内 容进行解释或总结。一般情况下，出现冒号考生重点关注冒号后的内容即可；括号，考生需要注意的是 英文中的
27、括号不同于中文的用法，中文里可跳过，但英文必须要认真阅读。因为英文括号里的内容通常用 来解释或强调括号前的内容，是重点信息所在处。7 .结论处当文章中出现the research/study indicates, the report suggests等结论性表达时,考生要格外注意。因为 命题者通常不考查实验或研究的过程，却关注其结果或结论，而这些地方恰恰是表达结果或结论的所在。8 .观点处文章的作者及文章中提到的相关人员对某人或事物表达的观点态度通常会是命题的重点区域。做题时 要注意 doubt, appreciate, hate, be against/for, in favor of 等
28、词语。，压轴题施骑(2023黑龙江哈尔滨哈尔滨三中校考一模)The Lost City, Atlantis is a magnificent and ancient city lying beneath the waves of the sea. Does this sound like a fairy tale to you? Many people have tried and failed to find it. Michael Hubner from Germany thought he had. Let us learn more about this fascinating cit
29、y.The Greek philosopher Plato, who lived in the 4th century BC, mentioned Atlantis in detail in his writings. He said that Atlantis was a city built on an island around 9,000 years before his time. Atlantis became a powerful nation that planned to conquer all other countries. However, it disappeared
30、 suddenly beneath the sea into the Atlantic Ocean because of earthquakes and floods. Plato gave 51 clues to its location. He described the city having an island at the center and being surrounded by rings of water and land. He also said how far the city was from Athens in Greece.Many explorers had t
31、ried and failed to find Atlantis under the sea. They had been looking under the sea because of what Plato wrote about it. A German computer expert called Michael Hubner came up with the theory that Atlantis was not at the bottom of the ocean. He thought that Atlantis had been destroyed by a tsunami
32、wave. The strong force of the wave would have caused the end of the once great city.Michael Hubner looked at all of Platos clues again. He used a computer program to enter all the information that Plato wrote about. The computer program would check on a map of the world for a place that matched all
33、the clues. In this way Michael Hubner was able to find the place that Atlantis might have been. The computer program pointed to a place on the Moroccan coast in Africa, which was called the Souss-massa plain. Michael Hubner immediately boarded a plane to look for himself. When he got there, he was s
34、urprised to see many things that matched Platos description. There was a small mound in the centre of the plain and circular dry riverbeds. It was also very close to the distance that Plato had described.We know that a tsunami can occur if there is an earthquake. The area of the Souss-Massa plain ha
35、s had many earthquakes over years. Michael Hubners theory that a massive tsunami had flattened the city is not impossible. This would explain why it disappeared so suddenly.Even though Michael Hubner believed that he had found the site of Atlantis, many experts disagreed. Some scholars have suggeste
36、d that Plato might have been writing about Crete and the neighbouring island of Santorini, which was badly destroyed by a volcanic eruption in 1600 BC. Others feel he made up the story and based it on old legends. Michael Hubner believed Plato. He used his time and energy to prove to himself that At
37、lantis existed and stood proudly along the Moroccan coast.1. Which one fits Platos description of Atlantis?A. Atlantis was struck by earthquakes and floods.B Atlantis was far away from the city Athens in Greece.C. Atlantis was a city built on an island about 9,000 years BC.D. Atlantis disappeared be
38、cause it was conquered by more powerful countries.2. Why did Michael Hubner go to the Souss-massa plain?A. To explore a tsunami wave.B , To prove he is an computer expert.C. To explore the possible site of Atlantis.D. To prove Atlantis was destroyed by floods.3. What is the authors attitude towards
39、Michael Hubners theory?A. Doubtful.B. Opposed.C. Critical.D. Objective.4. What can be learned from the text?A. The lost city proved to be merely a legend.B. Michael Hubner was completely against Platos idea.C. Lots of experts still questioned Michael Hubners theory.D. Atlantis was severely affected
40、by a volcanic eruption in 1600 BC.（20234可匕唐山统考模）Schools in the US and elsewhere are announcing bans on the recently released AI 一 powered ChatGPT out of fear that students could use the technology to complete their assignments. However, bans may be practically impossible given how difficult it is to
41、 detect when text is composed by ChatGPT. Is it instead time to rethink how students are taught and evaluated?Educators are starting to question what it means to assess student learning if an AI can write an essay or paper similar to, or even better than, a student would and the teacher cant tell th
42、e difference. Many teachers believe the time-honored learning tradition will be destroyed from the ground up by Chat GPT. The Los Angeles Unified School District in California first blocked the use of ChatGPT on networks and devices in December 2022.However, removing technology from the classroom ca
43、n mean undesirable consequences, such as creating more obstacles for students with disabilities, says Trust. Additionally, restricting the use of ChatGPT on school networks and devices cant stop students from using ChatGPT at home and in libraries.It is also unclear if anti-cheating software can rel
44、iably detect Ai-assisted writing. OpenAI is working to develop a digital watermark that can help teachers and academics spot students who are using ChatGPT to write essays. Open Als attempts to watermark AI text, however, hit limits.Instead of worrying about how ChatGPT could enable cheating, educat
45、ors should ask what motivates students to cheat in the first place and work on developing relationships of trust, says Jesse Stommel at the University of Denver in Colorado.“Talk to students really frankly about what ChatGPT9s capable of, what its not,“ says Stommel. Have students use it to write an
46、 essay about Jane Austen and gender dynamics, and then have them read that essay and peer review it and think about what ChatGPT gets right and wrong. 5 . What does the author suggest schools do?A. Adjust teaching and assessment.B. Meet different demands from students.C. Prohibit the use of ChatGPT
47、in classrooms.D. Break with the traditional teaching method.6. What is paragraph 2 mainly about?A. Dark future of ChatGPT.B. Educators7 worrying concern.C. Crisis of traditional learning.D. Difficulty in telling Als writing.7. What is the authors attitude toward OpenAPs watermark technology?A. Amuse
48、d.B. Hopeful.C. Shocked.D. Doubtful.8. What can be inferred from Jesse Stommel?A. AI helps students tell right and wrong.B. Students should write about famous writers.C. Educators should guide students to use AI properly.D. The trust between teachers and students is hard to form.（2023江苏统考二模）When she
49、 first came to Britain as a refugee （难民）from Nigeria six years ago, Kemi had a three-month-old daughter, a room in a shared house and 5.39 to survive on each day. Finding money for new clothes was out of the question.After four years, Kemi was granted （给与）refugee status and secured her first job interview -